Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
Tribes investing in renewables now – lack of federal incentives make sure they’re seen at the margins and don’t achieve meaningful investment
Suagee 9 (Dean B. Suagee is of counsel to Hobbs, Straus, Dean and Walker, LLP, in Washington, D.C., and a member of the editorial board of Natu- ral Resources and Environment. He is a member of the Cherokee Nation, “Going “Code Green” in Indian Country” Natural Resources and Environment, Volume 23, Number 4, Spring 2009)
American Indian and Alaska Native tribes need to ……..and favorable regulatory frameworks.

Most recent economic analyses project growth in renewable energy
Bossong 12 – (7/5/12, citing Maria van der Hoeven, executive director of the International Energy Agency, and a recent report from the IEA, Medium-Term Renewable Energy Market Report 2012, Kenneth, Executive Director of the SUN DAY Campaign. The SUN DAY Campaign is a non-profit research and educational organization founded in 1993 to promote sustainable energy technologies as cost-effective alternatives to nuclear power and fossil fuels, “IEA sees renewable energy growth accelerating over next 5 years,” http://www.iea.org/newsroomandevents/pressreleases/2012/july/name,28200,en.html)
Renewable power generation is expected to continue its rapid ……..
deployment. Based on these factors, this report forecasts global renewable development and, in so doing, provides a key benchmark for both public and private decision makers.”

Advantage 1 is environmental leadership -

First internal link is perception – developing a green Native economy places the US in excellent stead internationally
LaDUKE et al 2009 (Winona LaDuke, Honor the Earth; Bob Gough Intertribal Council On Utility Policy; Tom Goldtooth, Indigenous Environmental Network; “Energy Justice in Native America A Policy Paper for Consideration by the Obama Administration and the 111th Congress,” www.ienearth.org/docs/EJ_in_NA_Policy_Paper_locked.pdf)
A GREEN ECONOMY IS ……..
a clean sustainable energy future will enable the United States to both achieve energy independence and reestablish our country’s position as a respected international leader.

Second is navigating international law – US allowing development of indigenous land resources is key to the lead on future treaty negotiations
Darian-Smith 10 (Eve Darian-Smith Global and International Studies, University of California, Santa Barbara, “Environmental Law and Native American Law” Annu. Rev. Law Soc. Sci. 2010. 6:359–86 First published online as a Review in Advance on August 10, 2010)
LOOKING TOWARD THE INTERNATIONAL
The inadvertent yet increasing recognition of ……..whereby it becomes, if only in part, decolonized.

Incentives key – lack sets a roadblock to international perception
Brittain et al 10 (Anna Brittain Sheena Evans Amber Giroux Becca Hammargren Brock Treece Amy Willis “Energy and Climate Action on Tribal Lands: A Community Based Approach” May 2010, Donald Bren School of Environmental Science and Management University of California, Santa Barbara)
Climate change is a problem that many communities are …….. energy portfolio, and set a national and international example.

Environmental leadership is the controlling internal link to extinction
Harris 1 (Paul G., Lecturer – Lignan University, Associate Fellow – Oxford Center for Environment, Ethics, and Society at Mansfield College, Oxford University, The Environment, International Relations, and U.S. Foreign Policy, p. 241-242)
In addition to promoting U.S. global interests, a more robust acceptance by the U.S. …….. be expected to support them (we would not be treating them as independent moral agents, to make a Kantian argument65). 

And its key to overall US leadership
Walter 2 (Dr. Norbert Walter is Chief Economist emeritus of Deutsche Bank and Managing Director of Walter and Daughters Consult, Before his position at Deutsche Bank Group he was professor and director at the renowned Kiel Institute for World Economics and was a John J. McCloy Distinguished Research Fellow at the American Institute for Contemporary Studies at the Johns Hopkins University in Washington, DC (1986 – 1987). He holds a doctorate in economics from the Johann-Wolfgang-Goethe University, Frankfurt/Main.  Professor Walter was also a member of the Committee of Wise Men on the Regulation of European Securities Markets (“Lamfalussy group”), a member of the Economic and Monetary Affairs Committee of the European Banking Federation, and Chairman of the International Conference of Commercial Bank Economists, “An American Abdication” August 28, 2002, http://www.nytimes.com/2002/08/28/opinion/an-american-abdication.html?pagewanted=allandsrc=pm)
At present there is much talk about the unparalleled strength of the United States on …….., gas-guzzling S.U.V. -- and join the rest of the world in doing more to combat global warming and protecting the planet.

Soft power is key to mobilize action to solve emergent global crises
Joseph Nye, professor of international relations at Harvard University, 2008 or later (n.d.) (“American Power After the Financial Crises,” http://www.foresightproject.net/publications/articles/article.asp?p=3533)
Power always depends on context, and in today's world, it is distributed in a pattern that ……..after this crisis is not one of decline, but realisation that even the largest country cannot achieve its aims without the help of others.

Contention 2 is native economies –
Plan solves Native economic development – renewables key
Gough 2 (Robert Gough,  Robert Gough, is an attorney (University of Minnesota) with graduate degrees in sociology (Fordham University) and cultural anthropology (University of Wisconsin), specializing in cultural ecology, and working with American Indian Tribes on cultural and natural resource issues over the past twenty years. He was the El Paso Energy Research Fellow at the Natural Resources Law Center, CU-Boulder, CO, working on technical and policy issues involved in connecting reservation based renewable generation on to the federal grid. He is presently a visiting professional at NREL's Wind Technology Center to increase outreach to Indian Country. He is a participating representative to the InterTribal Energy Network, the National Wind Coordinating Committee, Wind On The Wires, High Plains SEED, and the Environmental Justice Climate Change Initiative, among other organizations., “Indigenous Peoples and Renewable Energy: Thinking Locally, Acting Globally  A Modest Native Proposal for Climate Justice from the Northern Great Plains” Second National People of Color Environmental Leadership Summit - Summit II  Resource Paper Series  October 23, 2002)
The northern Great Plains may also be seen as the "headwaters" for air quality conditions ……..realize this potential.

Strong economies are key to Native cultural survival—it’s the only way to safeguard rights and identity
CARTER 6-12-2012 Writer for the Journal Record (M. Scott, “Former chief: Economic development crucial to tribes' future, sovereignty in Oklahoma”, 2012, Journal Record, Proquest)
Oklahoma's tribal nations should push economic development not just for jobs, but ……..he said. "We've been doing it for thousands of years." The Sovereignty Symposium continues through Wednesday.

Domestic development allows for international native development of economies
Suagee 92 (Dean B. Suagee, J.D., University of North Carolina, 1976; LL.M., The American University, 1989; Associate, Hobbs, Straus, Dean and Wilder, Washington, D.C., “ARTICLE: SELF-DETERMINATION FOR INDIGENOUS PEOPLES AT THE DAWN OF THE SOLAR AGE” SPRING AND SUMMER, 1992 25 U. Mich. J.L. Reform 671)
Tribal colleges also might devote some attention to issues involved in the transfer of …….. of development that they want for themselves and to draw on the experiences of other indigenous peoples in making those decisions.

Countries look to the US to set the model for native policy
Suagee and Stearns 94 (Dean B. Suageet Christopher T. Stearnstt, t Member of the Cherokee Nation and of counsel to Hobbs, Straus, Dean and Wilder, a Washington, D.C., law firm. tt MemberoftheNavajoNationandanassociatewithHobbs,Straus,DeanandWilder, a Washington, D.C., law firm. “Indigenous Self-Government, Environmental Protection, and the Consent of the Governed: A Tribal Environmental Review Process” HeinOnline -- 5 Colo. J. Int'l Envtl. L. and Pol'y 59 1994)
In the era when the human rights of indigenous peoples are recognized in international law, …….. just power from the consent of the governed.

Survival of Native culture solves human extinction—it’s key to every other impact
Weatherford 1994 (Jack, Anthropologist, Savages and Civilization: Who Will Survive?, pp. 287-291)
Today we have no local and regional civilizations.  The world now stands united in a single, …….. of some alien civilization will stare at our ruined cities and wonder why we disappeared.

Cultural integrity in the context of resource management key – shifts the dialogue toward resource rights for tribes
Burleson 11 (Professor Elizabeth Burleson has a LL.M. from the London School of Economics and Political Science and a J.D. from the University of Connecticut School of Law. She teaches at Pace Law School and has written reports for the United Nations. This chapter builds upon the author’s article Tribal, State, and Federal Cooperation to Achieve Good Governance, 40 Akron Law Review 207 (2007), “Tribes as Essential Partners in Achieving Sustainable Governance” in LEGAL STRATEGIES FOR GREENING LOCAL GOVERNMENT, (Hirokawa and Salkin, ed. ABA: 2012), January 2011)
The international recognition of the rights of peoples to internal self-determination ……..attention to cultural stewardship may play a crucial role in strengthening consensus regarding indigenous peoples’ rights.

Plan: The United States federal government should substantially increase financial incentives for energy production on lands defined by 18 United States Code section 1151 for wind power and solar power.

Contention 3 is solvency – 

Increasing incentives for renewable investment in native territories solves for investment, development of economies, and international signal
LaDUKE et al 2009 (Winona LaDuke, Honor the Earth; Bob Gough Intertribal Council On Utility Policy; Tom Goldtooth, Indigenous Environmental Network; “Energy Justice in Native America A Policy Paper for Consideration by the Obama Administration and the 111th Congress,” www.ienearth.org/docs/EJ_in_NA_Policy_Paper_locked.pdf)
GREEN ECONOMIES IN NATIVE COMMUNITIES:MASSIVE POTENTIAL, ……..wood tariffs to prevent deforestation.

