Tournament: UCO | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge: 

1NC T

Interpretation – For natural gas, production includes extracting, gathering, treating, field processing, and field storage. Production excludes transporting the energy.

US Energy Information Administration, no date
(Glossary, Energy Information Agency, http://www.eia.gov/tools/glossary/index.cfm, acsd 5-12)

Production, oil and gas:  The lifting of oil and gas to the surface
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pipeline, a common carrier, a refinery, or a marine terminal.

Violation – The aff is not energy production because it increases pipelines, which transports the energy.

Standards

Limits – Including energy transportation leads to hundreds of new affs because there are dozens of ways to transport each type of energy.

Ground – Neg can’t read generic extraction DAs or CPs against affs that just move energy around because they don’t necessarily lead to more energy, they just cause energy to be moved around.

Education – the core of the topic is not focused on moving energy around, but on making new energy.

T is a voter for fairness and education.

1NC DA

Permanent Normal Trade with Russia will pass now; it’ll be the first thing in the lame duck.

Inside U.S. Trade 11/2, 2012 U.S. BUSINESSES PREPARE LAME DUCK LOBBY PITCH ON RUSSIA MFN Lexis 

U.S. business lobbyists appear to be intensifying their efforts to convince Congress
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time to resolve some of the issues it is expected to take up.

Opposition to fracking is overwhelming – it even defies science – Destroys Political Capital

Steve Everley July 13, 2012 "MISINFORMATION CAMPAIGN TARGETS HYDRAULIC FRACTURING" Washington Legal Foundation, Online
It’s all in a name, really: Opponents have latched on to a harsh
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the environment, but rather to feed an opposition campaign driven by ideology. 

Obama’s capital is critical to pass Jackson-Vanik. Domestic policy fights mean that he wont be able to pass it.

Jacob Kennedy 10/20/12 U.S. Foreign Policy and Russia: The Role of Internal Debates and Politics By Jacob Kennedy on October 20, 2012  http://www.e-ir.info/2012/10/20/u-s-foreign-policy-and-russia-the-role-of-internal-debates-and-election-year-politics/
While this certainly does not constitute the full range of potential policy avenues, the
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U.S. create an environment for such a relationship to develop. 

Failure to repeal Jackson Vanik independently collapse US Russian relations – this will spill over to the entire reset.

Makovsky et al January 2012 Dr. Michael Makovsky Director of the National Security Project Jonathan Ruhe Senior Policy Analyst Blaise Misztal Associate Foreign Policy Director Marissa McCauley Administrative Assistant Bipartisan Policy Center A Bull in Bear’s Clothing: Russia, WTO and Jackson-Vanik Task Force Paper | January 2012 http://bipartisanpolicy.org/library/staff-paper/bull-bear%E2%80%99s-clothing-russia-wto-and-jackson-vanik

Importance of Graduation The primary importance to the United States of graduating Russia from Jackson
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empty gestures, and could seek to retaliate on any number of issues. 

US-Russian relations are critical for global security, preventing proliferation, sustaining US leadership and averting nuclear war.

Allison and Blackwill 10-30-11 Graham Allison, Director, Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs; Douglas Dillon Professor of Government; Faculty Chair, Dubai Initiative, Harvard Kennedy School, Robert D. Blackwill, International Council Member, Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs "10 Reasons Why Russia Still Matters"http://belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/publication/21469/10_reasons_why_russia_still_matters.html
That central point is that Russia matters a great deal to a U.S
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.S. success, or failure, in advancing our national interests.

The impact is extinction

Bostrom 2 (Nick, Dir. Future of Humanity Institute and Prof. Philosophy – Oxford U., Journal of Evolution and Technology, "Analyzing Human Extinction Scenarios and Related Hazards", 9, March, http://www.nickbostrom.com/existential/risks.html-http://www.nickbostrom.com/existential/risks.html)
The first manmade existential risk was the inaugural detonation of an atomic bomb. At
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preludes to the existential risks that we will encounter in the 21st century.

1NC CP

Text: The fifty state and federal territorial governments of the United States should clarify that natural gas pipeline projects will be evaluated on a case-by-case approach removing the bias toward incremental pricing through Clean Energy Funds. Incremental pricing will apply to projects that provide benefits only to new customers, projects that provide benefits for only existing customers will use rolled in pricing mechanisms, and projects that benefit both new and existing customers will be financed using a fair allocation of the costs based on cost-causation and benefits received.

Solves best- states can take the lead on energy policies through CEFs
Milford et al ’12 ~Lew Milford is a non-resident senior fellow at Brookings and president of Clean Energy Group. Mark Muro is a senior fellow and director of policy for the Metropolitan Policy Program at Brookings. Jessica Morey is a consultant to Clean Energy Group. Devashree Saha is a senior policy analyst at the Brookings Metropolitan Policy Program. Mark Sinclair is executive director of Clean Energy States Alliance, "Leveraging State Clean Energy Funds for Economic Development," January, http://www.brookings.edu/~~/media/research/files/papers/2012/1/11%20states%20energy%20funds/0111_states_energy_funds.pdf-http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/research/files/papers/2012/1/11 states energy funds/0111_states_energy_funds.pdf~

And so U.S. states, as classic "laboratories of experimentation,"
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to best leverage public and private dollars and to learn from each other’s experiences

1NC K

Integrated World Capitalism has captured humanity’s affective potential for action, creating static subjects that assume their identity from a lens of domination over nature. This domestication of affect has put humanity on the brink of extinction through a suicidal drive towards complete ecocide.

Pindar and Sutton 2k (Ian and Paul, They wrote the intro to and translated Guattari’s Three Ecologies, The Three Ecologies, pg. 3-7. ~EB~)
In The Three Ecologies Guattari objects that we have challenged the Earth enough and are
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), so it is only to be expected that the singing has stopped.

The state’s subjugation of Affect is what creates the heroic-meta narratives that enable all forms of exploitation in politics.

Beasley-Murray 09 (Jon Beasley-Murray, Assistant Professor in Hispanic Studies, including social and political theory, "PART TWO: CONSTITUTION" http://faculty.arts.ubc.ca/jbmurray/research/jbm_escalon.pdf ~EB~)
Affect is, for Deleuze and Spinoza, an index of power: we may
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but also demonstrates reason’s addicted dependence upon sensual as well as spiritual stimulation.

Our orientation towards minor identities allows us to escape the hierarchy and transcendence of starting points, and reorient towards the milleux of identity

Colebrook 02 (Claire Mary Colebrook, Doctor of Philosophy (University of Edinburgh, 1993), English professor at Penn State University, "Gilles Deleuze" (Routledge Critical Thinkers).
One of the key ideas that runs throughout Deleuze’s work and which links his philosophy
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with the mind or brain being one (sophisticated) machine among others.

1NC - Solvency

Flaring is uncommon – only 15% of excess gas is flared and major companies don’t utilize flaring.

Howarth et al, 12 — Cornell University David R. Atkinson Ecology %26 Environmental Biology professor
(Robert, Cornell University Agriculture, Energy %26 the Environment Program director, Founding Editor of the journal "Biogeochemistry" (editor-in-Chief from 1983 to 2004), Renee Santoro, and Anthony Ingraffea, Cornell University School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, "Venting and leaking of methane from shale gas development: response to Cathles et al.," Climatic Change, 2012, http://www.springerlink.com/content/c338g7j559580172/fulltext.pdf, accessed 6-2-12, mss)

Is it unsafe for industry to vent gas during flowback, as Cathles et al
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PA § 78.73. General provision for well construction and operation).

Plan double turns itself. In order to solve warming, we need to slow down economic growth. Our evidence uses the most accurate methods of analysis and is peer-reviewed.

ScienceDaily 5/1 ~"Global Warming: New Research Blames Economic Growth", http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/05/120501134327.htm-http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/05/120501134327.htm~~
It’s a message no one wants to hear: To slow down global warming, we’ll either have to put the brakes on economic growth or transform the way the world’s economies work. That’s the implication of an innovative University of Michigan study examining the most likely causes of global warming.
The study, conducted by José Tapia Granados and Edward Ionides of U-M and Óscar Carpintero of the University of Valladolid in Spain, was published online in the peer-reviewed journal Environmental Science and Policy. It is the first analysis to use measurable levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide to assess fluctuations in the gas, rather than estimates of CO2 emissions, which are less accurate.
"If ’business as usual’ conditions continue, economic contractions the size of the Great Recession or even bigger will be needed to reduce atmospheric levels of CO2," said Tapia Granados, who is a researcher at the U-M Institute for Social Research.
For the study, the researchers assessed the impact of four factors on short-run, year-to-year changes in atmospheric concentrations of CO2, widely considered the most important greenhouse gas. Those factors included two natural phenomena believed to affect CO2 levels — volcanic eruptions and the El Niño Southern oscillation — and also world population and the world economy, as measured by worldwide gross domestic product.
Tapia Granados and colleagues found no observable relation between short-term growth of world population and CO2 concentrations, and they show that incidents of volcanic activity coincide with global recessions, which may confound any slight volcanic effects on CO2.
With El Niño outside of human control, economic activity is the sole modifiable factor. In years of above-trend world GDP, from 1958 to 2010, the researchers found greater increases in CO2 concentrations. For every %2410 trillion in U.S. dollars that the world GDP deviates from trend, CO2 levels deviate from trend about half a part per million, they found. Preindustrial concentrations are estimated to be 200-300 parts per million.
To break the economic habits contributing to a rise in atmospheric CO2 levels and global warming, Tapia Granados says that societies around the world would need to make enormous changes.
"Since the mid 1970s, scientists like James Hansen have been warning us about the effects global warming will have on the Earth," Tapia Granados said. "One solution that has promise is a carbon tax levied on any activity producing CO2 in order to create incentives to reduce emissions. The money would be returned to individuals so the tax would not burden the population at large.
"What our study makes clear is that climate change will soon have a serious impact on the world, and the time is growing short to take corrective action."

