Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
Water Wars Add-On
 DOD nuclear reactors prevent water wars globally.
 Robert A. Pfeffer and William A. Macon, Jr. ‘01, Physical scientist at the Army Nuclear and Chemical Agency in Springfield, Virginia and Project manager at the Nuclear Regulatory Commission,http://www.almc.army.mil/alog/issues/SepOct01/htm?

The demand for desalination of seawater also is likely to grow as inadequate freshwater supplies
 AND
 indigenous populations, and to U.S. deployed forces if necessary.
 Those go nuclear.
 Weiner ‘90 (Jonathan – prof at Princeton, The Next 100 Years, p. 270)

If we do not destroy ourselves with the A-bomb and the H-
 AND
 at the 60.000 nuclear warheads the world has stockpiled since Trinity.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
Space Add-On
Aff solves within a few years
Marcus King et al ‘11, Associate Research Professor of International Affairs with LaVar Huntzinger and Thoi Nguyen, “Feasibility of Nuclear Power on U.S. Military Installations”http://www.cna.org/sites/default/files/research/Nuclear%20Power%20on%20Military%20Installations%20D0023932%20A5.pdf?
There is general agreement that small light water reactors could be¶ certified, built
 AND
 a sense of urgency, it could be accomplished a few years sooner.

 Not a problem for the military.
 Greg Pollowitz ‘08, http://www.nationalreview.com/planet-gore/17523/go-navy-go-nuclear/com/planet-gore/17523/go-navy-go-nuclear/greg-pollowitz(?% style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:#636B75;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" %)
 I came across this interesting bit of news the other day:  “Nellis Air
 AND
 having the nation’s most competent nuclear operators in charge of the entire program.

No supply shortages.
 WN 7/27/12 http://article.wn.com/view/2012/07/27/Global_Uranium_Supply_Ensured_for_Long_Term_New_Report_Shows/http://article.wn.com/view/2012/07/27/Global_Uranium_Supply_Ensured_for_Long_Term_New_Report_Shows/
Uranium resources and production are on the rise with the security of uranium supply ensured
 AND
 production have also increased, leading to reductions in lower cost category resources.

SMRs solve IAEA overstretch – more efficient than large reactors
 C. Scherer et al 10, Los Alamos Natl Laboratory, et al. R. Bean, Idaho Natl Laboratory, M. Mullen, Los Alamos Natl Laboratory, and G. Pshakin, State Scientific Centre of the Russian Federation-Institute for Physics and Power Engineering (http://www.iaea.org/OurWork/SV/Safeguards/Symposium/2010/Documents/PapersRepository/164.pdf)http://www.iaea.org/OurWork/SV/Safeguards/Symposium/2010/Documents/PapersRepository/164.pdf)
Abstract: Incorporating safeguards early in the design process can enhance the safeguardability of a
 AND
demonstrate this safeguards-by-design concept for advanced nuclear energy systems.

SMRs solve colonization
 O’Neil 11 – Ian, PhD from University of Wales, founder and editor of Astroengine, space producer for Discovery News, “'Suitcase' Nuclear Reactors to Power Mars Colonies,” August 30th, http://news.discovery.com/space/html?
Nuclear power is an emotive subject -- particularly in the wake of the Fukushima power
 AND
 versatile and affordable power resources to support manned exploration of the solar system.

Extinction
 Austen 11 | Citing the Lifeboat Foundation and the Alliance to Rescue Civilization (Ben, contributing editor of Harper’s Magazine, “After Earth: Why, Where, How, and When We Might Leave Our Home Planet,” popular science,http://www.popsci.com/science/article/2011-02/after-earth-why-where-how-and-when-we-might-leave-our-home-planet?page=3)http://www.popsci.com/science/article/2011-02/after-earth-why-where-how-and-when-we-might-leave-our-home-planet?page=3)
Earth won’t always be fit for occupation. We know that in two billion years
 AND
 will be more human beings who live off the Earth than on it.”

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
A2 Japan CP
 Perm – Do Both
 CP doesn’t solve
 Forward basing
 Modeling
 Marine SMRs solve and make bases like Guam energy self-sufficient
 Baker 12 Matthew, American Security Project Think Tank, "Do Small Modular Reactors Present a Serious Option for the Military’s Energy Needs?", June 22, americansecurityproject.org/blog/2012/do-small-modular-reactors-present-a-serious-option-for-the-militarys-energy-needs/

The Defense Energy Security Caucus (DESC) held a briefing yesterday afternoon with proposals
 AND
 to Congressman Bartlett, SMRs could make such bases energy self-sufficient.
 The plan eases the financial burden on Japan and sends a strong signal of commitment to the buildup
 Calvo 12 (Eddie Calvo, Governor of the United States territory of Guam, former Senator within the Legislature of Guam, Office of Governor Eddie Baza Calvo, 5/23/12, “NEWS: Calvo Fights for Federal Action on Guam So Buildup Can Start”http://governor.guam.gov/2012/05/23/news-calvo-fights-federal-action-guam-buildup-start/http://governor.guam.gov/2012/05/23/news-calvo-fights-federal-action-guam-buildup-start/

The Governor’s main point – it’s important for leaders in Washington and Tokyo to recognize
 AND
 Tokyo that the U.S. government is serious about this commitment.