Plan resolves economic development in line with indigenous culture – also sends perception of native sovereignty globally
Kronk 10 (ELIZABETH ANN KRONK J.D., University of Michigan School of Law; B.A., Cornell University. Assistant Profes- sor of Law, University of Montana School of Law; Chief Judge, Sault Ste. Marie Tribe of Chippewa Indians Court of Appeals, ALTERNATIVE ENERGY DEVELOPMENT IN INDIAN COUNTRY: LIGHTING THE WAY FOR THE SEVENTH GENERATION, 46 Idaho L. Rev. 449 2009-2010)
Moreover, the development of alternative energy projects in Indian country offers …….. at home' by investing, developing, facilitating, and participating in building the infrastructure required to support green energy."57

Framing the plan through federal trust responsibility is key – creates self sufficiency – actually developing energy is key too
Grossman 6 (Zoltán, Member of the Faculty in Geography / Native American and World Indigenous Peoples Studies, The Evergreen State College (Olympia, Washington), “International Indigenous Responses” in Climate Change and Pacific Rim Indigenous Nations, October 2006) Northwest Indian Applied Research Institute (NIARI), The Evergreen State College, Olympia, Washington, USA)
Yet Indigenous peoples are not dealing entirely with a rigged game. The direct involvement of ……..generated the global climate change cri- sis in the first place.

Only the plan works – every strategy that isn’t federal incentives for renewables fails – plan reinvigorates the trust doctrine to reduce dependency on the government
Mills 6 (Andrew D. Mills Submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science In the Energy and Resources Group of the University of California, Berkeley, “Wind Energy in Indian Country: Turning to Wind for the Seventh Generation”)
The third justification for energy development is that energy development ……..would be chronically dependent on fickle federal funds.

Failure to support the Trust Doctrine leave no check on federal and state relationships with tribes – the trust doctrine can act as a successful balance of power of sovereignty within states
WILKINS AND LOMAWAIMA 2002 (David E. Wilkins, a member of the Lumbee Tribe, is associate professor of American Indian studies, political science, and law at the University of Minnesota and coauthor, with Vine Deloria, Jr., of Tribes, Treaties, and Constitutional Tribulations. K. Tsianina Lomawaima is an associate professor of American Indian Studies at the University of Arizona and the daughter of a former Chilocco student., Uneven Ground: American Indian Sovereignty and Federal Law, p. 69-72)
We turn our attention first to the recent phenomenon of growing resentment from ……..from time to time be made, for preventing wrongs being done to them, and for preserving peace and friendship with them" (1 St. 50,52).

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge: 

Chinese pollution Add-on

Pollution and environmental degradation in China are worsening – only U.S. environmental leadership can mobilize international assistance to reduce Chinese pollution,
Nankivell ’9 Nathan is a Senior Researcher at the Office of the Special Advisor Policy, Canadien Department of National Defence. (Asia-Pacific Journal, "China’s Pollution and the Threat to Domestic and Regional Stability", 3/21/2009. http://japanfocus.org/-Nathan-Nankivell/1799-http://japanfocus.org/-Nathan-Nankivell/1799)

Already, throughout Asia and beyond, ………  Pollution, Unrest, and Social Mobilization 

Chinese pollution causes nuclear conflict with Russia.
Nankivell ’9 Nathan is a Senior Researcher at the Office of the Special Advisor Policy, Canadien Department of National Defence. (Asia-Pacific Journal, "China’s Pollution and the Threat to Domestic and Regional Stability", 3/21/2009. http://japanfocus.org/-Nathan-Nankivell/1799-http://japanfocus.org/-Nathan-Nankivell/1799)
In addition to the concerns already mentioned, …….interests in the region and beyond. 

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge: 

2AC Elections

No way that Romney wins – electoral politics, history, and polls all prove

Downie 10/4 (James Downie writes for the Washington Post.  "Obama lost the first debate, but he will still win the election")
http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/post-partisan/post/obama-lost-the-first-debate-but-he-will-still-win-the-election/2012/10/04/9c3b7eb8-0deb-11e2-bd1a-b868e65d57eb_blog.html-http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/post-partisan/post/obama-lost-the-first-debate-but-he-will-still-win-the-election/2012/10/04/9c3b7eb8-0deb-11e2-bd1a-b868e65d57eb_blog.html

In case you had not heard yet, President Obama had a poor first debate
AND
Romney, the path the race is stuck on ends with his defeat.

Plan is congressional trust responsibility – no reason Obama is perceived as lead actor

Fights over incentives for energy production now—-already impacting the election

AP, 9/21/12, "Congress not acting on wind-energy credits", www.iowafarmertoday.com/staff/congress-not-acting-on-wind-energy-credits/article_7540b4ee-041e-11e2-960f-0019bb2963f4.html
There is little hope Congress will act quickly to extend a federal energy tax credit for building wind turbines, despite the likelihood letting the program expire could lead to the loss of thousands of jobs.
The issue is particularly important in Iowa, where 20 percent of electricity is generated by wind turbines and the state ranks second behind only Texas for installed wind capacity. An estimated 7,000 workers in Iowa are employed in more than 250 businesses associated with the wind industry.
Extension of the tax credit is caught up in deep differences over spending in Congress, where fiscal conservatives in the Republican Party are fighting renewal even as other GOP members push to have the program continued.
The issue also has spilled into the presidential race, with Democratic President Barack Obama supporting the credit and Republican Mitt Romney opposing it, angering Iowa Republican Sen. Chuck Grassley and Gov. Terry Branstad.

====No link uniqueness – there are plenty of energy issues the GOP can spin that exist already to hurt Obama like Solyndra – a new renewable policy doesn’t hurt him====

Obama already vocally supports native wind

Obama 10/4 (Rob Capriccioso October 4, 2012, Interview, "President Obama Answers Questions From Indian Country Today Media Network in Unprecedented Exchange" http://indiancountrytodaymedianetwork.com/2012/10/04/president-obama-answers-questions-from-indian-country-today-media-network-in-unprecedented-exchange-137584)**
We’ve also made critical investments into pressing needs like renovating schools and devoting resources to
AND
in our clean energy future to strengthen our economies and our energy security.

Energy irrelevant – everything else matters more

Wang 9/27/12
Herman, writer for The Barrel, a Platts energy forecasting blog, "Even with US gasoline prices at a higher number, energy isn’t a big deal in White House race," http://blogs.platts.com/2012/09/27/energy_campaign/-http://blogs.platts.com/2012/09/27/energy_campaign/, AM

The respected polling firm Gallup asked voters in August what the most important issue facing
AND
that it’s a high top-of-mind issue in the campaign."

Past issues, not current issues, will decide the election.

ill 9/3 (David, writer @ The Washington Post, http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2012/sep/3/who-wins-the-election-most-in-academia-predict-oba/-http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2012/sep/3/who-wins-the-election-most-in-academia-predict-oba/) (Mr. Lichtman-http://www.washingtontimes.com/topics/allan-j-lichtman/, a history professor at American University, has developed a model that predicts the outcome of any presidential race by looking at the candidates’ standing with respect to 13 key political factors. He debuted the model in 1980 — using data from the 1860 to 1976 elections — and says it has correctly forecast every winner since then)

The Republicans hoped to sway voters into their favor during last week’s Republican National Convention, and Democrats will try to do the same at their convention this week. However, Mr. Lichtman-http://www.washingtontimes.com/topics/allan-j-lichtman/ said that despite the furious campaigning that is sure to come from now until November, elections are seldom decided by events and campaign strategies in the final months and are more a reaction to circumstances over the past several years.

No Romney vote switching on fossil fuels good

Lewis, 10/1/12 - senior contributor to The Daily Caller  (Matt, The Daily Caller, "Mitt Romney’s struggle to win blue collar Ohio voters"

This sounds trivial, but it matters greatly — especially in places like Ohio.
The Atlantic’s Molly Ball is consistently a "must read," and her latest column reinforces a point I’ve been making for a long time — that Mitt Romney is in danger of under-performing with working-class whites in key states like the Buckeye state. (Ball’s teaser says it all: "In Appalachian coal country, Romney is now viewed with nearly as much suspicion as Obama — and that may be the story of the 2012 election.")
There is at least one substantive reason for these voters to be skeptical of Romney. While interviewing Ohio voters, Ball stumbled over an interesting blast from the past:
It turns out Romney, as governor of Massachusetts in 2003, held a press conference in front of a coal-fired power plant. "I will not create jobs or hold jobs that kill people," he said, and then, gesturing at the facility behind him: "That plant, that plant kills people." You can see the footage in an Obama campaign ad that’s been airing heavily here. It seems to have made an impression.
The notion that Romney would be worse for coal than Obama seems absurd. Still, Obama is using the line to effectively muddy the waters. All he really needs is for voters to conclude, "they’re both bad," and Obama can consider that a victory. Ball sums it up thusly,
I heard it over and over again from Ohioans — the idea that Romney stands for the wealthy and not for them. Obama’s depiction of his rival as an out-of-touch rich guy, which has gotten no little assistance from Romney himself, has made a deep and effective impression with these self-consciously working-class voters.

No one cares about natives

Kilpatrick 90 (James J. Kilpatrick  Universal Press Syndicate, Sunday, July 1, 1990 "Lost Souls — Native Americans: Who Really Cares?" http://community.seattletimes.nwsource.com/archive/?date=19900701%26slug=1079987)**
- Out of sight, they say, is out of mind. The aphorism applies with singular accuracy to the nation’s 900,000 native Indians. Other minority groups have their vociferous defenders. Almost no one speaks for the Indian tribes.
Why am I writing about Indian affairs? I truly don’t know. An interesting case cropped up last month in the Supreme Court. I ran into Arizona’s Sen. John McCain in the Capitol a few days ago, and we fell to talking about the status of Indians in our society.
Their status, said McCain, is just about nil: ``Nobody cares deeply about the Indians. Congress doesn’t care. The White House doesn’t care. The states don’t care. Over the past 15 years, every part of the federal budget has increased in constant dollars - every part but one. That one is the budget for Indian affairs.’’