The chemical industry is the critical internal link to ecosystem collapse.

Schwarzman and Wilson 8   ~Program in Green Chemistry %26 Chemicals Policy, Center for Occupational %26 Environmental Health, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley (Megan and Michael, "Reshaping Chemicals Policy on Two Sides of the Atlantic," http://www.transatlantic.be/publications/schwarzman_wilson_draft.pdf~~
There is a growing body of data on a class of synthetic substances known as
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volumes of chemicals and products. As such, they require global solutions. 

Turn – the alternative to flaring is venting, which is comparatively at least 25 times worse for warming.

Hanley, 12 — staff writer, citing peer-reviewed studies by Cornell ecologists
(Paul, "Concerns about hydraulic fracturing intensify," The Star Phoenix, 1-31-12, l/n, accessed 5-29-12, mss)

The fracking controversy has changed the status of natural gas from a cleaner, greener
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to move to a truly green, renewable future as quickly as possible."

No brink to their flaring claims. The US flares less than 5% of associated gas produced.

Harriss et al. 10 ~Rober Harriss, Donald Hertzmark, Birnur Buzcu-Guven, "Gas Flaring and Venting: Extent, Impacts, and Remedies", published by the James A. Baker III Institute for Public Policy at Rice University, September 2010, http://www.bakerinstitute.org/publications/CARBONFlaring%20paper%20Birnur%20FINALwith%20cover%20secured.pdf-http://www.bakerinstitute.org/publications/CARBONFlaring paper Birnur FINALwith cover secured.pdf~
The data on flaring and venting volumes are highly speculative, and order of magnitude errors are within the realm of possibility. The uncertainties in the magnitude of gas flaring and venting need to be resolved in order to understand the nature of the problem and the impacts of pricing and investment programs on both flaring volumes and total gas supplies.
Based on the reported data by the governments of individual countries, the GGFR has constructed the following table of gas flaring volumes for 2004 and 2005 (see Table 1). The reported data is not available from the GGFR for other years.
According to the reported data, Nigeria, Russia, Iran, Iraq, and Angola are the highest flaring countries. On the other hand, a very large percentage of associated gas (more than 95%) is utilized in countries such as Norway, Canada, the United Kingdom, and the United states. These countries flare less than 2 cubic meters for every barrel of oil produced.

US is responsible for no more than 2% of flaring worldwide

Harriss et al. 10 ~Rober Harriss, Donald Hertzmark, Birnur Buzcu-Guven, "Gas Flaring and Venting: Extent, Impacts, and Remedies", published by the James A. Baker III Institute for Public Policy at Rice University, September 2010, http://www.bakerinstitute.org/publications/CARBONFlaring%20paper%20Birnur%20FINALwith%20cover%20secured.pdf-http://www.bakerinstitute.org/publications/CARBONFlaring paper Birnur FINALwith cover secured.pdf~
The 15-year record of global natural gas flaring derived from satellite data is
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. Twenty countries accounted for an estimated 85% of the observed flaring.
Table 2 shows the NOAA flaring estimates for 2005-2009. Although the worldwide
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% lower than those countries’ self-reported figures. (Figure 1).

Tournament: UCO | Round: 6 | Opponent: Kansas | Judge: 

T – 1NC

A. Interpretation – Financial Incentives are funding and loan guarantees; procurement and trade preference is a non-financial incentive.

Czinkota et al, 9 - Associate Professor at the McDonough School of Business at
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import quotas, and local content requirements, and investments in infrastructure facilities.

B. Violation FINANCIAL incentives must be FOR energy production they increase indirect incentives for R%26D.

Dyson et al, 3 - International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources
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these incentives within the realm of economic and fiscal policy is practically limitless. 

C. Prefer our interpretation

1. Limits -  Broad definitions could include 40 different mechanisms
   Moran, 86 - non-resident fellow at the Center for Global Development and
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   foreign investment—let alone to determine the effectiveness of individual government instruments.

2. Ground – They do not spend federal money, this eliminates key ground on spending, politics, and trade-off debates – it also allows them to have highly specific evidence about their mechanism – they acquire additional solvency.

D. Topicality is a voting issue – if it were not the affirmative could run the same case year after year or unbeatable truths like sexual discrimination is harmful. 

1NC DA

Permanent Normal Trade with Russia will pass now; it’ll be the first thing in the lame duck.

Inside U.S. Trade 11/2, 2012 U.S. BUSINESSES PREPARE LAME DUCK LOBBY PITCH ON RUSSIA MFN Lexis 

U.S. business lobbyists appear to be intensifying their efforts to convince Congress
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time to resolve some of the issues it is expected to take up.

Opposition to nuclear assistance – taxpayers don’t want to be responsible, accidents – Destroys Political Capital

CSM 11 (Christian Science Monitor, "Nuclear power in US: public support plummets in wake of Fukushima crisis," Online, 3/22/11, http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/2011/0322/Nuclear-power-in-US-public-support-plummets-in-wake-of-Fukushima-crisis Accessed 9/14/12 ~TR~)
Most Americans said they favor kicking away nuclear-industry supports. Even though President
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among 104 reactors nationwide – are seeking 20-year operating permit extensions.

Obama’s capital is critical to pass Jackson-Vanik. Domestic policy fights mean that he wont be able to pass it.

Jacob Kennedy 10/20/12 U.S. Foreign Policy and Russia: The Role of Internal Debates and Politics By Jacob Kennedy on October 20, 2012  http://www.e-ir.info/2012/10/20/u-s-foreign-policy-and-russia-the-role-of-internal-debates-and-election-year-politics/
While this certainly does not constitute the full range of potential policy avenues, the
AND
U.S. create an environment for such a relationship to develop. 

Failure to repeal Jackson Vanik independently collapse US Russian relations – this will spill over to the entire reset.

Makovsky et al January 2012 Dr. Michael Makovsky Director of the National Security Project Jonathan Ruhe Senior Policy Analyst Blaise Misztal Associate Foreign Policy Director Marissa McCauley Administrative Assistant Bipartisan Policy Center A Bull in Bear’s Clothing: Russia, WTO and Jackson-Vanik Task Force Paper | January 2012 http://bipartisanpolicy.org/library/staff-paper/bull-bear%E2%80%99s-clothing-russia-wto-and-jackson-vanik

Importance of Graduation The primary importance to the United States of graduating Russia from Jackson
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empty gestures, and could seek to retaliate on any number of issues. 

US-Russian relations are critical for global security, preventing proliferation, sustaining US leadership and averting nuclear war.

Allison and Blackwill 10-30-11 Graham Allison, Director, Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs; Douglas Dillon Professor of Government; Faculty Chair, Dubai Initiative, Harvard Kennedy School, Robert D. Blackwill, International Council Member, Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs "10 Reasons Why Russia Still Matters"http://belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/publication/21469/10_reasons_why_russia_still_matters.html
That central point is that Russia matters a great deal to a U.S
AND
.S. success, or failure, in advancing our national interests.

The impact is extinction

Bostrom 2 (Nick, Dir. Future of Humanity Institute and Prof. Philosophy – Oxford U., Journal of Evolution and Technology, "Analyzing Human Extinction Scenarios and Related Hazards", 9, March, http://www.nickbostrom.com/existential/risks.html-http://www.nickbostrom.com/existential/risks.html)
The first manmade existential risk was the inaugural detonation of an atomic bomb. At
AND
preludes to the existential risks that we will encounter in the 21st century.

1NC CP

Text: Japan should increase procurement contracts for small modular nuclear reactors for United States military installations.

Japan solves 100% of case

- Hiruo ’8 (Japan clears way for loan guarantees in US, Japan clears way for loan guarantees in US  BYLINE: Elaine Hiruo, Washington  SECTION: Pg. 1 Vol. 49 No. 39, Created: September 26, 2008

A Cabinet-level decision in Japan has opened the way for that country to
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a viable applicant increases as its dependence on a DOE loan guarantee decreases. 

Solves US incentives – opening new plants to foreign investment solves leadership.

Steve Skutnik, September 5, 2012, A cost-free way to open up nuclear investment, Ph.D. in nuclear engineering, University of Tennessee Assistant Professor of Nuclear Engineering http://theenergycollective.com/skutnik/109611/cost-free-way-open-nuclear-investment
 Given the difficulty then, it seems positively insane for any political leadership to
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to happen is for leaders to be willing to say, "Oui."