It’s reverse-causal – failure to relocate to Guam destroys relations
 Delgado 12 (Nick Delgado, staff writer for Kuam News, Kuam News—Guam’s News Network, 6/30/12, “Guam briefing held on Capitol Hill”, http://www.kuam.com/story/18921168/com/story/18921168/guam-briefing-held-on-capitol-hill?

Congresswoman Madeleine Bordallo gave brief remarks stating Guam plays pivotal roles in the  United States'
 AND
 a more serious impact to our critical bilateral relations with the Japan government.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
A2 Trade-Off
 Not a problem for the military.
 Greg Pollowitz ‘08, http://www.nationalreview.com/planet-gore/17523/go-navy-go-nuclear/com/planet-gore/17523/go-navy-go-nuclear/greg-pollowitz(?% style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:#636B75;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" %)
 I came across this interesting bit of news the other day:  “Nellis Air
 AND
 having the nation’s most competent nuclear operators in charge of the entire program.
 No link – normal means is military engineers – they build the reactors
 Nuclear engineering up – labor forces will be met.
 NEI ‘09, Nuclear Energy Institute, Sept, http://www.nei.org/resourcesandstats/publicationsandmedia/insight/insight-web-extra/org/resourcesandstats/publicationsandmedia/insight/insight-web-extra/as-nuclear-education-jumps-new-federal-grants-kick-in?

In an unmistakable sign that the nuclear renaissance is being taken seriously by a new
 AND
 grants to 29 U.S. universities and colleges in 23 states.
 Resurgent industry attracts new workers – construction fills the gap.
 NEI ‘07, Nuclear Energy Institute, http://www.nei.org/newsandevents/newsreleases/berrigansenaterelease/http://www.nei.org/newsandevents/newsreleases/berrigansenaterelease/

Prospects for construction of more than 30 new nuclear power plants over the next 15
 AND
 construction with peak employment of up to 71,300,” Berrigan said.
 No extinction – lethal pathogens won’t spread.

Posner ’04 (Richard, Senior Lecturer in Law, University of Chicago, “Catastrophe: Risk and Response,” pages 23-24)

Yet the fact that Homo sapiens has managed to survive every disease to assail it
 AND
 wider human contacts that make it more difficult to localize an infectious disease.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
A2 Funding CP
 Perm – Do the CP
 CP is normal means – that’s how bidding proecssw works
 No impact – Congress would fund neglected programs
 Kristine Blackwell Lt Colonel USAF 2007 June 15 The Department of Defense: Reducing Its Reliance on Fossil-Based Aviation Fuel – Issues for Congress http://fas.org/sgp/crs/natsec/Kann-Aufderheide Aff?

If DOD chooses not to allocate funding to energy-related research, Congress may
 AND
 testing, qualification, and procurement of synthetic jet aviation fuel from coal.
 Only Congress solves leadership.
 Fertel 5 Marvin Fertel - Senior Vice President and Chief Nuclear Officer Nuclear Energy Institute “Nuclear Power's Place In A National Energy Policy,” April 28th, 2005, Lexis (CQ Congressional Testimony), Chetan 

Industry and government will be prepared to meet the demand for new emission-free
 AND
 in nuclear technology development and its influence over important diplomatic initiatives like nonproliferation.
 PICS bad
 Ground
 Inf reg
 Voting issue
 Perm – Do Both

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
A2- QER CP
 Perm – Do Both
 Won’t pass - QER recommendations will be voted down in congress – legislation needed

Tollefson -11 (Jeff Tollefson, DOE releases first Quadrennial Technology Review, September 27, 2011,http://blogs.nature.com/news/2011/09/doe_releases_first_quadrennial_1.html)http://blogs.nature.com/news/2011/09/doe_releases_first_quadrennial_1.html)

The US Department of Energy (DOE) released its inaugural Quadrennial Technology Review on
 AND
 the danger of long-term thinking that is not backed by legislation.
 Links to Politics – President will take the lead – Congress will be involved

PCAST 10 – the group that made up the QER (Co-Chair, President’s Council of Advisors on Science and Technology 10 N OV E M B E R 2 0 10, R EPORT TO THE PR ESIDENT ON ACCELER ATING THE PACE OF CH ANGE IN ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES THROUGH AN INTEGR ATED FEDER AL ENERGY POLICY,http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/microsites/ostp/pcast-energy-tech-report.pdf)http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/microsites/ostp/pcast-energy-tech-report.pdf)

Our most important recommendation is that the Administration establish a new process that can forge
 AND
 provide some elements of a QER during each of the next four years.
 QER needs 5 years to set up to gain their benefits

PCAST 10 – the group that made up the QER (Co-Chair, President’s Council of Advisors on Science and Technology 10 N OV E M B E R 2 0 10, R EPORT TO THE PR ESIDENT ON ACCELER ATING THE PACE OF CH ANGE IN ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES THROUGH AN INTEGR ATED FEDER AL ENERGY POLICY,http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/microsites/ostp/pcast-energy-tech-report.pdf)http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/microsites/ostp/pcast-energy-tech-report.pdf)(% style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:#636B75;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" %)
 A complete and integrated QER will take longer to mature. While a good start
 AND
 the advanced energy technologies that will define a robust 21st century energy system.
 Huge delays.
 Ernest J. Moniz 11, Director, MIT Energy Initiative, http://mitei.mit.edu/news/edu/news/quadrennial-energy-and-technology-reviews?