Controversial policies and spending helps Obama

Shlaes 3-30-12, Amity, Bloomberg News, Senior fellow and director of the Four Percent Project at the George W. Bush Institute, http://www.amestrib.com/sections/opinion/columns/amity-shlaes-obama-loser-who-wins-roosevelt-1936.html

The loser wins. That’s the way it can go in presidential elections. Especially when the ballot involves a likable incumbent who happens to be failing when it comes to helping the U.S. economy.
In the case of President Barack Obama, the loser the president most resembles is the one he evokes with his radio addresses: Franklin D. Roosevelt. Roosevelt came into office in 1933 on a ticket of recovery. Neither employment nor the stock market returned to pre-crash levels by 1936. Yet FDR won that year, taking all but two of 48 states.
A side-by-side comparison of presidential records and the campaigns of 1936 and 2012 suggests how Obama might fare, too. The resemblance starts, of course, with the poor quality of the underlying economy in those first four years.
The United States grew from 1933 to 1936, but neither the stock market nor the unemployment levels got back to where they had been at the market crash in 1929. Today, our data also sketch recovery, but neither the Dow Jones Industrial Average nor employment is back to pre-crash levels.
The second feature Obama and Roosevelt share is bad policy. More than anything else, the post-2008 economy has required a stable environment where the government stays out of the way. This administration has preferred to jump in.
Why the victory, then or now? The first is the sympathy vote. Voters identified with a president who was embattled; Roosevelt managed to make a dragon of business and the economy when the true cause of the downturn’s duration was policy.
Roosevelt also convinced voters patience was necessary even though he had made speed of change the central issue: the New Deal plan offered in 1933 was not the "100 Months," it was the Hundred Days.
Obama, too, draws sympathy, partly because economics is not his main area, either. He also seems able to convince voters long-term improvement will substitute for his early promise of instant delivery.
Other advantages? Backloading. The worst pain resulting from administration policy is backloaded to occur after November 2012, when tax increases come and Obamacare takes hold. Roosevelt signed Social Security into law in 1935. But only in 1937, after Roosevelt won, did the government levy the new payroll tax.
Then there is spending. Roosevelt spent systematically. Obama, too, came out spending and kept doing so.
A final force in play might be called the "country as stock" fallacy. In the world of stocks and bonds, we are accustomed to looking at snapshots: how much a stock price increased over a year. The same snapshot habit has carried over to the gross domestic product.

Impossible to predict what presidents do the in the second term and Obama would accomplish less

====Walsh 3-29-12, Kenneth, chief White House correspondent for U.S. News %26 World Report, http://www.usnews.com/news/blogs/Ken-Walshs-Washington/2012/03/29/obama-should-not-count-on-second-term-flexibility====**
Another factor in evaluating Obama’s assessment is that it’s impossible to predict exactly what policies he would adopt in a second term and how the political system would react, scholars say. This idea is at the core of Republican concerns that Obama might have a "hidden agenda" in the future.
~Republicans Suggest Obama is Hiding Real Agenda~
Daniel W. Drezner, a professor of international politics at the Fletcher School of Law and diplomacy at Tufts University, points out that the second terms of the last three re-elected presidents—Ronald Reagan, Bill Clinton, and George W. Bush—took different courses than their first terms.
Writing on the Foreign Policy Magazine website, Drezner says, "Recent second-termers have not reverted to their ideological bliss point—if anything, it’s been the reverse; they’ve tacked away from their starting point" as they adjusted to changing circumstances and, in Reagan’s case, new opportunities.
Drezner points out that Reagan shifted from attacking the Soviet Union as an "evil
AND
ordering the invasion of Iraq without United Nations approval in his first term..
Of course, there also seems to be at least one political, policy, or personal disaster in every second term, partly because presidents and their aides tend to over-reach or make serious errors after they don’t have to face the voters anymore. Reagan had the Iran-Contra scandal. Clinton had the Monica Lewinsky scandal. Bush had the scandalously weak government response to Hurricane Katrina.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge: 

2AC Oil DA

N/U – 1AC evidence – already producing now

Power doesn’t trade off with transport

The Washington Post, 2008, p. A16 (January 8^th, Thomas Lippman, The writer is an adjunct scholar with the Middle East Institute)
Unfortunately, that is not true. The vast majority of the oil consumed in
AND
of highest demand. Nuclear power could supplant coal, but not oil.

Plan isn’t connected to the grid and isn’t zero sum with current energy use

Barber 12 (D.A. Barber is a freelance science journalist, regular contributor to the Tucson Weekly, "Off-Grid Solar on US Tribal Land the Next Boom" 2012-05-15, http://www.energytrend.com/Barber_Solar_20120515)**
While most US residents take electricity for granted, tens of thousands of American Indians
AND
the 565 federally-recognized tribesthroughout "Indian Country" inthe United States.
This shortage of transmission infrastructure, as well as decades of policies that have impeded
AND
develop due to red tape or have not financially benefited tribes as promised.

Oil production increasing now – should trigger link
Krauss and Lipton 12 (Clifford Krauss, correspondent for The New York Times since 1990. He currently is a national business correspondent based in Houston, covering energy, and Eric Lipton, The New York Times, "U.S. Inches Toward Goal of Energy Independence," 3/22/12) http://www.nytimes.com/2012/03/23/business/energy-environment/inching-toward-energy-independence-in-america.html?hp%26pagewanted=all-http://www.nytimes.com/2012/03/23/business/energy-environment/inching-toward-energy-independence-in-america.html?hp%26pagewanted=all
And not just here. Across the country, the oil and gas industry is
AND
which would put the United States in the same league as Saudi Arabia.

Oil price is inevitably high – US doesn’t control the price
Koch 12 (Wendy Koch, USA Today, "U.S. oil production is up, so why are gas prices so high?" 4/19/12) http://www.usatoday.com/money/industries/energy/story/2012-04-21/global-factors-gasoline-prices/54421804/1-http://www.usatoday.com/money/industries/energy/story/2012-04-21/global-factors-gasoline-prices/54421804/1
The question is all the more perplexing, because the United States is not only
AND
less flexible in the crudes they can refine and face more global competition.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge: 

2AC States

Perm do both

States don’t solve the trust doctrine – that’s Grossman – feds need to lead to reinvigorate a relationship of cultural protections

Don’t solve incentives – Federal government has jurisdiction

Dubois ’06 (Leslie R., "COMMENT: CURIOSITY AND CARBON: EXAMINING THE FUTURE OF CARBON SEQUESTRATION AND THE ACCOMPANYING JURISDICTIONAL ISSUES AS OUTLINED IN THE INDIAN ENERGY TITLE OF THE 2005 ENERGY POLICY ACT", Lexis Law Review)
The federal government exercises jurisdiction over tribes concerning environmental and energy issues through administrative agencies
AND
extend this power to regulation of carbon sequestration and the carbon trade internally. 

Doesn’t solve signal – federal action on incentives is key – that’s Darian-Smith, Morris, Brittain

Don’t solve investment – States are comparatively worse at coordinating a cohesive policy

Hamilton 12 (JESSICA A. R. HAMILTON, Mount Allison University, B.A. 2008; University of Connecticut School of Law, Juris Doctor Candidate 2012, "FINDING NEW POWER IN THE WIND, THE EARTH, AND THE SUN: A SURVEY OF THE REGULATION OF ALTERNATIVE ENERGY GENERATED ON AMERICAN INDIAN RESERVATIONS IN THE UNITED STATES AND FIRST NATION RESERVES IN CANADA" CONNECTICUT LAW REVIEW VOLUME 44 APRIL 2012 NUMBER 4, 1383) 
In the United States, the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission ("FERC"), an independent
AND
own supplier), with the numbers split almost evenly between the two.110
With the exception of a handful of strong, federal incentives for renewable energy,
AND
states have extended their minimum renewable energy generation requirements to Indian Tribes.115
While both the states and the provinces in the United States and Canada appear to
AND
a greater potential for long-term renewable energy development through federal initiatives.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge: 

2AC CP – Consult Natives

Should is weaker than shall – not a mandate

Atlas Collaboration, 1999, "Use of shall, should, may can," http://rd13doc.cern.ch/Atlas/DaqSoft/sde/inspect/shall.html
shall ’shall’ describes something that is mandatory. If a requirement uses ’shall’, then
AND
to be stated anywhere (to say nothing of defining what ’thoroughly’ means).

And resolved doesn’t mean anything before the colon

DOD 6 – US Department of Defense (6/28, The Colon, http://64.233.167.104/search?q=cache:CRkgc8Pi1TsJ:www.dod.state.hi.us/HIARNG/298rti/298rti/l230is_app_d.pdf, AG)
The colon introduces the following: ~continues~ g. A formal resolution, after the word "resolved:" Resolved: (colon) That this council petition the mayor.

Consultation is normal means

NAWIG (Native American Wind Interest Group Quarterly Newsletter), Summer 2005, "Energy Policy Act of 2005 Contains Indian Energy Provisions", http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy06osti/37485.pdf-http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy06osti/37485.pdf
Implementation responsibilities are split between the U.S. Depart-ment of the
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and providing grants to establish a national resource center to develop Tribal capacity. 

There are 562 diverse tribes – either huge timeframe deficit or they homogenize them too

Ben, C ; and Coty, J 2005 Aug 15 "California Tribal Nations Technical Water Research" Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL), Livermore, CA http://www.osti.gov/energycitations/product.biblio.jsp?osti_id=878597
Federally recognized Native American tribes have a unique government-togovernment relationship with the United
AND
maintain a sub-sample that broadly represents all of the 106 tribes.