1NC CP

CP Text: The United States Department of Defense should increase procurement contracts for modular nuclear reactors under 300 megawatts for domestic military installations.

CP Competes

– the rhetoric of "small reactors" makes them seem like children’s toys – that’s bad because it shuts down discussion about safety and implementation.

ROSS CARPER %26 SONJA SCHMID Summer 2011 Issues in Science %26 Technology Ross Carper (rosscarper@gmail.com), a writer based in Washington state, is the founding editor of the creative nonfiction project BeyondtheBracelet.com. Sonja Schmid (sschmid@vt.edu) is an assistant professor in Science and Technology Studies at Virginia Tech. The Little Reactor That Could? http://www.issues.org/27.4/carper.html-http://www.issues.org/27.4/carper.html

We don’t know all the answers yet, but we should avoid being drawn in
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political, and organizational contexts in which these machines will ultimately be used.

Case TURN

This attempt to minimize risks means that we won’t be able to deliberate about nuclear power in general. Turns the case.

Eyles %26 Fried 2012 The Anatomy of a Brand: Shaping Nuclear Discourse to Create the Perception of a "Clean World" John Eyles, McMaster University Jana Fried, McMaster University Volume 3, Issue 1 • 2012 • Article 1 Risk, Hazards %26 Crisis in Public Policy

In sum, the nuclear industry has adopted an interpretive strategy in which metaphor and
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its core activities by ignoring, trivializing or minimizing the often unspoken risk.

Nuke meltD - Ext

Nuclear meltdown will destroy all life AKA extinction impact.

Wasserman 2002 ~Harvey, enior advisor to Greenpeace USA and the Nuclear Information %26 Resource Service  "Nuclear Power and Terrorism," Earth island Journal Spring 2002 Vol. 17, No.1delo-uwyo~

As at Three Mile Island, where thousands of farm and wild animals died in
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core of our life and of all future generations must be shut down.

Hegemony

Heg resilient

Lieber 8 ~Robert J., professor of government and international affairs at Georgetown University, "Falling Upwards: Declinism, The Box Set,"  World Affairs Summer 2008, http://www.worldaffairsjournal.org/2008%20-%20Summer/full-Lieber.html~~

Not surprisingly, the declinist outlook carries with it policy prescriptions—yearnings, really
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," sees America’s fabric frayed by racial, ethnic, and cultural diversity.
Much of the case, however, wilts under close analysis, relying as it
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whose long-standing one-child policy has had an anticipated effect.

Heg decline doesn’t cause war and heg doesn’t check conflict

Friedman 10—research fellow in defense and homeland security, Cato. PhD candidate in pol sci, MIT (Ben, Military Restraint and Defense Savings, 20 July 2010, http://www.cato.org/testimony/ct-bf-07202010.html)

Another argument for high military spending is that U.S. military hegemony underlies
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and threaten to drag us into wars, while providing no obvious benefit.

No impact to the transition

MacDonald and Parent 11 ~Paul K., Assistant Professor of Political Science at Williams College, Joseph M., Assistant Professor of Political Science at the University of Miami, "Graceful Decline? The Surprising Success of Great Power Retrenchment," International Security, http://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/pdf/10.1162/ISEC_a_00034-http://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/pdf/10.1162/ISEC_a_00034~~
A policy of gradual retrenchment need not undermine the credibility of U.S.
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exacerbate U.S. grand strategic problems and risk unnecessary clashes. 101

Military SMRs cause huge vulnerabilities — magnifies safety concerns and makes attacks on spent fuel inevitable — outweighs any benefits.

Baker, 6-22-12
~Matthew, American Security Project, "Do Small Modular Reactors Present a Serious Option for the Military’s Energy Needs?" http://americansecurityproject.org/blog/2012/do-small-modular-reactors-present-a-serious-option-for-the-militarys-energy-needs/-http://americansecurityproject.org/blog/2012/do-small-modular-reactors-present-a-serious-option-for-the-militarys-energy-needs/~~
The speakers at the DESC briefing suggested a surge is needed in SMR production to
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that the negative impacts of nuclear technology are more costly than its benefits.

Military SMR development causes international backlash — devastates US nonprolif leadership.

Smith, ’11
~Terrence P., Program Coordinator and Research Assistant, William E. Simon Chair in Political Economy — CSIS, "An Idea I Can Do Without: "Small Nuclear Reactors for Military Installations"," Center for Strategic %26 International Studies, http://csis.org/blog/idea-i-can-do-without-small-nuclear-reactors-military-installations~~
What are the alternatives to small nuclear reactors (assuming we want to maintain a
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production."My point is, maybe that is where they should stay.

Nuclear war

Taylor, 2002
~Stuart, Sr. Fellow Brookings, 9-14, "Invading Iraq Wouldn’t Necessarily Make Us Safer"~

That risk dwarfs anything that Saddam Hussein could do with chemical or biological weapons
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nuclear weapons, excepting only those necessary to deter nuclear attack by others.

You should be skeptical of their ev — SMR designs are untested on a commercial scale — tons of technical details could hinder effectiveness.

Szondy, ’12
~David, freelance writer — Gizmag, 2-16, "Feature: Small modular nuclear reactors - the future of energy?" http://www.gizmag.com/small-modular-nuclear-reactors/20860/-http://www.gizmag.com/small-modular-nuclear-reactors/20860/~~
As impressive as many of these reactors sound, most of them are still in
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or security standards need to be altered? What about regulations regarding earthquakes?

Decades to operational readiness.

ITA, 11 
~International Trade Administration — U.S. Department of Commerce, February, "The Commercial Outlook for U.S. Small Modular Nuclear Reactors," http://trade.gov/mas/ian/build/groups/public/@tg_ian/@nuclear/documents/webcontent/tg_ian_003185.pdf~~
Although SMRs have significant potential and the market for their deployment is growing, their
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in 1994, plans to submit its PRISM design for certification in 2012.

No impact

Goldstein 2011, Professor IR at American University ~Joshua S. Goldstein, Professor emeritus of international relations at American University, "Thing Again: War," Sept/Oct 2011,
http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2011/08/15/think_again_war?print=yes%26hidecomments=yes%26page=full~~

Nor do shifts in the global balance of power doom us to a future of
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for a century until its breakdown and the bloodbath of World War I.

Zero studies exist to confirm that primacy is peaceful

Montiero, 12 - Assistant Professor of Political Science at Yale University (Nuno, "Unrest Assured: Why Unipolarity is Not Peaceful" International Security, Winter, http://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/pdf/10.1162/ISEC_a_00064)

In contrast, the question of unipolar peacefulness has received virtually no attention. Although
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e., the debate on durability) has all but monopolized our attention.

Heg fails

Mastanduno 9 (Michael, Professor of Government at Dartmouth, World Politics 61, No. 1, Ebsco)

During the cold war the United States dictated the terms of adjustment. It derived
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way, but it can no longer count on getting its own way.

Prolif

US won’t exert leadership

Cleary 12
Richard Cleary, American Enterprise Institute Research Assistant, 8/13/12, Richard Cleary: Persuading Countries to Forgo Nuclear Fuel-Making, npolicy.org/article.php?aid=1192%26tid=30

The cases above offer a common lesson: The U.S., though constrained
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.S. efforts at persuading countries to forgo nuclear fuel-making.

Countries say no

Cleary 12
Richard Cleary, American Enterprise Institute Research Assistant, 8/13/12, Richard Cleary: Persuading Countries to Forgo Nuclear Fuel-Making, npolicy.org/article.php?aid=1192%26tid=30

The examples above show the limitations of both demand and supply side efforts. Supply
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, have not materialized and therefore seem to have had little tangible influence.

Prolif leadership fails—US hypocrisy and hapless NPT

Wellen, editor of the Foreign Policy in Focus blog, 12
(Russ, staff writer, 6/19/12, "West’s Idea of Nuclear Disarmament Doesn’t Include Itself," http://truth-out.org/news/item/9758-wests-idea-of-nuclear-disarmament-doesnt-include-itself, accessed 9-15-12, CMM)