S.1703 would legislate the QER as a required submission to the Congress,
 AND
 of analytical capabilities and process development are funded and pursued aggressively in 2012.
 Perm – do the CP

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
A2 T-Substantial

1.      We meet – we substantially increase incentives for production by the required percentage.
    DoD uses more energy than any other customer in the world.
    Michael J. Hornitschek ‘06, Lt Col, USAF (http://www.au.af.mil/au/awc/awcgate/cst/csat56.pdf)http://www.au.af.mil/au/awc/awcgate/cst/csat56.pdf)

Although the DoD uses only approximately 1.5 percent of the 20    million barrels of oil consumed each day in the U.S., it is the largest single    institutional energy customer in the United States and likely the world. 5
 2. Counter-interpretation – substantially means materially or essentially.

Words and Phrases ’02 (Words and Phrases Permanent Edition, “Substantial,” Volume 40A, p. 448-486 October 2002, Thomson West)

M.D.Tenn. 1941. Word “substantial” means in substance or in a substantial manner, materially, or essentially. – Newark Stove Co. v. Gray and Dudley Co., 39 F.Supp. 992.
 3. Additionally, substantially must be evaluated within the context of the plan.

Words and Phrases ’02 (Words and Phrases Permanent Edition, “Substantial,” Volume 40A, p. 448-486 October 2002, Thomson West)

Cust and Pat.Ap. 1946. The word “substantially” in claim of application for patent for a mine ventilator for a motor and switch in a substantially complete enclosure did not mean the same word as “essentially”, but was a relative term to be interpreted in accordance with context.
 4. Their interpretation is arbitrary – neg teams can just find a definition for any percentage that happens to exclude the aff.
 5. We preserve predictability – all topic literature is about whether certain changes will be made to incentives, not about how much of a percentage increase will ensue.
 6. They kill aff ground – reforming existing policies is not topical under their interpretation because that requires a qualitative, legal change.
 7. Percentage tests are arbitrary, and courts have abandoned them because they obscure complex issues in favor of numbers.

Kindell and Reilly, '97
 (EO CPE Lobbyist, ftp://66.77.65.232/pub/irs-tege/eotopicp97.pdf)ftp://66.77.65.232/pub/irs-tege/eotopicp97.pdf)(% style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:#636B75;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" %)
 Most cases have either tended to avoid any attempt at percentage measurement of activities or
 AND
 complexity of balancing the organization’s activities in relation to its objectives and circumstances.”
 8. Generics check – arguments like the World Bank counterplan and cap k check any limits or ground arguments, the neg will always be prepared to debate.
 9. Reasonability—
 (a) Good is good enough—our interpretation provides predictable limits and fair ground, satisfying the purpose 

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge: 

1.      We meet – procurement is an incentive
    Bjornstad et al, 97 - The Joint Institute for Energy and Environment  (David, “Risk Reduction
    and the Privatization Option:  First Principles,” 9/22, http://isse.utk.edu/pdf/jieepubs/privatfull.pdf)http://isse.utk.edu/pdf/jieepubs/privatfull.pdf)(% style="font-family:"inherit","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:Arial; color:#636B75;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW" %)
    Note: EM=Office of Environmental Management in the DOE

II.3 Incentives The term incentives also is given meaning through common usage,
 AND
 competently without considering the other will fail to obtain the best possible price.
 2. Counter-interpretation – Energy production incentives include military procurement and three other things
 FITZPATRICK, 85 - ACTING ASSISTANT SECRETARY FOR CONSERVATION AND RENEWABLE ENERGY, DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY (Donna, HEARING BEFORE THE SUBCOMMITTEE ON ENERGY CONSERVATION AND POWER OF THE COMMITTEE ON ENERGY AND COMMERCE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES, “RENEWABLE ENERGY INCENTIVES,” 6/20, Congressional Universe (full pdf download)) 

In addition, various Federal incentives for energy conservation and renewable energy have played a
 AND
 and technical and institutional support to government agencies, utilities and professional societies.
 Case list solves your offense – it’s a predictable list for negative preparation and research.
 Military energy discussions are good – procurement is the only mechanism for understanding the world’s largest energy consumer
 Context outweighs – evidence that describes DoD consumption as energy production proves that the lit base on our aff is stable
 Generics check – arguments like the World Bank counterplan and cap k check any limits or ground arguments, the neg will always be prepared to debate.
 Reasonability—Good is good enough—our interpretation provides predictable limits and fair ground, satisfying the purpose of T as a voter.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge: 

1AC – Rd. 2 Wake

Advantage

Natural gas causing fast warming and methane release now – renewables key to solve
Nordhaus and Shellenberger ‘12 (Ted Nordhaus and Michael Shellenberger 12 are the authors of Break Through: From the Death of Environmentalism to the Politics of Possibility, Feb 27 (http://e360.yale.edu/feature/nordhaus_shellenberger_beyond_cap_and_trade_a_new_path_to_clean_energy/2499/)
A funny thing happened while environmentalists were trying and failing to cap carbon emissions in
AND
fossil fuels. There simply is no substitute for making clean energy cheap.

Action now key to avoid extinction from warming – systemic causation renders typical threat calculus useless.
Lakoff 10/30/12 (George, Professor at the University of California – Berkeley and author of The Political Mind, “Global Warming Systemically Caused Hurricane Sandy,” Huffington Post, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/george-lakoff/sandy-climate-change_b_2042871.html)
Yes, global warming systemically caused Hurricane Sandy -- and the Midwest droughts and the
AND
.0 degrees Celsius, all civilization would be threatened if not destroyed.