Consultation is an unclear term; use of it in the plan hurts Federal-Tribal relations, teaches helplessness, and turns their solvency of our sovereignty advantage.

Haskew, 2000 ~Derek C. Managing Attorney, DNA-People’s Legal Services, Inc., Halchita, Navajo Nation. For their guidance and editorial assistance, "FEDERAL CONSULTATION WITH INDIAN TRIBES: THE FOUNDATION OF ENLIGHTENED POLICY DECISIONS, OR ANOTHER BADGE OF SHAME?," Lexis Nexis~
An apparent split between the Eighth and Ninth Circuits is indicative of the unsettled state
AND
conclusion may be, the specific failures of consultations require more careful attention.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
Plan

The United States federal government should procure small modular reactors for its military installations in the United States. 

Advantage 1 – Command and Control

Grid is highly vulnerable – an attack would shut it down for years
Magnuson 12 (Stew Magnuson, managing editor of National Defense Magazine, Washington, D.C.-based journalist and the author of The Death of Raymond Yellow Thunder: And Other True Stories from the Nebraska-Pine Ridge Border Towns,
 the Nebraska Nonfiction Book of the Year for 2009, bronze medal in the regional nonfiction category, September 2012, "Feds Fear Coordinated Physical, Cyber-Attacks on Electrical Grids," http://www.nationaldefensemagazine.org/archive/2012/september/Pages/FedsFearCoordinatedPhysical,Cyber-AttacksonElectricalGrids.aspx)
Electrical grids in the United States are vulnerable to both cyber-attacks and space
AND
be delivered by special rail car, and most are now manufactured overseas.

Cyberattacks on the grid are inevitable
Spero ’12, Daniel, 7/13/12 ("Why Our Electricity Grid is So Vulnerable," http://codegreenprep.com/2012/07/why-our-electricity-grid-is-so-vulnerable/)
In addition to the random acts of the sun’s solar storms, we also have
AND
the Chinese destroy our transformers, then refuse to sell us replacement ones?

DoD dependence on grid threatens national security – plan key to solve
Robitaille 12 (George E. Robitaille, Master in Strategic Studies degree from Army War College, March 2012, "Small modular reactors: the army’s secure source of energy?" http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA561802)
According to a recent report by the Defense Science Board, the DoD gets ninety
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associated with building coal or natural gas fired power plants on the environment.

Long-term disruptions threaten command and control and global military readiness
Snider 12 (Annie Snider, reporter for Environment %26 Energy Publishing, graduate degree in journalism from Northwestern, 1-16-12, "Pentagon still can’t define energy security, much less achieve it," http://www.eenews.net/Greenwire/2012/01/16/archive/1)
A terrorist attack that caused a long-term grid disruption "could significantly affect
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military officials, lawmakers, defense energy experts, project developers and utilities.

Military decline results in global conflict—successors won’t fill in and multiple hotspots escalate
Brzezinski 12—Professor of Foreign Policy @ Johns Hopkins
Zbigniew, After America, Foreign Policy, Jan/Dec 2012, http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/01/03/after_america?page=0,0
For if America falters, the world is unlikely to be dominated by a single
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policy — or start bracing itself for a dangerous slide into global turmoil.

The alternative to heg is apolarity and extinction
Ferguson 2004 (Niall Ferguson, Professor, History, School of Business, New York University and Senior Fellow, Hoover Institution, Stanford University, September-October, "A World Without Power" – Foreign Policy, http://www.hoover.org/publications/digest/3009996.html)
So  what is left? Waning empires. Religious revivals. Incipient anarchy. A
AND
powers would benefit from such a not-so-new world disorder.

Social science proves—multipolarity supports the natural incentive to seek status by fighting
Wohlforth, 09 – professor of government at Dartmouth (William, "Unipolarity, Status Competition, and Great Power War," World Affairs, January, project muse)
The upshot is a near scholarly consensus that unpolarity’s consequences for great power conflict are
AND
inherently scarce, and competitions for status tend to be zero sum.9

Transition to multipolarity absent US leadership causes miscalc, arms races, and violent competition
Khalilzad 2011, US ambassador to Afghanistan, Iraq, and UN under Bush Jr.; Dir, Policy Planning, Dept of Defense, 1990-2; analyst, RAND Corporation, ("The Economy and National Security," Nat’l Review Online, http://www.nationalreview.com/articles/259024/economy-and-national-security-zalmay-khalilzad?page=1)
We face this domestic challenge while other major powers are experiencing rapid economic growth.
AND
, hostile states would be emboldened to make aggressive moves in their regions.

Even if multipolarity is good or inevitable, heg is key for a stable transition
Walton 7 Lecturer in International Relations and Strategic Studies at the University of Reading in Reading, England, 07 ~Dale C, "geopolitics and the great powers in the twenty-first century", http://books.google.com/books?id=AQLTD1R-47AC%26printsec=frontcover%26source=gbs_navlinks_s~~%23v=onepage%26q=%26f=false
Although international political conditions will differ enormously in the coming decades from those of the
AND
over the long term and minimize the probability of a great power war.

Deterrence key to avoid crisis escalation—reject the infinite number of root causes that debilitate action
Moore ’04, John Moore, chaired law prof, UVA. Frm first Chairman of the Board of the US Institute of Peace and as the Counselor on Int Law to the Dept. of State, Beyond the Democratic Peace,  44 Va. J. Int’l L. 341, Lexis
If major interstate war is predominantly a product of a synergy between a potential nondemocratic
AND
in general, happens when levels of deterrence are dramatically increased or decreased? 

Grid failure threatens critical missions – C%26C, intel, sats, drones, etc. – SMRs key/renewables fail – also deters attack and are safer
Loudermilk ’11, Micah J., Research Associate, Energy and Envt’l Security Policy, Institute for Nat’l Strategic Studies, Nat’l Defense U, 3/27/11 ("Small Nuclear Reactors: Enabling Energy Security for Warfighters," http://smallwarsjournal.com/blog/small-nuclear-reactors-enabling-energy-security-for-warfighters)
Last month, the Institute for National Strategic Studies at National Defense University released a
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features, simplified designs, sealed reactor cores, and lower operational requirements.

Advantage 2 – Leadership

Global nuclear expansion now
Orcutt 12 (Mike Orcutt, Technology Review’s research editor, "Despite Fukushima, Nuclear Keeps Powering Ahead," 3/12/12) http://www.technologyreview.com/news/427194/despite-fukushima-nuclear-keeps-powering-ahead/-http://www.technologyreview.com/news/427194/despite-fukushima-nuclear-keeps-powering-ahead/
A few countries have scaled back in response to the disaster, but many others
AND
reactors in each country, and the number under construction, or planned*.

International tech is taking over the global nuclear market – risks widespread proliferation – DoD leadership on SMRs is key to check prolif
Loudermilk 11 (Micah Loudermilk, Senior Research Associate for the Energy %26 Environmental Security Policy program with the Institute for National Strategic Studies at National Defense University. 2-23-11, "In Defense of Small Reactors: A Response," http://csis.org/blog/defense-small-reactors-response)
What we do know, however, is this: the domestic nuclear industry in
AND
security standpoint, but also from a mindset of preserving the nonproliferation agenda.

Other countries are racing to bring SMRs to market – the only way to prevent rapid proliferation is deployment of new reactors
Colvin 11 (Joe Colvin, president of the American Nuclear Society, president and CEO of the Nuclear Energy Institute, held many senior positions with the Institute of Nuclear Power Operations, 20 years in the Navy operating a nuclear submarine, 6-7-11, testimony before the Senate Committee on Energy and National Resources, available here: http://theenergycollective.com/ansorg/58930/ans-president-joe-colvin-testifies-about-smr-legislation)
Second, new SMR designs employ the latest generation suite of safety features. Obviously, we are all saddened by the Japanese earthquake and tsunami and its impact on the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant. In the wake of these events, we must reiterate our commitment to maintaining the highest levels of safety.
Frankly, in my view, the best way to improve long-term nuclear
AND
as convection and conduction in place of pumps, valves, and pipes.
Third, there is a national security aspect to the development of U.S. SMR technology that must be considered. Beyond the U.S., over 60 countries have expressed interest in developing new nuclear energy generation capacity. While some of these countries already have existing nuclear plants, others would be new entrants, many of whom are from the developing world which do not have electrical grids that can absorb a 1-GW nuclear plant in their current configuration.
While U.S. nuclear technology is still considered to be the gold standard
AND
US suppliers that may not always share our approach toward safety and nonproliferation.

Proliferation is rapid and pressures states to adopt offensive use doctrines, escalating to nuclear war and extinction
Utgoff 2002, Deputy Director of Strategy, Forces, and Resources Division of Institute for Defense Analysis ~Victor A., "Proliferation, Missile Defence and American Ambitions," Survival, Summer, p. 87-90~
Further, the large number of states that became capable of building nuclear weapons over
AND
members of a sheriff’s posse, even in the face of nuclear threats.

Deterrence doesn’t check conflict escalation in a world of prolif
Muller 2008 ~Harald, Executive Director, Head of Research Department (RD) Peace Research Institute of Frankfurt, "The Future of Nuclear Weapons in an Interdependent World" The Washington Quarterly, Spring, http://www.twq.com/08spring/docs/08spring_muller.pdf~~
A world populated by many nuclear-weapon states poses grave dangers. Regional conflicts
AND
and related facilities, the more points of access are available to terrorists.
 
New proliferants will be especially unstable–ensures nuclear first strikes and accidents
Arbatov, 04 (Alexei, Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences and Director of the Center of International Security, Institute of the World Economy and International Relations, Russian Academy of Sciences, 4/13/2004. "Horizontal Proliferation: New Challenges", Russia in Global Affairs, http://eng.globalaffairs.ru/numbers/7/531.html)
As the situation stands, further nuclear proliferation is highly probable. The danger of
AND
this employment in the foreseeable future inevitable as many risk factors will overlap.