The West insists on nuclear nonproliferation but refuses to reciprocate with meaningful disarmament.
When dueling narratives clash and the subject is nuclear weapons, the sparks that fly
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nuclear energy - not to mention nuclear weapons (but that’s another story).
In other words, the side that committed to disarming thinks that the side that promised not to proliferate continues to proliferate. And the side that promised not to proliferate thinks that the side that committed to disarming is not disarming.
In truth, abundant evidence exists that any nuclear weapons work Iran has done since 2003 is conceptual - if that - work which is not expressly forbidden by the NPT. The uranium Iran enriches to the higher levels that worry the West seems to be for medical isotopes, which are used for radiation therapy, as well as diagnosis. Combined with enrichment at lower levels for nuclear energy, it serves as a bargaining chip in negotiations.
The Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty: Imperfect Arbiter
The drafters of the NPT, as with any treaty, sought to balance the
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nuclear weapons to extend an umbrella of deterrence to certain non-NWS.
Ideally, the NPT bestows equal benefits on all parties, but, like many
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a treaty on general and complete disarmament under strict and effective international control."
Where there should be key words are noncommittal terms. For example, preceding "to pursue" with "undertakes" adds a preliminary step that almost seems designed to allow parties with nuclear weapons to stall. "Good faith" may be inherent to contracts, but in the context of a nuclear treaty, it sounds Pollyanna-ish. "Effective measures" and "early date" are much too open to interpretation.
With regards to disarmament, a recent report that the Obama administration may be considering reducing the total numbers of deployed strategic nuclear weapons to as low as 300 generated a flurry of excitement - and a blizzard of overwrought reactions from conservatives. Whether or not the leaked news was just red meat for conservatives, no weapon reductions will be enacted until after the election.
In fact, even though President Obama assumed office with an apparent personal investment in
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than the administration’s %247.6 billion request for fiscal year 2013.
As Joseph Cirincione, president of the Ploughshares Fund, recently wrote in Foreign Affairs magazine: "Obama has let the bureaucracy suffocate his plan to move step by step toward, as he said in Prague, ’the peace and security of a world without nuclear weapons.’" Cirincione explained that, "there are far more entrenched officials and contractors that benefit from the sprawling nuclear complex than officials who believe in the president’s stated vision."
The apparent intention on the part of the United States to fund its own program into perpetuity at however fluctuating levels likely isn’t lost on non-NWS. This realization has finally begun to rear its head in established media such as the London Review of Books. In the February issue, national-security specialists Campbell Craig and Jan Ruzicka write of the vast sums that the Obama administration committed to nuclear-weapon modernization.
What clearer demonstration could there be that the US government is not serious about reducing its stockpiles? Central to the idea of nonproliferation is the presumption that if smaller states are to be discouraged from acquiring a bomb, nuclear states will need to take real steps towards disarmament. Otherwise, non-nuclear states will regard their demands as self-serving and hypocritical - reason enough to think about creating an arsenal of their own.
Extending this line of thinking one step further, New START may not only seem perfunctory to non-NWS, but might also look like a smokescreen for continued nuclear-weapons funding.

SMR implementation trades off with safety—turns case

Dr. Edwin Lyman 11, Senior Scientist, Global Security Program, Union of Concerned Scientists, July 14, 2011, Testimony Before the Energy and Water Development Subcommittee, Committee on Appropriations, U.S. Senate, "An Examination of the Safety and Economics of Light Water Small Modular Reactors"

Proponents of small modular reactors (SMRs) claim that their designs have inherent safety
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comparable or even greater safety, security and proliferation risks than large reactors.
Some SMR vendors argue that their reactors will be safer because they can be built
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a serious accident, emergency crews could have greater difficulty accessing underground reactors.
Some SMR vendors emphasize that their designs are "passively safe’’. However, no
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that are designed to operate automatically, but are not 100 percent reliable.
Operators will always be needed to monitor systems to ensure they are functioning as designed
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equipped with highly reliable active backup systems and associated instrumentation and control systems.
But more backup systems generally mean higher costs. This poses a particular problem for SMRs, which begin with a large economic disadvantage compared to large reactors.
According to the standard formula for economies-of-scale, the overnight capital
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reactors was slightly greater than that of one 1,340 megawatt reactor.
\1\ —————————————————————————————————————-   \1\ M.D. Carelli et al., ``Economic Comparison of Different Size Nuclear Reactors’’, 2007 LAS/ANS Symposium, Cancun, Mexico, 1-5 July 2007. Available at http://www.las-ans.org.br/Papers%202007/pdfs/ Paper062.pdf. —————————————————————————————————————-
Given that there is no apparent capital cost benefit for SMRs, it is not
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will be a large determinant into the economic feasibility of these plants.’’
For example, the industry argues that regulatory requirements for SMRs in areas such as emergency planning, control room staffing, and security staffing can be weakened because SMRs contain smaller quantities of radioactive substances than large reactors and therefore pose lower risks to the public. The NRC is currently considering the technical merits of these arguments.
However, small reactors will not necessarily be safer than large reactors on a per
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reduce emergency planning zones and the numbers of required operators and security officers.
One of the early lessons from Fukushima is that prevention of serious nuclear accidents requires significant margins of safety to protect against extreme events. Earlier this week, UCS and the NRC’s Fukushima Near-Term Task Force each issued recommendations for strengthening nuclear safety requirements. Consider the following examples:
—Emergency planning zones around U.S. nuclear plants extend to a radius
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need to be increased, not whether we can shrink them for SMRs.
—As we have seen at Fukushima, nuclear plants with multiple reactors that experience severe accidents present extreme challenges. In its June 2011 report to the International Atomic Energy Agency, the Nuclear and Industrial Safety Agency of Japan (NISA) stated that:
``The accident occurred at more than one reactor at the same time, and the resources needed for accident response had to be dispersed. Moreover, as two reactors shared the facilities, the physical distance between the reactors was small . . . The development of an accident occurring at one reactor affected the emergency responses at nearby reactors.
``Reflecting on the above issues, Japan will take measures to ensure that emergency
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choosing a responsible person for ensuring the nuclear safety of each unit.’’
The NRC will need to consider these issues in developing its licensing approach for small
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-unit events, which could have a significant impact on SMR licensing.
—Fukushima also demonstrated how rapidly a nuclear reactor accident can progress to a core
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staffing levels (for SMRs) may appreciably differ from current levels.’’
UCS is also concerned that reducing safety and security requirements for SMRs could facilitate their
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and security concerns compared to their deployment by established and experienced nuclear utilities.

SMR expansion offsets IAEA oversight resources—turns prolif

Dr. Edwin Lyman 11, Senior Scientist, Global Security Program, Union of Concerned Scientists, July 14, 2011, Testimony Before the Energy and Water Development Subcommittee, Committee on Appropriations, U.S. Senate, "An Examination of the Safety and Economics of Light Water Small Modular Reactors"

The distributed deployment of small reactors would also put great strains on existing licensing and
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of SMRs around the world would be difficult, if feasible at all.
UCS believes that SMRs are only suitable for deployment where there is an established infrastructure
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not expect that small modular reactors will provide any relief in this regard.

Proliferation is not going to happen

Alison 10 – Director at the Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs (Graham, Foreign Affairs, "Nuclear Disorder: Surveying Atomic Threats", http://belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/publication/19819/nuclear_disorder.html-http://belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/publication/19819/nuclear_disorder.html,) 

After listening to a compelling briefing for a proposal or even in summarizing an argument
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other countries that might realistically become nuclear weapons states in the foreseeable future.   

No Prolif and at worst its slow – management issues

Hymans 12 – is Associate Professor of International Relations at the University of Southern California (Jacques, May/June, "Botching the Bomb" http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/137403/jacques-e-c-hymans/botching-the-bomb-http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/137403/jacques-e-c-hymans/botching-the-bomb) Jacome 

NUCLEAR DOGS THAT HAVE NOT BARKED -http://web.ebscohost.com.ezproxy.library.wisc.edu/ehost/detail?vid=3%26hid=8%26sid=7585163c-914e-4787-9fd6-b2e36f800b43%40sessionmgr12%26bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ%3d%3d
"TODAY, ALMOST any industrialized country can produce a nuclear weapon in four to five years," a former chief of Israeli military intelligence recently wrote in The New York Times, echoing a widely held belief. Indeed, the more nuclear technology and know-how have diffused around the world, the more the timeline for building a bomb should have shrunk. But in fact, rather than speeding up over the past four decades, proliferation has gone into slow motion.
Seven countries launched dedicated nuclear weapons projects before 1970, and all seven succeeded in
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the bomb for successful projects launched after 1970 has been about 17 years.
International security experts have been unable to convincingly explain this remarkable trend. The first
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, useful though it may be, cannot alone account for this phenomenon.
A second conventional explanation is that although the NPT regime may not have been very
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United States dropped on Iraq during that conflict mostly missed Saddam’s nuclear sites.
Finally, some analysts have asserted that nuclear weapons projects become inefficient due to political
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bomb," the real work has to be carried out by other people.
ARRESTED DEVELOPMENT -http://web.ebscohost.com.ezproxy.library.wisc.edu/ehost/detail?vid=3%26hid=8%26sid=7585163c-914e-4787-9fd6-b2e36f800b43%40sessionmgr12%26bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ%3d%3d
A MORE CONVINCING explanation of the proliferation slowdown begins with the observation that during the
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, spent vast amounts on decades-long nuclear quests but still failed.
National income is only one dimension of development, however, and in this case it is not the most important one. As the political scientist Francis Fukuyama has stressed, despite strong rates of economic growth, most developing countries struggle to establish high-quality state bureaucracies. And a dysfunctional bureaucracy is likely to produce a dysfunctional nuclear weapons project.
Nuclear research and development organizations depend heavily on intense commitment, creative thinking, and
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exist within the administrative system that was set up to manage the project."
By contrast, most rulers of recent would-be nuclear states have tended to
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rather a mixture of bureaucratic sloth, corruption, and endless blame shifting.
Although it is difficult to measure the quality of state institutions precisely, the historical
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needed to get its first bomb and the higher its chances of failure.

Solvency

DOD won’t choose to exempt themselves—it would force them to accept liability when they don’t have sufficient personnel or expertise to regulate nuclear power.