Climate change is the root cause of institutional racism and environmental injustice.
CorpWatch ‘01 (“Climate Change and Environmental Racism:  Addressing Racism and Labor in the Climate Change Negotiations,” www.corpwatch.org/article.php?id=920)
MARRAKECH -- The lack of transparency and public participation in the climate negotiations will further
AND
works on the US-Mexico border for the bi-national network.

This recognition is key to addressing white privilege and ensuring the success of environmental justice movements
Tim Wise April 13th 2011 Tim Wise and White Privilege http://changefromwithin.org/2011/04/13/tim-wise-and-white-privilege/ Wise served as an adjunct faculty member at the Smith College School for Social Work, in Northampton, Massachusetts, where he co-taught a Master’s level class on Racism in the U.S. In 2001, Wise trained journalists to eliminate racial bias in reporting, as a visiting faculty-in-residence at the Poynter Institute in St. Petersburg, Florida. From 1999-2003, Wise was an advisor to the Fisk University Race Relations Institute, in Nashville, and in the early ’90s he was Youth Coordinator and Associate Director of the Louisiana Coalition Against Racism and Nazism: the largest of the many groups organized for the purpose of defeating neo-Nazi political candidate, David Duke. He graduated from Tulane University in 1990 and received antiracism training from the People’s Institute for Survival and Beyond, in New Orleans.
But as troubling as colorblindness can be when evinced by liberals, colormuteness may be
AND
of the green movement to gain strength, and they reinforce white privilege.

Global warming is real – newest scientific studies prove
Spotts ‘11 (Pete, staff writer for the Christian Science Monitor (“Climate study, funded in part by conservative group, confirms global warming,” 10/21/11, http://www.csmonitor.com/Environment/2011/1021/Climate-study-funded-in-part-by-conservative-group-confirms-global-warming)
A new climate study shows that since the mid-1950s, global average temperatures
AND
help restart the discussion about what is next," Dr. Ammann says.

Multiple indicators prove it’s anthropogenic
Shahan ‘11 (Zachary, writer for Scientific American and Reuters (“Yes, Global Warming is Real AND Caused by Humans,” 10/28/11, http://planetsave.com/2011/10/28/yes-global-warming-is-real-and-caused-by-humans/)
Now, that’s the quick and simple, and for those of you not satisfied
AND
warming. This has been observed by satellites (Laštovi?ka 2006).” 

Science goes aff – their authors are either paid off or deliberately contrarian
Lewandowsky et al 12 (Stephan, PhD, University of Toronto AND Klaus Oberauer, PhD, University of Heidelberg AND Gilles Gignac, PhD in Psychology, Swinburne University. Written for Psychological Science, the highest ranked empirical journal in psychology, is a peer-reviewed monthly journal with cutting-edge research articles. “NASA faked the moon landing—Therefore (Climate) Science is a Hoax: An Anatomy of the Motivated Rejection of Science,” September 2012, http://psychologyforasafeclimate.org/resources/Motivated%20rejection%20of%20science-2.pdf)
More than 90% of climate scientists agree that the global climate is changing largely
AND
audience that is by definition highly engaged in the increasingly polarized climate debate.

The nature of global warming demands accepting scientific consensus
Dennis Patrick O'Hara and Alan Abelsohn ‘11, Assistant professor of ethics as well as the Director of the Elliott Allen Institute for Theology and Ecology at the University of St. Michael's College and assistant professor in the Department of Family and Community Medicine, and the Dalla Lana School of Public Health and lecturer in the Centre for Environment, at the University of Toronto (Ethics and the Environment, Volume 16, Number 1, Spring)
Another disclaimer that has been used to justify delayed and inadequate responses to climate change
AND
certitude, scientific or otherwise, contradicts the very pattern of our existence.

Plan

The United States federal government should establish a feed-in tariff that creates long-term purchase contracts for new qualifying facilities in the United States that use wind and solar power for energy production to ensure a reasonable rate of return.
Solvency

Only a federal feed-in tariff assures clean tech investment enough to meet climate reduction targets – best studies conclude
John Lorinc ‘09, New York Times, 10/27, http://green.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/10/27/climate-change-policy-and-safe-investing/
Countries that adopt policies obliging utilities to purchase a percentage of their power from renewable
AND
The technology, he said, won’t make any substantial inroads by 2020.

Avoiding 450 PPM is key
Hansen ‘09 (Climate Scientist at the Goddard Institute for Space Studies at NASA and professor in the department of Earth and Environmental Sciences at Columbia University, received the Carl-Gustaf Rossby Research Medal which is the highest award for atmospheric research of the American Meteorological Society, Time Magazine’s Top 100 Most influential People, Member of the National Academy of Sciences, PhD in Physics and Astronomy at the University of Iowa (John, “Storms of our grandchildren”, pages 158-160)
Now let us turn to the question of why atmospheric carbon dioxide changed during the
AND
per square meter, restoring the planet’s energy balance, to first approximation.

Adaptation is useless—avoiding 450 ppm is the only way to avoid catastrophic warming
Romm ‘10 (Joe, PhD in Physics from MIT, senior fellow at American progress, editor of Climate Progress, “Real adaptation is as politically tough as real mitigation, but much more expensive and not as effective in reducing future misery,” Climate Progress, August 27, 2010)
Rhetorical adaptation, however, is a political winner. Too bad it means preventable
AND
limiting future climate impacts to a level that one could actually adapt to. 