Nuclear proliferation significantly increases the risk of low level conflicts-Kargil proves that new proliferators will pursue adventurist foreign interventions
S. Paul Kapur April 2007 (Dangerous Deterrent: Nuclear Weapons Proliferation and Conflict in South Asia, Stanford UP, pp. 34-35)
As noted, scholars are virtually unanimous in their belief that, through the stability
AND
of escalation to the nuclear level,...this facilitates the resort to violence."

And, these low-level conflicts will quickly escalate out of control, culminating in nuclear war
Richard Russell March 2003 (The Nuclear Peace Fallacy: How Deterrence Can Fail, The Journal of Strategic Studies, Vol. 26 No. 1, pp. 136-155)
Nuclear-armed adversaries might calculate that honor, fear and interest necessitate war and
AND
the victim to unleash nuclear retaliatory strikes to stave off conventional military defeat.

Small reactors won’t make it absent military leadership
Andres %26 Breetz 11 (Richard B. Andres is Professor of National Security Strategy at the National War College and a Senior fellow and energy and environmental Security and Policy Chair in the Center for Strategic research, institute for national Strategic Studies, at the national Defense University. Hanna L. Breetz is a doctoral candidate in the Department of Political Science at the Massachusetts institute of technology.  February 2011, "Small nuclear reactors for military installations: capabilities, costs, and technological implications," http://www.ndu.edu/press/lib/pdf/StrForum/SF-262.pdf)
The "Valley of Death." Given the promise that small reactors hold for military
AND
the first mover costs and demonstrating the technology’s scientific and economic viability. 29
Historically, nuclear power has been "the most clear-cut example . .
AND
, gaining NRC certification for new technologies, and demonstrating technical viability.32

DoD procurement is critical to ensure success of SMRs – solves regulatory issues
Andres %26 Loudermilk 10 (Richard B. Andres, PhD. Senior Research Fellow, Center for Strategic Research (CSR), Energy %26 Environmental Security, Institute for National Security Studies at the National Defense University, Professor of National Security Strategy at the National War College; Micah J. Loudermilk, research associate with the Energy %26 Environmental Security Policy program, M.A. in international relations from Akron University, 8-23-10, "Small reactors and the military’s role in securing America’s nuclear industry," http://sitrep.globalsecurity.org/articles/100823646-small-reactors-and-the-militar.htm)
Notwithstanding all of these benefits, with a difficult regulation environment, anti-nuclear
AND
potentially become a viable energy option: the U.S. military.
Since 1948, the U.S. Navy has deployed over 500 reactors and
AND
deterring attacks if the opponent knows that the military network would be unaffected.
Unlike private industry, the military does not face the same regulatory and congressional hurdles
AND
output to power military installations and in some cases surrounding civilian population centers.
Secondly, as the reactors become integrated on military facilities, the stigma on the
AND
necessary for the federal government and the NRC to take more aggressive action.
Finally, while new reactors are not likely in the near future, the military’s
AND
term, and work to solidify support for it in the long run.
Ultimately, between small-scale nuclear reactors and the U.S. military
AND
the military presents a realistic route by which their adoption can be achieved.

SMR design makes them resistant to prolif, accidents, and terrorism
Wheeler 10 (John Wheeler, Workforce Planning Manager for Entergy. He also is an American Nuclear Society member, November 2010, "Small modular reactors may offer significant safety %26 security advantages," http://thisweekinnuclear.com/?p=1193)
The goal of nuclear plant emergency planning is to protect people from exposure to radiation
AND
in favor of a new generation of small, factory built modular reactors.

And comparatively better than large nuclear plants
Andres %26 Breetz 11 (Richard B. Andres is Professor of National Security Strategy at the National War College and a Senior fellow and energy and environmental Security and Policy Chair in the Center for Strategic research, institute for national Strategic Studies, at the national Defense University. Hanna L. Breetz is a doctoral candidate in the Department of Political Science at the Massachusetts institute of technology.  February 2011, "Small nuclear reactors for military installations: capabilities, costs, and technological implications," http://www.ndu.edu/press/lib/pdf/StrForum/SF-262.pdf)
Although generalizing about the next generation of small reactors is difficult, this category of
AND
the potential to remove many of the risk factors associated with larger reactors.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
K 1AC
Tribes investing in renewables now – lack of federal incentives make sure they’re seen at the margins and don’t achieve meaningful investment
Suagee 9 (Dean B. Suagee is of counsel to Hobbs, Straus, Dean and Walker, LLP, in Washington, D.C., and a member of the editorial board of Natu- ral Resources and Environment. He is a member of the Cherokee Nation, “Going “Code Green” in Indian Country” Natural Resources and Environment, Volume 23, Number 4, Spring 2009)
American Indian and Alaska Native ……..  favorable regulatory frameworks.

Contention 2 is native economies –
Plan solves Native economic development – renewables key
Gough 2 (Robert Gough,  Robert Gough, is an attorney (University of Minnesota) with graduate degrees in sociology (Fordham University) and cultural anthropology (University of Wisconsin), specializing in cultural ecology, and working with American Indian Tribes on cultural and natural resource issues over the past twenty years. He was the El Paso Energy Research Fellow at the Natural Resources Law Center, CU-Boulder, CO, working on technical and policy issues involved in connecting reservation based renewable generation on to the federal grid. He is presently a visiting professional at NREL's Wind Technology Center to increase outreach to Indian Country. He is a participating representative to the InterTribal Energy Network, the National Wind Coordinating Committee, Wind On The Wires, High Plains SEED, and the Environmental Justice Climate Change Initiative, among other organizations., “Indigenous Peoples and Renewable Energy: Thinking Locally, Acting Globally  A Modest Native Proposal for Climate Justice from the Northern Great Plains” Second National People of Color Environmental Leadership Summit - Summit II  Resource Paper Series  October 23, 2002)
The northern Great Plains may also ……..  partners to help realize this potential.

Strong economies are key to Native cultural survival—it’s the only way to safeguard rights and identity
CARTER 6-12-2012 Writer for the Journal Record (M. Scott, “Former chief: Economic development crucial to tribes' future, sovereignty in Oklahoma”, 2012, Journal Record, Proquest)
Oklahoma's tribal nations should push economic development not just …….. thousands of years." The Sovereignty Symposium continues through Wednesday.

Domestic development allows for international native development of economies
Suagee 92 (Dean B. Suagee, J.D., University of North Carolina, 1976; LL.M., The American University, 1989; Associate, Hobbs, Straus, Dean and Wilder, Washington, D.C., “ARTICLE: SELF-DETERMINATION FOR INDIGENOUS PEOPLES AT THE DAWN OF THE SOLAR AGE” SPRING AND SUMMER, 1992 25 U. Mich. J.L. Reform 671)
Tribal colleges also might devote some …….. they want for themselves and to draw on the experiences of other indigenous peoples in making those decisions.
The status quo allows for cycles of structural violence to occur on Native lands---sovereign development of renewable energy is necessary to combat fossil fuel colonialism
Gough 9—Intertribal Council On Utility Policy; paper submitted by Honor the Earth, the Intertribal Council on Utility Policy, the Indigenous Environmental Network, and the International  Indian Treaty Council (Bob, Energy Justice in Native America, A Policy Paper for Consideration by the Obama Administration and the 111th Congress, www.mynewsletterbuilder.com/email/newsletter/1409857447)

A just nation-to-nation relationship means breaking …….. per dollar invested than fossil fuel energy.¶ Efficiency creates 21.5 jobs for every $1 million invested. ¶ The costs of fuel for wind and solar power can be projected into the future, providing a unique opportunity for stabilizing an energy intensive economy.

renewable energy allows for a democratic paradigm shift that preserves domestic communities
LaDuke 7—executive director of both Honor the Earth and White Earth Land Recovery Project (Winona, Local Energy, Local Power, www.community-wealth.org/_pdfs/articles-publications/municipal/article-laduke.pdf)

“We believe the wind is wakan, a holy or great power,” explains Pat …….. and Goshute communities. Native communities are ready for a change.

Advantage 2 is warming

Native lands are prime areas for renewables development and can operate as laboratories that can be modeled
Sullivan 10 (Bethany C. Sullivan, J.D. Candidate, University of Arizona James E. Rogers College of Law, “CHANGING WINDS: RECONFIGURING THE LEGAL FRAMEWORK FOR RENEWABLE-ENERGY DEVELOPMENT IN INDIAN COUNTRY” Arizona Law Review Fall 2010, 52 Ariz. L. Rev. 823)
There are numerous reasons to …….. such as state governments--can learn. 12

Native renewables can offset immense amounts of carbon emissions
Gough 2 (Robert Gough,  Robert Gough, is an attorney (University of Minnesota) with graduate degrees in sociology (Fordham University) and cultural anthropology (University of Wisconsin), specializing in cultural ecology, and working with American Indian Tribes on cultural and natural resource issues over the past twenty years. He was the El Paso Energy Research Fellow at the Natural Resources Law Center, CU-Boulder, CO, working on technical and policy issues involved in connecting reservation based renewable generation on to the federal grid. He is presently a visiting professional at NREL's Wind Technology Center to increase outreach to Indian Country. He is a participating representative to the InterTribal Energy Network, the National Wind Coordinating Committee, Wind On The Wires, High Plains SEED, and the Environmental Justice Climate Change Initiative, among other organizations., “Indigenous Peoples and Renewable Energy: Thinking Locally, Acting Globally  A Modest Native Proposal for Climate Justice from the Northern Great Plains” Second National People of Color Environmental Leadership Summit - Summit II  Resource Paper Series  October 23, 2002)
The Native Peoples on North American occupy a unique position as …….. wind power potential of at least twice that necessary to meet the Kyoto target for the entire United States for the 1999 emission levels. 11
This is key to stave off climate change that threatens native survival – warming is real and anthropogenic and only native peoples can solve
Parker et al 6 (Alan Parker, Zoltán Grossman, Edward Whitesell, Brett Stephenson, Terry Williams, Preston Hardison, Laural Ballew, Brad Burnham, Jill Bushnell, and Renée Klosterman, “Executive Summary: Indigenous peoples are the “miner’s canary” of global climate change.” In Climate Change and Pacific Rim Indigenous Nations, Published in October 2006 by the Northwest Indian Applied Research Institute (NIARI), The Evergreen State College, Olympia, Washington, USA)
Indigenous peoples are the “miner’s canary” of global climate change for the rest of humanity. ……..  financial and administrative sup- port for their implementation.