Marcus King, LaVar Huntzinger, and Thoi Nguyen, March 2011. CNA Environment and Energy Team, Resource Analysis Division. "Feasibility of Nuclear Power on U.S. Military Installations," http://www.cna.org/research/2011/feasibility-nuclear-power-us-military-http://www.cna.org/research/2011/feasibility-nuclear-power-us-military.

The most basic licensing issue relates to whether NRC will have jurisdiction over potential nuclear
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develop such expertise. Without NRC oversight DoD would bear all associated risks.

DOD SMRs would still be subject to design licensing.

William A. Macon Jr., 10/28/2009. Nuclear engineer assigned to the U.S. Army Nuclear and Combating WMD Agency, "Nuclear Power Plants on Military Installations," https://docs.google.com/file/d/0B83Q27_xggOTMDUwYTdlMjctNDgxMC00NzAxLWI4M2UtZTZkNDYzNzE0MzJi/edit?hl=en~~

New reactor concepts for military applications will likely involve new and unproven designs. The
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are willing to move forward to support the ESGs and other national goals.

Lack of solution to waste blocks nuclear expansion. Also cites a handful of other alt-causes.

Cullinane 11—Staff at House Foreign Affairs Committee. Graduate student at the Institute of World Politics (Scott, America Falling Behind: The Strategic Dimensions of Chinese Commercial Nuclear Energy, 9/28/11, www.ensec.org/index.php?view=article%26catid=118%3Acontent%26id=319%3Aamerica-falling-behind-the-strategic-dimensions-of-chinese-commercial-nuclear-energy%26tmpl=component%26print=1%26page=%26option=com_content%26Itemid=376)

Prudent actions for US government include:¶ • Build a permanent storage facility, either
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strategy for the construction and export of nuclear reactors and related equipment. ¶ 

Nuclear will remain uncompetitive for decades—our evidence cites industry leaders.

Hiltzik 11—Michael Hiltzik is a Pulitzer Prize-winning journalist and author who has covered business, technology, and public policy for the Los Angeles Times for twenty years, master of science degree in journalism from the Graduate School of Journalism at Columbia University ~March 23, 2011, "A nuclear renaissance in U.S. was unlikely even before Japan disaster," LA Times, http://articles.latimes.com/2011/mar/23/business/la-fi-hiltzik-20110323~~

To all those who may be concerned that the catastrophic events at Japan’s Fukushima Daiichi
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be necessary to our energy future, but it won’t be our savior.

SMRs have greater economic barriers than conventional reactors.

Lyman 11—Edwin Lyman is Senior Global Security Scientist with the Union of Concerned Scientists (UCS). He specialises in nuclear proliferation, nuclear terrorism, and nuclear power safety. He has published many articles in journals and magazines and written many reports. Lyman was president of the Nuclear Control Institute. He has a Ph.D. in physics from Cornell University. ~July 14, 2011, Testimony of Dr. Edwin Lyman Senior Scientist, Global Security Program Union of Concerned Scientists "An Examination of the Safety and Economics of Light Water Small Modular Reactors" Before the Energy and Water Development Subcommittee Committee on Appropriations, U.S. Senate, http://www.ucsusa.org/assets/documents/nuclear_power/lyman-appropriations-subcom-7-14-11.pdf~~

Some SMR vendors emphasize that their designs are "passively safe." However, no
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megawatt reactors was slightly greater than that of one 1340 megawatt reactor.1

NRC restrictions block SMRs.

Nick Cunningham, October 2012. Policy Analyst for Energy and Climate at the American Security Project. "Small Modular Reactors: A Possible Path Forward for Nuclear Power," American Security Project, http://americansecurityproject.org/ASP%20Reports/Ref%200087%20-%20Small%20Modular%20Reactors.pdf-http://americansecurityproject.org/ASP Reports/Ref 0087 - Small Modular Reactors.pdf.

The most difficult challenge currently facing SMRs is the institutional barriers. Currently, the
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modular reactors, it may be an uphill battle for the SMR industry.

Restrictions overwhelm financial incentives.

Jim Hopf, 10/25/2011. Senior nuclear engineer with more than 20 years of experience in shielding and criticality analysis and design for spent fuel dry storage and transportation systems. "Roadblock in Congress for SMR Development-http://ansnuclearcafe.org/2011/10/25/congress-smr/," ANS Nuclear Café, http://ansnuclearcafe.org/2011/10/25/congress-smr/.

As many have observed, the main barrier to the deployment of SMRs may not
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as scaling fees with reactor capacity, it may destroy SMRs’ economic viability.¶ 

SMRs won’t expand until we have a solution for spent fuel.

Nick Cunningham, October 2012. Policy Analyst for Energy and Climate at the American Security Project. "Small Modular Reactors: A Possible Path Forward for Nuclear Power," American Security Project, http://americansecurityproject.org/ASP%20Reports/Ref%200087%20-%20Small%20Modular%20Reactors.pdf-http://americansecurityproject.org/ASP Reports/Ref 0087 - Small Modular Reactors.pdf.

Disposal of spent nuclear fuel has confounded the nuclear industry for decades and the problem
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the nuclear waste problem will bedevil the entire nuclear industry, including SMRs.

Domestic markets don’t matter—U.S. companies will keep commercializing as long as they have export opportunities—new tech, including SMRs, continues coming along and the U.S. industry is strong now.

NYT, 3/30/2011. "Nuclear Industry Thrives in the U.S., but for Export," New York Times, http://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/31/business/energy-environment/31NUKE.html?pagewanted=all.

THE American nuclear renaissance is going strong, even if hardly any nuclear reactors are
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elephant into a canoe, causing blackouts every time it shut down unexpectedly. 

SMR incentives fail

Magwood, commissioner – NRC, 7/14/’11
(William, "ECONOMICS AND SAFETY OF MODULAR REACTORS; COMMITTEE: SENATE APPROPRIATIONS; SUBCOMMITTEE: ENERGY AND WATER DEVELOPMENT," CQ Congressional Testimony)

That is not to say that SMRs are a new idea. The conceptual benefits
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the pebble-bed modular reactor in the early years of this century.
Both efforts proved unable to overcome the economic realities of building and operating nuclear power
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AP- 1000 and the 1600 megawatt Economic Simplified Boiling Water Reactor.2
Around the turn of the century, both DOE and industry became interested in the
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participants began to peel away and eventually the South African project was abandoned.
All small reactor technologies of the past failed to find a way to overcome the
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opportunity to recover these large up-front costs over a reasonable period.
So why is today different from yesterday? The greatest difference is the fact that
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thereby reducing the potential for a serious loss-of- coolant accident.
Very importantly, these new SMRs are much smaller than the systems designed in the 1990s; this choice was made to assure that they could be factory-built and shipped largely intact by rail for deployment. The ability to "manufacture" a reactor rather than "constructing" it on-site could prove to be a major advantage in terms of cost, schedule reliability, and even quality control.
But will innovations like these allow this new breed of SMRs to be successful? Maybe.
Many years of work remain for SMR vendors to refine their designs and allow for
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insufficient to enable vendors to provide utilities with reliable cost and schedule estimates.

Low gas prices kill SMRs

McMahon, energy contributor – Forbes, 5/23/’12
(Jeff, http://www.forbes.com/sites/jeffmcmahon/2012/05/23/small-modular-reactors-by-2022-but-no-market-for-them/-http://www.forbes.com/sites/jeffmcmahon/2012/05/23/small-modular-reactors-by-2022-but-no-market-for-them/)