Electricity sector focus key for large scale shift
Mormann ‘11 (Felix, German JD and JSD from University of Passau School of law, as well as an LMM from UC BerkeleySchool of Law and is a research Fellow at Stanford’s Steyer Center for Energy Policy and Finance, writing for Economic Law Quarterly, “Requirements for a Renewables Revolution.” 05/02/11. http://www.boalt.org/elq/documents/elq38_4_03_2012_0808.pdf)
Renewable sources of energy are relevant not only to electricity generation but also to other
AND
this Article focuses on the use of renewables for the generation of electricity.

Emissions are reversible but the window is closing.
Fiona Harvey ‘11 is an environmental correspondent for Guardian, “World headed for irreversible climate change in five years, IEA warns,” 11/9, http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2011/nov/09/fossil-fuel-infrastructure-climate-change
The world is likely to build so many fossil-fuelled power stations, energy
AND
temperatures to 2C of warming will be closed forever," said Birol.

Only a federal feed-in tariff causes a clean energy transition and ends patchwork policies.
Chris Nelder ‘11, Columnist for SmartPlanet, 11/9, http://www.smartplanet.com/blog/energy-futurist/why-america-needs-a-feed-in-tariff/174

Given the obvious success of FiTs as a policy tool in Europe, one must
AND
rest of the world pulls rapidly ahead in the race to energy transition.
National FIT is modeled globally and solves resource shortages world wide
Lynch 8/9/12 (Advisor to Principal Solar Inc, Feed-in Tariffs: The Proven Road Not Taken – FierceEnergy, http://www.fierceenergy.com/story/feed-tariffs-proven-road-not-taken/2012-08-09#ixzz24aVQZwDO)
The U.S. needs a nationwide FIT to kick-start the renewable
AND
foreign oil, while helping to decrease the associated massive annual cash drain. 

Clean tech key to address climate change – feed-in tariffs solve through investment and can meet the global energy demand
Kofetsky ‘08 “DEUTSCHLAND OBER ALLES: WHY GERMAN REGULATIONS NEED TO CONQUER THE DIVIDED U.S. RENEWABLE-ENERGY FRAMEWORK TO SAVE CLEAN TECH (AND THE WORLD)”, https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=vandpid=gmailandattid=0.1andthid=13955f78a3a8375dandmt=application/pdfandurl=https://mail.google.com/mail/u/0/?ui%3D2%26ik%3Db62fd2ee4a%26view%3Datt%26th%3D13955f78a3a8375d%26attid%3D0.1%26disp%3Dsafe%26zwandsig=AHIEtbRX3GpQtnAMY29zWdsBnFGFuWibbA
Global warming., threats to energy Security, and rising energy costs have become unavoidable
AND
are dim for advancing clean tech to sufficiently meet the current energy concerns.

Distributed generation evens pressure on the grid
Mendonça et al ‘09 (Miguel, Researcher, author and advocate of sustainability and resilience strategies, David Jacobs is a researcher and PhD candidate at the Environmental Policy Research Centre in Berlin (FFU) focusing on support mechanisms for renewable electricity, and Dr. Benjamin K. Sovacool is an Assistant Professor at the Lee Kuan Yew School of Public Policy at the National University of Singapore and a Research Fellow in the Energy Governance Program at the Centre on Asia and Globalization. (Powering the Green Economy: The Feed-in Tariff Handbook, p. 112-8)
To penalize renewables for their variability or intermittency not only ignores how that variability can
AND
the more stable the grid becomes, rather than the other way around.

Environmental injustices are perpetuated by an imbalance in energy externalities—a green urban grid is the only alternative
Behles 12. (Deborah, Associate Professor of Law and Clinical Staff Attorney, Environmental Law and Justice Clinic, Golden Gate University School of Law. William and Mary Environmental Law and Policy Review. “An Integrated Green Urban Electrical Grid.” Spring 2012. 36 Wm. and Mary Envtl. L. and Pol'y Rev. 671 Lexis.)
The New Green Grid Can Reduce Pollution and Provide Economic Development in Environmental Justice Neighborhoods
AND
Hunters Point and Richmond, as high impact areas for air pollution. n187

Adopting a mindset of scientific inquiry for climate change makes sense because it’s a phenomenon uniquely suited to an empiricist methodology
Jean Bricmont ‘01, professor of theoretical physics at the University of Louvain, “Defense of a Modest Scientific Realism”, September 23, http://www.physics.nyu.edu/faculty/sokal/bielefeld_final.pdf
Given that instrumentalism is not defensible when it is formulated as a rigid doctrine,
AND
but we would like to offer a few ideas that might prove useful.

DELIBERATIVE POLICYMAKING through DEBATE is the CRUCIAL internal link to solving warming through public policy and SUBSUMES their critiques ¶
Herbeck and Isham 10¶
http://www.thesolutionsjournal.com/node/775¶ Jon Isham¶ Associate Professor of Economics, Middlebury College ¶ In the fall of 1999, Jon joined the department of economics and the program in environmental studies at Middlebury College. Jon teaches classes in environmental economics, environmental policy, introductory microeconomics, social capital in Vermont, and global climate change. Jon is co-editing a new book, Ignition: The Birth of the Climate Movement; has co-edited Social Capital, Development, and the Environment (Edward Elgar Publications); has published articles (several forthcoming) in Economic Development and Cultural Change, The Journal of African Economies, The Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, The Quarterly Journal of Economics, Rural Sociology, Society and Natural Resources, The Southern Economic Journal, The Vermont Law Review, and the World Bank Economic Review; and has published book chapters in volumes from Ashgate Press, The New England University Press, Oxford University Press, and Cambridge University Press. His current research focuses on building the new climate movement; the demand for water among poor households in Cambodia; information asymmetries in low-income lending; and the effect of local social capital on environmental outcomes in Vermont.¶ Herbeck, member of the Rubenstein School of Environment and Natural Resources and the Honors College. ¶
Getting to 350 parts per million CO2 in the atmosphere will require massive investments in
AND
, including those on pressing issues related to climate change and clean energy. 