Plan: The United States federal government should substantially increase financial incentives for energy production on lands defined by 18 United States Code section 1151 for wind power and solar power.

Contention 3 is solvency – 

Increasing incentives for renewable investment in native territories solves for investment, development of economies, and international signal
LaDUKE et al 2009 (Winona LaDuke, Honor the Earth; Bob Gough Intertribal Council On Utility Policy; Tom Goldtooth, Indigenous Environmental Network; “Energy Justice in Native America A Policy Paper for Consideration by the Obama Administration and the 111th Congress,” www.ienearth.org/docs/EJ_in_NA_Policy_Paper_locked.pdf)
GREEN ECONOMIES IN NATIVE COMMUNITIES:MASSIVE POTENTIAL, …….. achieve energy independence and reestablish our country’s position as a respected international leader.

Plan resolves economic development in line with indigenous culture – also sends perception of native sovereignty globally
Kronk 10 (ELIZABETH ANN KRONK J.D., University of Michigan School of Law; B.A., Cornell University. Assistant Profes- sor of Law, University of Montana School of Law; Chief Judge, Sault Ste. Marie Tribe of Chippewa Indians Court of Appeals, ALTERNATIVE ENERGY DEVELOPMENT IN INDIAN COUNTRY: LIGHTING THE WAY FOR THE SEVENTH GENERATION, 46 Idaho L. Rev. 449 2009-2010)
Moreover, the development of alternative energy projects in Indian …….. developing, facilitating, and participating in building the infrastructure required to support green energy."57

Framing the plan through federal trust responsibility is key – creates self sufficiency – actually developing energy is key too
Grossman 6 (Zoltán, Member of the Faculty in Geography / Native American and World Indigenous Peoples Studies, The Evergreen State College (Olympia, Washington), “International Indigenous Responses” in Climate Change and Pacific Rim Indigenous Nations, October 2006) Northwest Indian Applied Research Institute (NIARI), The Evergreen State College, Olympia, Washington, USA)
Yet Indigenous peoples are not dealing entirely with a rigged game. …….. generated the global climate change cri- sis in the first place.

Only the plan works – every strategy that isn’t federal incentives for renewables fails – plan reinvigorates the trust doctrine to reduce dependency on the government
Mills 6 (Andrew D. Mills Submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science In the Energy and Resources Group of the University of California, Berkeley, “Wind Energy in Indian Country: Turning to Wind for the Seventh Generation”)
The third justification for energy development is that ……..  projects they would be chronically dependent on fickle federal funds.

Failure to support the Trust Doctrine leave no check on federal and state relationships with tribes – the trust doctrine can act as a successful balance of power of sovereignty within states
WILKINS AND LOMAWAIMA 2002 (David E. Wilkins, a member of the Lumbee Tribe, is associate professor of American Indian studies, political science, and law at the University of Minnesota and coauthor, with Vine Deloria, Jr., of Tribes, Treaties, and Constitutional Tribulations. K. Tsianina Lomawaima is an associate professor of American Indian Studies at the University of Arizona and the daughter of a former Chilocco student., Uneven Ground: American Indian Sovereignty and Federal Law, p. 69-72)
We turn our attention first to the recent phenomenon of growing resentment from what …….. time be made, for preventing wrongs being done to them, and for preserving peace and friendship with them" (1 St. 50,52).

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
The United States federal government should procure small modular reactors for its military installations in the United States. 

Advantage 1 – Command and Control

Grid is highly vulnerable – an attack would shut it down for years
Magnuson 12 (Stew Magnuson, managing editor of National Defense Magazine, Washington, D.C.-based journalist and the author of The Death of Raymond Yellow Thunder: And Other True Stories from the Nebraska-Pine Ridge Border Towns,
 the Nebraska Nonfiction Book of the Year for 2009, bronze medal in the regional nonfiction category, September 2012, “Feds Fear Coordinated Physical, Cyber-Attacks on Electrical Grids,” http://www.nationaldefensemagazine.org/archive/2012/september/Pages/FedsFearCoordinatedPhysical,Cyber-AttacksonElectricalGrids.aspx)
Electrical grids in the United States are vulnerable to both cyber-attacks …… delivered by special rail car, and most are now manufactured overseas.

Cyberattacks on the grid are inevitable
Spero ’12, Daniel, 7/13/12 (“Why Our Electricity Grid is So Vulnerable,” http://codegreenprep.com/2012/07/why-our-electricity-grid-is-so-vulnerable/)
In addition to the random acts of the sun’s solar storms, ….What happens if the Chinese destroy our transformers, then refuse to sell us replacement ones?

DoD dependence on grid threatens national security – plan key to solve
Robitaille 12 (George E. Robitaille, Master in Strategic Studies degree from Army War College, March 2012, “Small modular reactors: the army’s secure source of energy?” http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA561802)
According to a recent report by the Defense Science Board, the DoD gets ninety nine percent of their electrical requirements from the civilian electric grid. 3 The electric grid, as it is currently configured and envisioned to operate for the ….government initiatives related to energy consumption and by circumventing the adverse ramifications associated with building coal or natural gas fired power plants on the environment.

Long-term disruptions threaten command and control and global military readiness
Snider 12 (Annie Snider, reporter for Environment and Energy Publishing, graduate degree in journalism from Northwestern, 1-16-12, “Pentagon still can’t define energy security, much less achieve it,” http://www.eenews.net/Greenwire/2012/01/16/archive/1)
A terrorist attack that caused a … defense energy experts, project developers and utilities.

Military decline results in global conflict—successors won’t fill in and multiple hotspots escalate
Brzezinski 12—Professor of Foreign Policy @ Johns Hopkins
Zbigniew, After America, Foreign Policy, Jan/Dec 2012, http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/01/03/after_america?page=0,0
For if America falters, the world is unlikely to be dominated by a single …. chaotic, it is imperative that the United States pursue a new, timely strategic vision for its foreign policy -- or start bracing itself for a dangerous slide into global turmoil.

The alternative to heg is apolarity and extinction
Ferguson 2004 (Niall Ferguson, Professor, History, School of Business, New York University and Senior Fellow, Hoover Institution, Stanford University, September-October, “A World Without Power” – Foreign Policy, http://www.hoover.org/publications/digest/3009996.html)
So  what is left? Waning empires. Religious revivals. Incipient anarchy….. benefit from such a not-so-new world disorder.

Social science proves—multipolarity supports the natural incentive to seek status by fighting
Wohlforth, 09 – professor of government at Dartmouth (William, “Unipolarity, Status Competition, and Great Power War,” World Affairs, January, project muse)
The upshot is a near scholarly consensus that unpolarity’s ….. competitions for status tend to be zero sum.9

Transition to multipolarity absent US leadership causes miscalc, arms races, and violent competition
Khalilzad 2011, US ambassador to Afghanistan, Iraq, and UN under Bush Jr.; Dir, Policy Planning, Dept of Defense, 1990-2; analyst, RAND Corporation, (“The Economy and National Security,” Nat’l Review Online, http://www.nationalreview.com/articles/259024/economy-and-national-security-zalmay-khalilzad?page=1)
We face this domestic challenge while other major powers are …. the United States. Either way, hostile states would be emboldened to make aggressive moves in their regions.

Even if multipolarity is good or inevitable, heg is key for a stable transition
Walton 7 Lecturer in International Relations and Strategic Studies at the University of Reading in Reading, England, 07 Dale C, “geopolitics and the great powers in the twenty-first century”, http://books.google.com/books?id=AQLTD1R-47ACandprintsec=frontcoverandsource=gbs_navlinks_s#v=onepageandq=andf=false
Although international political conditions will differ enormously … If Washington deploys these resources wisely it can maximize its security over the long term and minimize the probability of a great power war.

Deterrence key to avoid crisis escalation—reject the infinite number of root causes that debilitate action
Moore ’04, John Moore, chaired law prof, UVA. Frm first Chairman of the Board of the US Institute of Peace and as the Counselor on Int Law to the Dept. of State, Beyond the Democratic Peace,  44 Va. J. Int'l L. 341, Lexis
If major interstate war is predominantly a product of a synergy …. transition to stable democracy or vice versa? And what, in general, happens when levels of deterrence are dramatically increased or decreased? 

Grid failure threatens critical missions – CandC, intel, sats, drones, etc. – SMRs key/renewables fail – also deters attack and are safer
Loudermilk ’11, Micah J., Research Associate, Energy and Envt’l Security Policy, Institute for Nat’l Strategic Studies, Nat’l Defense U, 3/27/11 (“Small Nuclear Reactors: Enabling Energy Security for Warfighters,” http://smallwarsjournal.com/blog/small-nuclear-reactors-enabling-energy-security-for-warfighters)
Last month, the Institute for National Strategic Studies at National …sealed reactor cores, and lower operational requirements.