Small Modular Nuclear Reactors By 2022 — But No Market For Them
The Department of Energy will spend %24452 million—with a match from industry—over the next five years to guide two small modular reactor designs through the nuclear regulatory process by 2022. But cheap natural gas could freeze even small nuclear plants out of the energy market well beyond that date.
DOE accepted bids through Monday for companies to participate in the Small Modular Reactor program. A number of reactor manufacturers submitted bids, including NuScale Power and a collaboration that includes Westinghouse and General Dynamic.
"This would allow SMR technology to overcome the hurdle of NRC certification – the ’gold standard’ of the international nuclear industry, and would help in the proper development of the NRC’s regulatory framework to deal with SMRs," according to Paul Genoa, Senior Director of Policy Development at the Nuclear Energy Institute.
Genoa’s comments are recorded in a summary released today of a briefing given to Senate staff earlier this month on prospects for small modular reactors, which have been championed by the Obama Administration.
DOE defines reactors as SMRs if they generate less than 300 megawatts of power, sometimes as little as 25 MW, compared to conventional reactors which may produce more than 1,000 MW. Small modular reactors can be constructed in factories and installed underground, which improves containment and security but may hinder emergency access.
The same summary records doubt that SMRs can compete in a market increasingly dominated by cheap natural gas. Nuclear Consultant Philip Moor told Senate staff that SMRs can compete if natural gas costs %247 to %248 per million BTU—gas currently costs only %242 per MBTU—or if carbon taxes are implemented, a scenario political experts deem unlikely.
"Like Mr. Moor, Mr. Genoa also sees the economic feasibility of SMRs as the final challenge. With inexpensive natural gas prices and no carbon tax, the economics don’t work in the favor of SMRs," according to the summary.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
Permanent Normal Trade with Russia will pass now; it’ll be the first thing in the lame duck.
Inside U.S. Trade 11/2, 2012 U.S. BUSINESSES PREPARE LAME DUCK LOBBY PITCH ON RUSSIA MFN Lexis
U.S. business lobbyists appear to be intensifying their efforts to convince Congress
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time to resolve some of the issues it is expected to take up.
Opposition to fracking is overwhelming – it even defies science – Destroys Political Capital
Steve Everley July 13, 2012 "MISINFORMATION CAMPAIGN TARGETS HYDRAULIC FRACTURING" Washington Legal Foundation, Online
It’s all in a name, really: Opponents have latched on to a harsh
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the environment, but rather to feed an opposition campaign driven by ideology.
Obama’s capital is critical to pass Jackson-Vanik. Domestic policy fights mean that he wont be able to pass it.
Jacob Kennedy 10/20/12 U.S. Foreign Policy and Russia: The Role of Internal Debates and Politics By Jacob Kennedy on October 20, 2012  http://www.e-ir.info/2012/10/20/u-s-foreign-policy-and-russia-the-role-of-internal-debates-and-election-year-politics/
While this certainly does not constitute the full range of potential policy avenues, the
AND
U.S. create an environment for such a relationship to develop.
Failure to repeal Jackson Vanik independently collapse US Russian relations – this will spill over to the entire reset.
Makovsky et al January 2012 Dr. Michael Makovsky Director of the National Security Project Jonathan Ruhe Senior Policy Analyst Blaise Misztal Associate Foreign Policy Director Marissa McCauley Administrative Assistant Bipartisan Policy Center A Bull in Bear’s Clothing: Russia, WTO and Jackson-Vanik Task Force Paper | January 2012 http://bipartisanpolicy.org/library/staff-paper/bull-bear%E2%80%99s-clothing-russia-wto-and-jackson-vanik
Importance of Graduation The primary importance to the United States of graduating Russia from Jackson
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empty gestures, and could seek to retaliate on any number of issues.
US-Russian relations are critical for global security, preventing proliferation, sustaining US leadership and averting nuclear war.
Allison and Blackwill 10-30-11 Graham Allison, Director, Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs; Douglas Dillon Professor of Government; Faculty Chair, Dubai Initiative, Harvard Kennedy School, Robert D. Blackwill, International Council Member, Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs "10 Reasons Why Russia Still Matters"http://belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/publication/21469/10_reasons_why_russia_still_matters.html
That central point is that Russia matters a great deal to a U.S
AND
.S. success, or failure, in advancing our national interests.
The impact is extinction
Bostrom 2 (Nick, Dir. Future of Humanity Institute and Prof. Philosophy – Oxford U., Journal of Evolution and Technology, "Analyzing Human Extinction Scenarios and Related Hazards", 9, March, http://www.nickbostrom.com/existential/risks.html-http://www.nickbostrom.com/existential/risks.html)
The first manmade existential risk was the inaugural detonation of an atomic bomb. At
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preludes to the existential risks that we will encounter in the 21st century.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
1NC T
Interpretation – For natural gas, production includes extracting, gathering, treating, field processing, and field storage. Production excludes transporting the energy.
US Energy Information Administration, no date
(Glossary, Energy Information Agency, http://www.eia.gov/tools/glossary/index.cfm, acsd 5-12)
Production, oil and gas:  The lifting of oil and gas to the surface
AND
pipeline, a common carrier, a refinery, or a marine terminal.
Violation – The aff is not energy production because it increases pipelines, which transports the energy.
Standards
Limits – Including energy transportation leads to hundreds of new affs because there are dozens of ways to transport each type of energy.
Ground – Neg can’t read generic extraction DAs or CPs against affs that just move energy around because they don’t necessarily lead to more energy, they just cause energy to be moved around.
Education – the core of the topic is not focused on moving energy around, but on making new energy.
T is a voter for fairness and education.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
Text: The fifty state and federal territorial governments of the United States should clarify that natural gas pipeline projects will be evaluated on a case-by-case approach removing the bias toward incremental pricing through Clean Energy Funds. Incremental pricing will apply to projects that provide benefits only to new customers, projects that provide benefits for only existing customers will use rolled in pricing mechanisms, and projects that benefit both new and existing customers will be financed using a fair allocation of the costs based on cost-causation and benefits received.
Solves best- states can take the lead on energy policies through CEFs
Milford et al ’12 Lew Milford is a non-resident senior fellow at Brookings and president of Clean Energy Group. Mark Muro is a senior fellow and director of policy for the Metropolitan Policy Program at Brookings. Jessica Morey is a consultant to Clean Energy Group. Devashree Saha is a senior policy analyst at the Brookings Metropolitan Policy Program. Mark Sinclair is executive director of Clean Energy States Alliance, "Leveraging State Clean Energy Funds for Economic Development," January, http://www.brookings.edu/~~/media/research/files/papers/2012/1/11%20states%20energy%20funds/0111_states_energy_funds.pdf-http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/research/files/papers/2012/1/11 states energy funds/0111_states_energy_funds.pdf
And so U.S. states, as classic "laboratories of experimentation,"
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to best leverage public and private dollars and to learn from each other’s experiences

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
Integrated World Capitalism has captured humanity’s affective potential for action, creating static subjects that assume their identity from a lens of domination over nature. This domestication of affect has put humanity on the brink of extinction through a suicidal drive towards complete ecocide.
Pindar and Sutton 2k (Ian and Paul, They wrote the intro to and translated Guattari’s Three Ecologies, The Three Ecologies, pg. 3-7. EB)
In The Three Ecologies Guattari objects that we have challenged the Earth enough and are
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), so it is only to be expected that the singing has stopped.
The state’s subjugation of Affect is what creates the heroic-meta narratives that enable all forms of exploitation in politics.
Beasley-Murray 09 (Jon Beasley-Murray, Assistant Professor in Hispanic Studies, including social and political theory, "PART TWO: CONSTITUTION" http://faculty.arts.ubc.ca/jbmurray/research/jbm_escalon.pdf EB)
Affect is, for Deleuze and Spinoza, an index of power: we may
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but also demonstrates reason’s addicted dependence upon sensual as well as spiritual stimulation.
Our orientation towards minor identities allows us to escape the hierarchy and transcendence of starting points, and reorient towards the milleux of identity
Colebrook 02 (Claire Mary Colebrook, Doctor of Philosophy (University of Edinburgh, 1993), English professor at Penn State University, "Gilles Deleuze" (Routledge Critical Thinkers).
One of the key ideas that runs throughout Deleuze’s work and which links his philosophy
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with the mind or brain being one (sophisticated) machine among others.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
1NC CP

Text: Japan should increase procurement contracts for small modular nuclear reactors for United States military installations.
Japan solves 100% of case
- Hiruo ’8 (Japan clears way for loan guarantees in US, Japan clears way for loan guarantees in US  BYLINE: Elaine Hiruo, Washington  SECTION: Pg. 1 Vol. 49 No. 39, Created: September 26, 2008
A Cabinet-level decision in Japan has opened the way for that country to
AND
a viable applicant increases as its dependence on a DOE loan guarantee decreases.
Solves US incentives – opening new plants to foreign investment solves leadership.
Steve Skutnik, September 5, 2012, A cost-free way to open up nuclear investment, Ph.D. in nuclear engineering, University of Tennessee Assistant Professor of Nuclear Engineering http://theenergycollective.com/skutnik/109611/cost-free-way-open-nuclear-investment
 Given the difficulty then, it seems positively insane for any political leadership to
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to happen is for leaders to be willing to say, "Oui."