Our model of debate is process, not product – decision-making is learned in a safe space of competing thought experiments
Hanghoj 8
http://static.sdu.dk/mediafiles/Files/Information_til/Studerende_ved_SDU/Din_uddannelse/phd_hum/afhandlinger/2009/ThorkilHanghoej.pdf¶ Thorkild Hanghøj, Copenhagen, 2008 ¶ Since this PhD project began in 2004, the present author has been affiliated with DREAM (Danish¶ Research Centre on Education and Advanced Media Materials), which is located at the Institute of¶ Literature, Media and Cultural Studies at the University of Southern Denmark. Research visits have¶ taken place at the Centre for Learning, Knowledge, and Interactive Technologies (L-KIT), the¶ Institute of Education at the University of Bristol and the institute formerly known as Learning Lab¶ Denmark at the School of Education, University of Aarhus, where I currently work as an assistant¶ professor.
 Joas’ re-interpretation of Dewey’s pragmatism as a “theory of situated creativity
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the contingent outcomes and domain-specific processes of problem-based scenarios.  

Decision-making is a trump impact—it improves all aspects of life regardless of its specific goals
Shulman, president emeritus – Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching, ‘9
(Lee S, Education and a Civil Society: Teaching Evidence-Based Decision Making, p. ix-x)
These are the kinds of questions that call for the exercise of practical reason,
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, and heart all play a significant role in the lives of citizens.

The inclusion of hypothetical impact scenarios supercharges the deliberative process by providing a normative means of assessing consequences
Larsen et al 9
    a KTH – Royal Institute of Technology, Department of Philosophy and History of Technology, Division of History of Science and Technology, Teknikringen 76, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden¶ b KTH – Royal Institute of Technology, Department of Urban Planning and Environment, Division of Environmental Strategies Research, Drottning Kristinas väg 30, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden ¶ Habitat International¶ Volume 33, Issue 3, July 2009, Pages 260–266¶ Climate Change and Human Settlements¶ Climatechange scenarios and citizen-participation: Mitigation and adaptation perspectives in constructing sustainable futures
In constructing normative scenarios a set of images are generated illustrating future ways of
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result, both the content sustainability and the capacity to act might increase. 

Tournament: Wake | Round: 4 | Opponent:  | Judge: 

1AC – Wake
Advantage 1
The Grid
Increased centralization raising blackout risks
Hildyard et al ‘12 (Nicholas, The Corner House - U.K. research and advocacy group focusing on human rights, the environment, and development, Larry Lohmann and Sarah Sexton.12 Energy Security For Whom? For What? February 2012, http://www.thecornerhouse.org.uk/sites/thecornerhouse.org.uk/files/Energy%20Security%20For%20Whom%20For%20What.pdf)

By the same token, the more that an energy system is subjected to centralised
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of generators magnify such “cyber-security” and data protection challenges.
That makes economic collapse inevitable
Jagdfeld ’12 (Aaron, President and CEO of Generac Power Systems, “India-Style Blackout Could Strike The U.S.” Forbes, 8/6, http://www.forbes.com/sites/deborahljacobs/2012/08/06/india-style-blackout-could-strike-the-u-s/)

More people in the United States were affected by power outages last year than at
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we cannot bear. Meantime, we should prepare for the next outage.
Stats prove—crises cause conflict
Royal '10 (Jedediah, Director of Cooperative Threat Reduction Program -- DOD, Economics of War and Peace: Legal and Political Perspectives, ed. Goldsmith and Brauer, p. 213-15)

Less intuitive is how periods of economic decline may increase the likelihood of external conflict
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such, the view presented here should be considered ancillary to those views.
They go nuclear
Merlini, Senior Fellow – Brookings, 11 Cesare Merlini, nonresident senior fellow at the Center on the United States and Europe and chairman of the Board of Trustees of the Italian Institute for International Affairs (IAI) in Rome. He served as IAI president from 1979 to 2001. Until 2009, he also occupied the position of executive vice chairman of the Council for the United States and Italy, which he co-founded in 1983. His areas of expertise include transatlantic relations, European integration and nuclear non-proliferation, with particular focus on nuclear science and technology. A Post-Secular World?  Survival, 53:2, 117 – 130

Two neatly opposed scenarios for the future of the world order illustrate the range of
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theocratic absolutes, competing or converging with secular absolutes such as unbridled nationalism.
Susceptible grid makes short-term cyber attacks likely
Copelin ‘12 (Laylan, Austin American-Statesman “Growing threat to utilities weighed” May 25, 2012 Lexis)

U.S. Rep. Michael McCaul on Thursday huddled behind closed doors with
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all other sectors, it deserves special and urgent attention," he said.
This causes a US lash-out—triggers nuclear war
Habiger 2/1/10 (Eugue – Retired Air Force General, Cyberwarfare and Cyberterrorism, The Cyber Security Institute, p. 11-19)