Blackouts independently cause lashout
Andres and Breetz 11 (Richard Andres, Professor of National Security Strategy at the National War College and a Senior Fellow and Energy and Environmental Security and Policy Chair in the Center for Strategic Research, Institute for National Strategic Studies, at the National Defense University, and Hanna Breetz, doctoral candidate in the Department of Political Science at The Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Small Nuclear Reactorsfor Military Installations:Capabilities, Costs, andTechnological Implications, www.ndu.edu/press/lib/pdf/StrForum/SF-262.pdf)

The DOD interest in small reactors derives largely from problems with base and logistics ….sake of disrupting civilian systems, but the powerful incentive to do so in order to win an ongoing battle or war would be greatly reduced.

Advantage 2 – Leadership

Global nuclear expansion now
Orcutt 12 (Mike Orcutt, Technology Review’s research editor, “Despite Fukushima, Nuclear Keeps Powering Ahead,” 3/12/12) http://www.technologyreview.com/news/427194/despite-fukushima-nuclear-keeps-powering-ahead/
A few countries have scaled back in response to the….and the number under construction, or planned*.

International tech is taking over the global nuclear market – risks widespread proliferation – DoD leadership on SMRs is key to check prolif
Loudermilk 11 (Micah Loudermilk, Senior Research Associate for the Energy and Environmental Security Policy program with the Institute for National Strategic Studies at National Defense University. 2-23-11, “In Defense of Small Reactors: A Response,” http://csis.org/blog/defense-small-reactors-response)
What we do know, however, is this: the domestic …of preserving the nonproliferation agenda.

Other countries are racing to bring SMRs to market – the only way to prevent rapid proliferation is deployment of new reactors
Colvin 11 (Joe Colvin, president of the American Nuclear Society, president and CEO of the Nuclear Energy Institute, held many senior positions with the Institute of Nuclear Power Operations, 20 years in the Navy operating a nuclear submarine, 6-7-11, testimony before the Senate Committee on Energy and National Resources, available here: http://theenergycollective.com/ansorg/58930/ans-president-joe-colvin-testifies-about-smr-legislation)
Second, new SMR designs employ the…. share our approach toward safety and nonproliferation.

Proliferation is rapid and pressures states to adopt offensive use doctrines, escalating to nuclear war and extinction
Utgoff 2002, Deputy Director of Strategy, Forces, and Resources Division of Institute for Defense Analysis Victor A., “Proliferation, Missile Defence and American Ambitions,” Survival, Summer, p. 87-90
Further, the large number of states that became capable of …willing and able to play the role of sheriff, or to be members of a sheriff’s posse, even in the face of nuclear threats.

Deterrence doesn’t check conflict escalation in a world of prolif
Muller 2008 Harald, Executive Director, Head of Research Department (RD) Peace Research Institute of Frankfurt, “The Future of Nuclear Weapons in an Interdependent World” The Washington Quarterly, Spring, http://www.twq.com/08spring/docs/08spring_muller.pdf
A world populated by many nuclear-weapon states … and related facilities, the more points of access are available to terrorists.
 
New proliferants will be especially unstable–ensures nuclear first strikes and accidents
Arbatov, 04 (Alexei, Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences and Director of the Center of International Security, Institute of the World Economy and International Relations, Russian Academy of Sciences, 4/13/2004. “Horizontal Proliferation: New Challenges”, Russia in Global Affairs, http://eng.globalaffairs.ru/numbers/7/531.html)
As the situation stands, further nuclear proliferation is highly probable. … the threat of nuclear weapon employment, but will make this employment in the foreseeable future inevitable as many risk factors will overlap.

Nuclear proliferation significantly increases the risk of low level conflicts-Kargil proves that new proliferators will pursue adventurist foreign interventions
S. Paul Kapur April 2007 (Dangerous Deterrent: Nuclear Weapons Proliferation and Conflict in South Asia, Stanford UP, pp. 34-35)
As noted, scholars are virtually unanimous in their belief that… to the nuclear level,...this facilitates the resort to violence."

And, these low-level conflicts will quickly escalate out of control, culminating in nuclear war
Richard Russell March 2003 (The Nuclear Peace Fallacy: How Deterrence Can Fail, The Journal of Strategic Studies, Vol. 26 No. 1, pp. 136-155)
Nuclear-armed adversaries might calculate that honor, fear and … the victim to unleash nuclear retaliatory strikes to stave off conventional military defeat.

Small reactors won’t make it absent military leadership
Andres and Breetz 11 (Richard B. Andres is Professor of National Security Strategy at the National War College and a Senior fellow and energy and environmental Security and Policy Chair in the Center for Strategic research, institute for national Strategic Studies, at the national Defense University. Hanna L. Breetz is a doctoral candidate in the Department of Political Science at the Massachusetts institute of technology.  February 2011, “Small nuclear reactors for military installations: capabilities, costs, and technological implications,” http://www.ndu.edu/press/lib/pdf/StrForum/SF-262.pdf)
The “Valley of Death.” Given the promise that small reactors …costs of site-banking, gaining NRC certification for new technologies, and demonstrating technical viability.32

DoD procurement is critical to ensure success of SMRs – solves regulatory issues
Andres and Loudermilk 10 (Richard B. Andres, PhD. Senior Research Fellow, Center for Strategic Research (CSR), Energy and Environmental Security, Institute for National Security Studies at the National Defense University, Professor of National Security Strategy at the National War College; Micah J. Loudermilk, research associate with the Energy and Environmental Security Policy program, M.A. in international relations from Akron University, 8-23-10, “Small reactors and the military’s role in securing America’s nuclear industry,” http://sitrep.globalsecurity.org/articles/100823646-small-reactors-and-the-militar.htm)
Notwithstanding all of these benefits, with a difficult regulation environment, …. Small reactors offer numerous benefits to the United States and a path initiated by the military presents a realistic route by which their adoption can be achieved.

SMR design makes them resistant to prolif, accidents, and terrorism
Wheeler 10 (John Wheeler, Workforce Planning Manager for Entergy. He also is an American Nuclear Society member, November 2010, “Small modular reactors may offer significant safety and security advantages,” http://thisweekinnuclear.com/?p=1193)
The goal of nuclear plant emergency planning is to protect people … construction times, and scalability, may tip the scales in favor of a new generation of small, factory built modular reactors.

And comparatively better than large nuclear plants
Andres and Breetz 11 (Richard B. Andres is Professor of National Security Strategy at the National War College and a Senior fellow and energy and environmental Security and Policy Chair in the Center for Strategic research, institute for national Strategic Studies, at the national Defense University. Hanna L. Breetz is a doctoral candidate in the Department of Political Science at the Massachusetts institute of technology.  February 2011, “Small nuclear reactors for military installations: capabilities, costs, and technological implications,” http://www.ndu.edu/press/lib/pdf/StrForum/SF-262.pdf)
Although generalizing about the next generation of small reactors … These features have the potential to remove many of the risk factors associated with larger reactors.

SMRs are far safer than other reactors – five reasons
Wheeler 10 (John Wheeler, Workforce Planning Manager for Entergy. He also is an American Nuclear Society member, November 2010, “Small modular reactors may offer significant safety and security advantages,” http://thisweekinnuclear.com/?p=1193) 

The goal of nuclear plant emergency planning is to protect people … shorter construction times, and scalability, may tip the scales in favor of a new generation of small, factory built modular reactors.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
plan

The United States federal government should procure small modular reactors for its military installations in the United States. 

1ac – military

Contention 1 is the military

The grid is vulnerable – multiple different threats cause year long blackouts
Magnuson 12 (Stew Magnuson, managing editor of National Defense Magazine, Washington, D.C.-based journalist and the author of The Death of Raymond Yellow Thunder: And Other True Stories from the Nebraska-Pine Ridge Border Towns,
 the Nebraska Nonfiction Book of the Year for 2009, bronze medal in the regional nonfiction category, September 2012, “Feds Fear Coordinated Physical, Cyber-Attacks on Electrical Grids,” http://www.nationaldefensemagazine.org/archive/2012/september/Pages/FedsFearCoordinatedPhysical,Cyber-AttacksonElectricalGrids.aspx)

Electrical grids in the United States are vulnerable to both … space weather event that took out a dozen, you might be waiting quite a while,” he said. They weigh about 300 tons, can only be delivered by special rail car, and most are now manufactured overseas.

DOD grid dependence destroys the military – only SMRs solve
Robitaille 12 (George E. Robitaille, Master in Strategic Studies degree from Army War College, March 2012, “Small modular reactors: the army’s secure source of energy?” http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA561802)
According to a recent report by the Defense Science Board, the DoD gets ninety nine percent of ….. fired power plants on the environment.

Domestic installations are key – must function 24/7
Schneider et al. 08 (Dr. William Schieder Jr., chairman of the Defense Science Board, served on the committee of many different defense research projects, Report of the Defense Science Board Task Force on DOD Energy Security, “More Fight – Less Fuel,” February 2008, http://www.acq.osd.mil/dsb/reports/ADA477619.pdf)

Unfortunately, the current architecture of the grid is vulnerable to even simple attacks. In addition to ………..
but the power needed is significantly greater than that needed to support only specific critical missions

Loss of command and control
Snider 12 (Annie Snider, reporter for Environment and Energy Publishing, graduate degree in journalism from Northwestern, 1-16-12, “Pentagon still can’t define energy security, much less achieve it,” http://www.eenews.net/Greenwire/2012/01/16/archive/1)

A terrorist attack that caused a long-term grid disruption "could significantly affect ………..
defense energy experts, project developers and utilities.

Hard power outweighs all other elements of heg
Nye 11 – (6/6/11, Joseph, former US assistant secretary of defense, is a professor at Harvard University and the author of The Future of Power, “Has Economic Power Replaced Military Might?” http://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/nye95/English)

Economic resources are increasingly important in this century, but it would be a mistake to write ……..centuries, but it will remain a crucial component of power in world politics. 