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
CP Text: The United States Department of Defense should increase procurement contracts for modular nuclear reactors under 300 megawatts for domestic military installations.
CP Competes
– the rhetoric of "small reactors" makes them seem like children’s toys – that’s bad because it shuts down discussion about safety and implementation.
ROSS CARPER %26 SONJA SCHMID Summer 2011 Issues in Science %26 Technology Ross Carper (rosscarper@gmail.com), a writer based in Washington state, is the founding editor of the creative nonfiction project BeyondtheBracelet.com. Sonja Schmid (sschmid@vt.edu) is an assistant professor in Science and Technology Studies at Virginia Tech. The Little Reactor That Could? http://www.issues.org/27.4/carper.html-http://www.issues.org/27.4/carper.html
We don’t know all the answers yet, but we should avoid being drawn in
AND
political, and organizational contexts in which these machines will ultimately be used.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
Military SMRs cause huge vulnerabilities — magnifies safety concerns and makes attacks on spent fuel inevitable — outweighs any benefits.
Baker, 6-22-12
Matthew, American Security Project, "Do Small Modular Reactors Present a Serious Option for the Military’s Energy Needs?" http://americansecurityproject.org/blog/2012/do-small-modular-reactors-present-a-serious-option-for-the-militarys-energy-needs/-http://americansecurityproject.org/blog/2012/do-small-modular-reactors-present-a-serious-option-for-the-militarys-energy-needs/~~
The speakers at the DESC briefing suggested a surge is needed in SMR production to
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that the negative impacts of nuclear technology are more costly than its benefits.
Military SMR development causes international backlash — devastates US nonprolif leadership.
Smith, ’11
Terrence P., Program Coordinator and Research Assistant, William E. Simon Chair in Political Economy — CSIS, "An Idea I Can Do Without: "Small Nuclear Reactors for Military Installations"," Center for Strategic %26 International Studies, http://csis.org/blog/idea-i-can-do-without-small-nuclear-reactors-military-installations~~
What are the alternatives to small nuclear reactors (assuming we want to maintain a
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production."My point is, maybe that is where they should stay.
Nuclear war
Taylor, 2002
Stuart, Sr. Fellow Brookings, 9-14, "Invading Iraq Wouldn’t Necessarily Make Us Safer"
That risk dwarfs anything that Saddam Hussein could do with chemical or biological weapons
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nuclear weapons, excepting only those necessary to deter nuclear attack by others.
You should be skeptical of their ev — SMR designs are untested on a commercial scale — tons of technical details could hinder effectiveness.
Szondy, ’12
David, freelance writer — Gizmag, 2-16, "Feature: Small modular nuclear reactors - the future of energy?" http://www.gizmag.com/small-modular-nuclear-reactors/20860/-http://www.gizmag.com/small-modular-nuclear-reactors/20860/~~
As impressive as many of these reactors sound, most of them are still in
AND
or security standards need to be altered? What about regulations regarding earthquakes?

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge: 

Interpretation—the purpose of the ballot is to answer the resolutional question: is the outcome of the enactment of a topical plan by the United States federal government better than the status quo or a competitive policy option?

They claim advantages independent of the plan and the imagination of governmental action.

1. “Resolved” before a colon reflects a legislative form.

Army Officer School 2004 (5-12, “# 12, Punctuation – The Colon and Semicolon”, http:~/~/usawocc.army.mil/IMI/htm)

The colon introduces the following: a. A list, but only after "

AND

resolved:" Resolved: (colon) That this council petition the mayor.

2. “United States federal government should” means the resolutional question concerns the imagination of outcome of the establishment of a policy by the government.

Jon M. Ericson 2003 (Dean Emeritus of the College of Liberal Arts – California Polytechnic U., et al., The Debater’s Guide, Third Edition, p. 4)

The Proposition of Policy: Urging Future Action In policy propositions, each topic contains

AND

compelling reasons for an audience to perform the future action that you propose.

Reasons to prefer—

1. Fairness:

A. Predictable limits—there are limitless investigations of democracy assistance and debate practice, but the grammar of the resolution is based on enacting a policy. We can’t predict the infinite number of critical positions the aff allows because they are disconnected from the resolutional question of demands for government action.

B. Ground—their framework makes stable ground impossible because they can always claim ‘critical’ outweigh disads to the plan or shift their advocacy to avoid impact turns—must hold them to a central question for productive argumentation and idea testing to occur. 

2. Education:

A. Switch-side testing—changing the ballot from a yes/no question about desirability of the plan undermines effective argumentation because there is no point of stasis to continually re-interrogate, removing the ability to test their ideas and others.

And, this idea testing is the best model for creating understanding and fostering tolerance.

Gordon Mitchell et al. 2007 (Eric English, Stephen Llano, Catherine E. Morrison, John Rief, and Carly Woods, Pitt Comm Studies Grad Students, Gordon Mitchell is an Associate Comm Studies Professor @ Pitt, Communication and Critical/Cultural Studies 4)

It is our position, however, that rather than acting as a cultural technology

AND

heirs to brand the activity as a ‘‘weapon of mass destruction.’’

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge: 

The aff uses literature for their own personal agenda – this is an act of ontological terrorizing that guarantees they are counter-productive.

Wolin 4 – Richard, Distinguished Prof of History @ the City of New York Graduate Center

The Seduction of Unreason, p. 209

What, then, was Blanchot's legacy to French literary theory? Blanchot established the

AND

precisely on the instrumental, "terroristic," nonliterary means he otherwise condemns.

This use of literature reduces it to something calculative that exists only for its utility – conceptualizing of literature in this way prevents it from disrupting predominant social codes.

Wolin 4 – Richard, Distinguished Prof of History @ the City of New York Graduate Center

The Seduction of Unreason, p. 210

This caveat notwithstanding, Blanchot agrees wholeheartedly with Paulhan's critical program. He concedes that

AND

virtue of its sheer uselessness, stands in defiance of predominant social codes.

The alternative is to vote negative to find ourselves in the comical condition of having to write while having nothing to say – only this allows to avoid the loss of being.

Wolin 4 – Richard, Distinguished Prof of History @ the City of New York Graduate Center

The Seduction of Unreason, p. 210-211

As Blanchot observes in another early essay, "From Dread to Literature," the

AND

things, not with the things, but with their sheer existence."5

Tournament: Wake | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge: 

Despite top tax rate division, the olive branch has been extended.

Knickerbocker, 11-7-12 (Brad, Congress: Will fiscal cliff, election results lead partisans to stand down?, http:~/~/www.csmonitor.com/USA/DC-Decoder/2012/1107/com/USA/DC-Decoder/2012/1107/Congress-Will-fiscal-cliff-election-results-lead-partisans-to-stand-down)

Take one example: raising taxes on the wealthy.¶ Obama still wants to raise

AND

by both men, but the way ahead looks daunting in any case.

Plan Destroys Cooperation

Shira Mincer 4-2-2012 “U.S. Energy Poll Shows Domestic Oil Production Support Is Rising” Online

A particularly divisive issue is hydraulic fracturing (“fracking”) for natural gas, in

AND

only 26 percent of liberal Democrats supporting it (with 64 percent opposed).

Cooperation is essential to a Deal.

Bloomberg, 11-7-12 (Julie Hirschfeld Davis and Mike Dorning, Obama Success on Fiscal Cliff May Hinge on Congress Ties, http://www.businessweek.com/news/2012-11-07/obama-success-on-fiscal-cliff-may-hinge-on-better-congress-ties#p2)

‘Real Possibility’¶ Patrick Griffin, former President Bill Clinton’s chief congressional lobbyist from

AND

the end, and interacting will help you do that,” Griffin said.

Causes Middle East War

Hutchison, U.S. Senator from the great state of Texas, 9/21/2012

(Kay Bailey, “A Looming Threat to National Security,” States News Service, Lexis)

Despite warnings of the dire consequences, America is teetering at the edge of a

AND

the harsh tax increases that could stall economic growth and punish working families.

Middle East goes nuclear

James A. Russell, Senior Lecturer, National Security Affairs, Naval Postgraduate School, ‘9 (Spring) “Strategic Stability Reconsidered: Prospects for Escalation and Nuclear War in the Middle East” IFRI, Proliferation Papers, #26, http://www.ifri.org/downloads/PP26_Russell_2009.pdf

Strategic stability in the region is thus undermined by various factors: (1)

AND

the peoples of the region, with substantial risk for the entire world.

Tournament: Wake | Round: 2 | Opponent:  | Judge: 

Despite top tax rate division, the olive branch has been extended.

Knickerbocker, 11-7-12 (Brad, Congress: Will fiscal cliff, election results lead partisans to stand down?, http:~/~/www.csmonitor.com/USA/DC-Decoder/2012/1107/com/USA/DC-Decoder/2012/1107/Congress-Will-fiscal-cliff-election-results-lead-partisans-to-stand-down)

Take one example: raising taxes on the wealthy.¶ Obama still wants to raise

AND

by both men, but the way ahead looks daunting in any case.

Plan Destroys Cooperation

Shira Mincer 4-2-2012 “U.S. Energy Poll Shows Domestic Oil Production Support Is Rising” Online

A particularly divisive issue is hydraulic fracturing (“fracking”) for natural gas, in

AND

only 26 percent of liberal Democrats supporting it (with 64 percent opposed).

Cooperation is essential to a Deal.

Bloomberg, 11-7-12 (Julie Hirschfeld Davis and Mike Dorning, Obama Success on Fiscal Cliff May Hinge on Congress Ties, http://www.businessweek.com/news/2012-11-07/obama-success-on-fiscal-cliff-may-hinge-on-better-congress-ties#p2)

‘Real Possibility’¶ Patrick Griffin, former President Bill Clinton’s chief congressional lobbyist from

AND

the end, and interacting will help you do that,” Griffin said.

Causes Middle East War

Hutchison, U.S. Senator from the great state of Texas, 9/21/2012

(Kay Bailey, “A Looming Threat to National Security,” States News Service, Lexis)

Despite warnings of the dire consequences, America is teetering at the edge of a

AND

the harsh tax increases that could stall economic growth and punish working families.

Middle East goes nuclear

James A. Russell, Senior Lecturer, National Security Affairs, Naval Postgraduate School, ‘9 (Spring) “Strategic Stability Reconsidered: Prospects for Escalation and Nuclear War in the Middle East” IFRI, Proliferation Papers, #26, http://www.ifri.org/downloads/PP26_Russell_2009.pdf

Strategic stability in the region is thus undermined by various factors: (1)

AND

the peoples of the region, with substantial risk for the entire world.