However, there are reasons to believe that what is going on now amounts to
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based defenses, making us significantly more at risk of a major war.
Blackouts cause nuclear meltdowns
Capiello ‘11 (Dina, Huffington Post, “Long Blackouts Pose Risk To U.S. Nuclear Reactors” 3/29/11 http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/03/29/blackout-risk-us-nuclear-reactors_n_841869.html)

A 2003 federal analysis looking at how to estimate the risk of containment failure said
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things in a place that would not have been swept away by tsunami."
Extinction
Lendman ‘11 (Stephen – BA from Harvard University and MBA from Wharton School at the University of Pennsylvania, “Nuclear Meltdown in Japan” 3/13/11 http://rense.com/general93/nucmelt.htm)

For years, Helen Caldicott warned it's coming. In her 1978 book, "
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or face extinction. No one listened. The Doomsday Clock keeps ticking.
Feed-In Tariffs solve, three reasons:

1. Distributed generation evens pressure on the grid
   Mendonça et al ‘09 (Miguel, Researcher, author and advocate of sustainability and resilience strategies, David Jacobs is a researcher and PhD candidate at the Environmental Policy Research Centre in Berlin (FFU) focusing on support mechanisms for renewable electricity, and Dr. Benjamin K. Sovacool is an Assistant Professor at the Lee Kuan Yew School of Public Policy at the National University of Singapore and a Research Fellow in the Energy Governance Program at the Centre on Asia and Globalization. (Powering the Green Economy: The Feed-in Tariff Handbook, p. 112-8)

To penalize renewables for their variability or intermittency not only ignores how that variability can
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the more stable the grid becomes, rather than the other way around.
2. Grid efficiency creates lower costs overall
Masterson ‘10 (Crystal D., Third Year student at University of Oklahoma College of Law, American Indian Law Review, “Wind-Energy Ventures in Indian Country: Fashioning a Functional Paradigm.” 2010. 34 Am. Indian L. Rev. 317 Lexis)

The feed-in tariffs require that every utility connect and give priority to all
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renewable energy" n265 and the potential for less expensive electricity altogether. n266
3. FITS lead to energy storage development
Behles ‘12 (Deborah, Associate Professor of Law and Clinical Staff Attorney, Environmental Law and Justice Clinic, Golden Gate University School of Law. William and Mary Environmental Law and Policy Review, “An Integrated Green Urban Electrical Grid,” Spring 2012, 36 Wm. and Mary Envtl. L. and Pol'y Rev. 671 Lexis)

To provide an economic incentive to overcome the barrier of the initial capital cost,
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of resources on the new urban green grid such as energy storage. n233
This allows for successful back-up power generation
Licata 8/8/12 (John, is the founder and chief energy strategist for Blue Phoenix Inc., an independent research and consulting company focused on clean energy “Commentary: How the U.S. can avoid a blackout like India's” http://money.cnn.com/2012/08/08/news/economy/blackout-india/index.htm)

I really enjoy the summertime. Yet I'm worried. Another heat wave is forecast
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to remember that we can't remain a superpower if our lights aren't on. 

Plan
The United States federal government should establish a feed-in tariff that creates long-term purchase contracts for new qualifying facilities in the United States that use wind and solar power for energy production to ensure a reasonable rate of return.

Advantage 2
Warming
Natural gas causing fast warming and methane release now – renewables key to solve
Nordhaus and Shellenberger ‘12 (Ted Nordhaus and Michael Shellenberger 12 are the authors of Break Through: From the Death of Environmentalism to the Politics of Possibility, Feb 27 (http://e360.yale.edu/feature/nordhaus_shellenberger_beyond_cap_and_trade_a_new_path_to_clean_energy/2499/)

A funny thing happened while environmentalists were trying and failing to cap carbon emissions in
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fossil fuels. There simply is no substitute for making clean energy cheap.
Action now key to avoid extinction from warming – systemic causation renders typical threat calculus useless.
Lakoff 10/30/12 (George, Professor at the University of California – Berkeley and author of The Political Mind, “Global Warming Systemically Caused Hurricane Sandy,” Huffington Post, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/george-lakoff/sandy-climate-change_b_2042871.html)

Yes, global warming systemically caused Hurricane Sandy -- and the Midwest droughts and the
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.0 degrees Celsius, all civilization would be threatened if not destroyed.
Global warming is real – newest scientific studies prove
Spotts ‘11 (Pete, staff writer for the Christian Science Monitor (“Climate study, funded in part by conservative group, confirms global warming,” 10/21/11, http://www.csmonitor.com/Environment/2011/1021/Climate-study-funded-in-part-by-conservative-group-confirms-global-warming)

A new climate study shows that since the mid-1950s, global average temperatures
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help restart the discussion about what is next," Dr. Ammann says.
Multiple indicators prove it’s anthropogenic
Shahan ‘11 (Zachary, writer for Scientific American and Reuters (“Yes, Global Warming is Real AND Caused by Humans,” 10/28/11, http://planetsave.com/2011/10/28/yes-global-warming-is-real-and-caused-by-humans/)