Tournament: Wake | Round: 2 | Opponent:  | Judge: 

Increased natural gas destroys watersheds

Argetsinger, 11 -- J.D. Candidate, Certificate in Environmental Law, Pace Law School

(Beren, Pace Environmental Law Review, "The Marcellus Shale: Bridge to a Clean Energy Future or Bridge to Nowhere?," 29 Pace Envtl. L. Rev. 321, Fall 2011, l/n, accessed 5-24-12, mss)

As noted above, the EIA's long-term projections estimate that over forty-

AND

can be a "bridge fuel" to a clean energy future. n98

Extinction

WWP, 10

(Western Watersheds Project, "Protecting Watersheds," 2010, www.westernwatersheds.org/issues/protecting-watersheds, accessed 5-29-12, mss)

Protecting Watersheds A watershed is land that contributes water to a stream, river,

AND

important than in the arid West which is literally running out of water.

Tournament: Wake | Round: 5 | Opponent:  | Judge:
A. Uniqueness – Obama will be able to use his political capital and solve the Fiscal Cliff now.
JOHN T. BENNETT and ZACHARY FRYER-BIGGS 11/10/12 Hopes Rise in U.S. for Sequestration Deal http://www.defensenews.com/article/20121110/DEFREG02/311100001/Hopes-Rise-U-S-Sequestration-Deal?odyssey=tab%7Ctopnews%7Ctext%7CFRONTPAGE

The adage that elections have consequences is playing out in Washington. Senior Republicans suddenly
AND
reforms could garner ample votes from both political parties to pass the Senate.

B. Link – Obama has the political capital to win a compromise and solve the fiscal cliff. Energy policy derails Obama’s leadership and ability to compromise.
Andrew Purcell 11/11/12 “Obama counts capital gains” The Herald Scotland.
http://www.heraldscotland.com/news/world-news/obama-counts-capital-gains.19385824
"I earned capital in the campaign, political capital," he said. "Now I intend to spend it."

Barack Obama did not show his hand. On the night of his comprehensive electoral
AND
years that he fought so hard for, and no time to rest.

C. Impact - Going over the fiscal cliff causes a second great depression
Morici 8/7 Peter, PhD, is a "recognized expert on economic policy and international economics." He is a Professor of International Business at the R.H. Smith School of Business at the University of Maryland. "Fix fiscal cliff now or face next Great Depression," 2012, http://www.foxnews.com/opinion/2012/08/07/fix-fiscal-cliff-now-or-face-next-great-depression/
President Obama and Republicans are engaging in dangerous brinksmanship. Putting off a political solution
AND
billion annually, such a shock would thrust it into a prolonged contraction.

D. Global economic crisis causes nuclear great-power war
Mead 9 – Walter Russell Mead, the Henry A. Kissinger Senior Fellow in U.S. Foreign Policy at the Council on Foreign Relations, 2-4, 2009, “Only Makes You Stronger,” The New Republic, http://www.tnr.com/politics/story.html?id=571cbbb9-2887-4d81-8542-92e83915f5f8andp=2
If current market turmoil seriously damaged the performance and prospects of India and China,
AND
the world economy back on track, we may still have to fight.

Tournament: Wake | Round: 5 | Opponent: GSU | Judge:
A. Definitions

restriction according to WordNet in 2012 (http://www.thefreedictionary.com/restriction)-
 the act of keeping
infection to a focal area"

On indicates DESTINATION Merriam Webster 12 ON –
used as a function word to
payment on the loan

Energy Production means AMOUNT OF SUPPLY

5th Circuit Court of Appeals 6 IN THE MATTER OF: MIRANT CORPORATION, Debtor, BONNEVILLE POWER ADMINISTRATION, Appellant, VERSUS MIRANT CORPORATION, Appellee. No. 04-11264 UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT 440 F.3d 238; 2006 U.S. App. LEXIS 3438; Bankr. L. Rep. (CCH) P80,453; 55 Collier Bankr. Cas. 2d (MB) 1050; 46 Bankr. Ct. Dec. 13 February 13, 2006, Filed BPA is a federal power marketing agency within the United States Department of Energy. BPA was created in 1937 by Congress to market low-cost hydroelectric power generated by a series of federal dams along the Columbia River in the Pacific Northwest. See generally Bonneville Project Act of 1937, 16 U.S.C. § 832.
Originally, BPA marketed the
federal power. See § 832a(f).

B. Violations – the affirmative removes a regulation on HOW energy is produced not WHERE GEOGRAPHICALLY it is produced. Contextually, a regulation is not a direct restriction

Karapinar 10 Export restrictions on natural resources: policy options and opportunities for Africa Baris Karapinar World Trade Institute, University of Bern, Switzerland http://www.wti.org/fileadmin/user_upload/nccr-trade.ch/news/TRAPCA%20Paper%20%28Submitted1711%29_BK.pdf
In case of non‐compliance, the
scale mining operations (Andrews‐Speed, et al. 2007; Wright, 2004). 

C. Prefer our interp

1 – Limits – There are thousands of regulations on oil production alone – they could pic a specific PLANT or could CLAIM a particular endangered species protection is bad

2 – Ground – Unable to read offense against energy surpluses – restricted to energy mechanisms

Voter for Fairness and Education

Tournament: Wake | Round: 5 | Opponent:  | Judge:
DOD Investments in SMR key to space-based lasers
David 2-22-12 (Leonard, Space.Com Space Insider Columnist, “Air Force Eyes Nuclear Reactors, Beamed Power for Spacecraft,” http://www.space.com/14643-air-force-space-nuclear-reactors-power-beaming.html)
The U.S. Air Force has laid out a new vision for its
AND
-based radar or space-based laser missions," the report states.  
 

Extinction
Gordon R. Mitchell et al., Associate Professor of Communication at the University of Pittsburgh, ISIS Briefing on Ballistic Missile Defence, No. 6, July 2001
A buildup of space weapons might begin with noble intentions of 'peace through strength' deterrence
AND
space could plunge the world into the most destructive military conflict ever seen.

Tournament: Wake | Round: 5 | Opponent: GSU | Judge:
The Department of Defense should eliminate Nuclear Regulatory Commission restrictions preventing the development and deployment of military-oriented 300-700 megawatt modular reactor technology.

The Counterplan Solves – Medium sized 300-700 mgw reactors solve the case and avoid the net benefit.
Carrelia et al 2010 Progress in Nuclear Energy Volume 52, Issue 4, May 2010, Pages 403–414 Economic features of integral, modular, small-to-medium size reactors M.D. Carellia, P. Garroneb, G. Locatellib, M. Mancinib, C. Mycoffa, P. Truccob, M.E. Ricottic, , a Westinghouse, Science and Technology Center, 1344 Beulah Road, Pittsburgh, PA 15235, USA b Politecnico di Milano, Department of Management, Economics and Industrial Engineering, v. Lambruschini,4, 20156 Milano, Italy c Politecnico di Milano, Department of Energy, CeSNEF-Nuclear Engineering Division, v. La Masa, 34, 20156 Milano, Italy http://dx.doi.org.ezproxy.lib.uh.edu/10.1016/j.pnucene.2009.09.003,

To overcome these constraints, the adoption
state-of-the-art Large size Reactors.

And, the CP Competes – the rhetoric of “small reactors” makes them seem like childrens toys – that’s bad because it shuts down discussion about safety and implementation.
ROSS CARPER and SONJA SCHMID Summer 2011 Issues in Science and Technology Ross Carper (rosscarper@gmail.com), a writer based in Washington state, is the founding editor of the creative nonfiction project BeyondtheBracelet.com. Sonja Schmid (sschmid@vt.edu) is an assistant professor in Science and Technology Studies at Virginia Tech. The Little Reactor That Could? http://www.issues.org/27.4/carper.html
We don’t know all the answers yet,
machines will ultimately be used.
This attempt to minimize risks means that we won’t be able to deliberate about nuclear power in general. Turns the case.
Eyles and Fried 2012 The Anatomy of a Brand: Shaping Nuclear Discourse to Create the Perception of a "Clean World" John Eyles, McMaster University Jana Fried, McMaster University Volume 3, Issue 1 • 2012 • Article 1 Risk, Hazards and Crisis in Public Policy

In sum, the nuclear industry has
the often unspoken risk.
NUCLEAR MELTDOWN WILL DESTROY ALL LIFE
WASSERMAN 2002 Harvey, enior advisor to Greenpeace USA and the Nuclear Information and Resource 

Service “Nuclear Power and Terrorism,” Earth island Journal Spring 2002 Vol. 17, No.1delo-uwyo

As at Three Mile Island,
generations must be shut down.

1NC: Fiscal Cliff DA, Reg Neg CP, Water DA, Solvency take outs, Econ take outs, Warming take outs and turns
2NR: Solvency take outs, warming turns, water DA

1NC: T Restrictions not Regulations, Fiscal Cliff DA, ‘Small’ PIC, Lasers DA, Forward Basing Defense, Grid Defense

2NC: Lasers DA, CP

1NR: Fiscal Cliff DA, Case Defense

2NR: Lasers DA and CP