Now, that’s the quick and simple, and for those of you not satisfied
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warming. This has been observed by satellites (Laštovi?ka 2006).”
Science goes aff – their authors are either paid off or deliberately contrarian
Lewandowsky et al 12 (Stephan, PhD, University of Toronto AND Klaus Oberauer, PhD, University of Heidelberg AND Gilles Gignac, PhD in Psychology, Swinburne University. Written for Psychological Science, the highest ranked empirical journal in psychology, is a peer-reviewed monthly journal with cutting-edge research articles. “NASA faked the moon landing—Therefore (Climate) Science is a Hoax: An Anatomy of the Motivated Rejection of Science,” September 2012, http://psychologyforasafeclimate.org/resources/Motivated%20rejection%20of%20science-2.pdf)

More than 90% of climate scientists agree that the global climate is changing largely
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audience that is by definition highly engaged in the increasingly polarized climate debate.
The nature of global warming demands accepting scientific consensus
Dennis Patrick O'Hara and Alan Abelsohn ‘11, Assistant professor of ethics as well as the Director of the Elliott Allen Institute for Theology and Ecology at the University of St. Michael's College and assistant professor in the Department of Family and Community Medicine, and the Dalla Lana School of Public Health and lecturer in the Centre for Environment, at the University of Toronto (Ethics and the Environment, Volume 16, Number 1, Spring)

Another disclaimer that has been used to justify delayed and inadequate responses to climate change
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certitude, scientific or otherwise, contradicts the very pattern of our existence.
Only a federal feed-in tariff assures clean tech investment enough to meet climate reduction targets – best studies conclude
John Lorinc ‘09, New York Times, 10/27, http://green.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/10/27/climate-change-policy-and-safe-investing/

Countries that adopt policies obliging utilities to purchase a percentage of their power from renewable
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The technology, he said, won’t make any substantial inroads by 2020.
Avoiding 450 PPM is key
Hansen ‘09 (Climate Scientist at the Goddard Institute for Space Studies at NASA and professor in the department of Earth and Environmental Sciences at Columbia University, received the Carl-Gustaf Rossby Research Medal which is the highest award for atmospheric research of the American Meteorological Society, Time Magazine’s Top 100 Most influential People, Member of the National Academy of Sciences, PhD in Physics and Astronomy at the University of Iowa (John, “Storms of our grandchildren”, pages 158-160) 

Now let us turn to the question of why atmospheric carbon dioxide changed during the
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per square meter, restoring the planet’s energy balance, to first approximation.
Adaptation is useless—avoiding 450 ppm is the only way to avoid catastrophic warming
Romm ‘10 (Joe, PhD in Physics from MIT, senior fellow at American progress, editor of Climate Progress, “Real adaptation is as politically tough as real mitigation, but much more expensive and not as effective in reducing future misery,” Climate Progress, August 27, 2010)

Rhetorical adaptation, however, is a political winner. Too bad it means preventable
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limiting future climate impacts to a level that one could actually adapt to.
Electricity sector focus key for large scale shift
Mormann ‘11 (Felix, German JD and JSD from University of Passau School of law, as well as an LMM from UC BerkeleySchool of Law and is a research Fellow at Stanford’s Steyer Center for Energy Policy and Finance, writing for Economic Law Quarterly, “Requirements for a Renewables Revolution.” 05/02/11. http://www.boalt.org/elq/documents/elq38_4_03_2012_0808.pdf)

Renewable sources of energy are relevant not only to electricity generation but also to other
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this Article focuses on the use of renewables for the generation of electricity.
Emissions are reversible but the window is closing.
Fiona Harvey ‘11 is an environmental correspondent for Guardian, “World headed for irreversible climate change in five years, IEA warns,” 11/9, http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2011/nov/09/fossil-fuel-infrastructure-climate-change

The world is likely to build so many fossil-fuelled power stations, energy
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temperatures to 2C of warming will be closed forever," said Birol.
Only a federal feed-in tariff causes a clean energy transition and ends patchwork policies.
Chris Nelder ‘11, Columnist for SmartPlanet, 11/9, http://www.smartplanet.com/blog/energy-futurist/why-america-needs-a-feed-in-tariff/174

Given the obvious success of FiTs as a policy tool in Europe, one must
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rest of the world pulls rapidly ahead in the race to energy transition.
National FIT is modeled globally and solves resource shortages world wide
Lynch 8/9/12 (Advisor to Principal Solar Inc, Feed-in Tariffs: The Proven Road Not Taken – FierceEnergy, http://www.fierceenergy.com/story/feed-tariffs-proven-road-not-taken/2012-08-09#ixzz24aVQZwDO)

The U.S. needs a nationwide FIT to kick-start the renewable
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foreign oil, while helping to decrease the associated massive annual cash drain.
Clean tech key to address climate change – feed-in tariffs solve through investment and can meet the global energy demand
Kofetsky ‘08 “DEUTSCHLAND OBER ALLES: WHY GERMAN REGULATIONS NEED TO CONQUER THE DIVIDED U.S. RENEWABLE-ENERGY FRAMEWORK TO SAVE CLEAN TECH (AND THE WORLD)”, https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=vandpid=gmailandattid=0.1andthid=13955f78a3a8375dandmt=application/pdfandurl=https://mail.google.com/mail/u/0/?ui%3D2%26ik%3Db62fd2ee4a%26view%3Datt%26th%3D13955f78a3a8375d%26attid%3D0.1%26disp%3Dsafe%26zwandsig=AHIEtbRX3GpQtnAMY29zWdsBnFGFuWibbA

Global warming., threats to energy Security, and rising energy costs have become unavoidable
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are dim for advancing clean tech to sufficiently meet the current energy concerns.