Heg solves extinction – empirics prove
Barnett, 11 - chief analyst at Wikistrat, former visiting scholar at the University of Tennessee’s Howard Baker Center for Public Policy and a visiting strategist at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory, former Senior Strategic Researcher and Professor in the Warfare Analysis and Research Department, Center for Naval Warfare Studies (Thomas, World Politics Review, “The New Rules: Leadership Fatigue Puts U.S., and Globalization, at Crossroads,” 3/7, http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/8099/the-new-rules-leadership-fatigue-puts-u-s-and-globalization-at-crossroads)

It is worth first examining the larger picture: We live in a time of arguably the greatest structural change in ……..we collectively faced such a fluid structure, we would do well to keep U.S. power, in all of its forms, deeply embedded in the geometry to come.

Best statistical studies prove heg solves war – violence is declining and heg maintains free trade, deterrence, democracy and other proximate checks
Owen 11 – John M. Owen Professor of Politics at University of Virginia PhD from Harvard "DON’T DISCOUNT HEGEMONY" Feb 11 www.cato-unbound.org/2011/02/11/john-owen/dont-discount-hegemony/

Andrew Mack and his colleagues at the Human Security Report Project are to be congratulated. Not only do they ……..liberal democracy remains strong.

Transition independently causes war
Khanna, 09 – Director of the Global Governance Initiative at the New America Foundation (Parag, The second world: how emerging powers are redefining global competition in the twenty-first century, p. 337-338) 

Even this scenario is optimistic, for superpowers are by definition willing to encroach on the turf ……..arrows and not enough to time’s cycle”?65 Empires and superpowers usually promise peace but bring wars.66  The time to recognize the current revolutionary situation is now—before the next world war.67

Blackouts independently cause lashout
Andres and Breetz 11 (Richard Andres, Professor of National Security Strategy at the National War College and a Senior Fellow and Energy and Environmental Security and Policy Chair in the Center for Strategic Research, Institute for National Strategic Studies, at the National Defense University, and Hanna Breetz, doctoral candidate in the Department of Political Science at The Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Small Nuclear Reactorsfor Military Installations:Capabilities, Costs, andTechnological Implications, www.ndu.edu/press/lib/pdf/StrForum/SF-262.pdf)

The DOD interest in small reactors derives largely from problems with base and logistics vulnerability. Over the ……..civilian systems, but the powerful incentive to do so in order to win an ongoing battle or war would be greatly reduced.

SMRs island bases and ensure constant power supply
King et al. 11 (Marcus King, Associate Director of Research at The George Washington University's Elliott School of International Affairs, with a concurrent appointment as Associate Research Professor of International Affairs, former Project Director and Research Analyst for the Environment and Energy Team at the Center for Naval Analyses; LaVar Huntzinger, Center for Naval Analyses, author of Market Analysis with Rational Expectations, Theory, and Estimation and other books; Thoi Nguyen, research staff at Center for Naval Analyses, March 2011, “Nuclear Power on Military Installations,” http://www.cna.org/sites/default/files/research/Nuclear%20Power%20on%20Military%20Installations%20D0023932%20A5.pdf)

Small nuclear power plants could contribute to electrical energy surety and survivability. ……..be located on or near the DoD installation being serviced. However, redundancy in transmission lines would make the overall network more robust.

Renewables can’t solve
Butler 11 (Lt. Col. Glen Butler, Headquarters, North American Air Defense Command-U.S. Northern Command/J594 (Strategy, Policy, and Plans Directorate), Security Cooperation Integration Branch, 3-1-11, “Not green enough: Why the Marine Corps should lead the environmental and energy way forward and how to do it,” http://www.mca-marines.org/gazette/not-green-enough)

First, the political climate, though still tenuous, is shifting to favorable, with the change coming from the top ……..and see” and “let the others do it; then we’ll adopt it” mentality is not always best. Energy security demands boldness, not timidity.

Backup generators fail too
Andres 11 (Dr. Richard B. Andres, Energy Security Chair, Institute for National Strategic Studies Professor of National Security Strategy, National War College National Defense University, October 2011, “Secure Grid ’11: Electrical Grid Crisis Tabletop Exercise,” http://www.ndu.edu/inss/docuploaded/Secure%20Grid%20'11%20After-Action%20Report.pdf)

The Military – According to USNORTHCOM, its bases at the installation level are not normally……..impacting the ability of installations to conduct primary missions

1ac – smrs 

Contention 2 is prolif

International tech is taking over the global nuclear market – risks widespread proliferation – DoD leadership on SMRs is key
Loudermilk 11 (Micah Loudermilk, Senior Research Associate for the Energy and Environmental Security Policy program with the Institute for National Strategic Studies at National Defense University. 2-23-11, “In Defense of Small Reactors: A Response,” http://csis.org/blog/defense-small-reactors-response)

What we do know, however, is this: the domestic nuclear industry in the U.S. has stagnated and ……..from a mindset of preserving the nonproliferation agenda.

Other countries are racing to bring SMRs to market – only a US market solves leadership
Colvin 11 (Joe Colvin, president of the American Nuclear Society, president and CEO of the Nuclear Energy Institute, held many senior positions with the Institute of Nuclear Power Operations, 20 years in the Navy operating a nuclear submarine, 6-7-11, testimony before the Senate Committee on Energy and National Resources, available here: http://theenergycollective.com/ansorg/58930/ans-president-joe-colvin-testifies-about-smr-legislation)

Second, new SMR designs employ the latest generation suite of safety features. Obviously, we are all ……..marketplace, rather than ceding the territory to non-US suppliers that may not always share our approach toward safety and nonproliferation.

Prolif is determined by supply, not demand
Kroenig 09 (Matthew Kroenig, assistant professor of Government at Georgetown University and a Stanton Nuclear Security Fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations, “Importing the Bomb: Sensitive Nuclear Assistance and Nuclear Proliferation,” Journal of Conflict Resolution April 2009 vol. 53 no. 2 161-180)

In broader terms, this paper provided strong support for the supply-side approach to nuclear ……..by understanding which states are able to get them.   

Prolif causes nuclear war – new proliferants are uniquely unstable – deterrence theory is false
Kroenig 12 (Matthew Kroenig, Assistant Professor of Government, Georgetown University and Stanton Nuclear Security Fellow, Council on Foreign Relations, June 4, 2012, “The history of proliferation optimism: does it have a future?” http://npolicy.org/article_file/The_History_of_Proliferation_Optimism.pdf)

Nuclear War. The greatest threat posed by the spread of nuclear weapons is nuclear war…….. Middle East crisis could result in a devastating nuclear exchange.   

Prolif will be fast and destabilizing - accidents, miscalculation, terrorist acquisition, and on-going disputes guarantee nuclear war
Evans 09 – (Gareth, Chancellor of the Australian National University, an Honorary Professorial Fellow at the University of Melbourne and President Emeritus of the Brussels-based International Crisis Group, and Yoriko Kawaguchi, Member of the House of Councillors for the Liberal Democratic Party since 2005. She was Special Adviser to the Prime Minister of Japan, “Eliminating Nuclear Threats,” International Commission on Nuclear Non-Proliferation and Disarmament, http://www.icnnd.org/reference/reports/ent/part-ii-3.html)

3.1 Ensuring that no new states join the ranks of those already nuclear armed ……..less in a regional setting with multiple nuclear power centres divided by multiple and cross-cutting sources of conflict.

Small reactors won’t make it absent military leadership
Andres and Breetz 11 (Richard B. Andres is Professor of National Security Strategy at the National War College and a Senior fellow and energy and environmental Security and Policy Chair in the Center for Strategic research, institute for national Strategic Studies, at the national Defense University. Hanna L. Breetz is a doctoral candidate in the Department of Political Science at the Massachusetts institute of technology.  February 2011, “Small nuclear reactors for military installations: capabilities, costs, and technological implications,” http://www.ndu.edu/press/lib/pdf/StrForum/SF-262.pdf)

The “Valley of Death.” Given the promise that small reactors hold for military installations and mobility, ……..gaining NRC certification for new technologies, and demonstrating technical viability.32

DoD procurement is critical to ensure success – solves regulatory issues
Andres and Loudermilk 10 (Richard B. Andres, PhD. Senior Research Fellow, Center for Strategic Research (CSR), Energy and Environmental Security, Institute for National Security Studies at the National Defense University, Professor of National Security Strategy at the National War College; Micah J. Loudermilk, research associate with the Energy and Environmental Security Policy program, M.A. in international relations from Akron University, 8-23-10, “Small reactors and the military’s role in securing America’s nuclear industry,” http://sitrep.globalsecurity.org/articles/100823646-small-reactors-and-the-militar.htm)

Notwithstanding all of these benefits, with a difficult regulation environment, anti-nuclear …….. and a path initiated by the military presents a realistic route by which their adoption can be achieved.

Deterrence doesn’t check conflict escalation in a world of prolif
Muller 2008 Harald, Executive Director, Head of Research Department (RD) Peace Research Institute of Frankfurt, “The Future of Nuclear Weapons in an Interdependent World” The Washington Quarterly, Spring, http://www.twq.com/08spring/docs/08spring_muller.pdf

A world populated by many nuclear-weapon states poses grave dangers. Regional ……..in the first place. Moreover, the more states that possess nuclear weapons and related facilities, the more points of access are available to terrorists. 

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
The United States Federal Government should end restrictions that allow the Secretary of the Interior to block production of wind and/or solar energy in Tribal Energy Resource Agreements.  

TERA regulations deter investment and stifle Native control over energy development---reform is necessary to boost Native sovereignty and effective renewable energy production
Kronk 12—Assistant Professor, Texas Tech University School of Law (Elizabeth, Tribal Energy Resource Agreements: The Unintended "Great Mischief for Indian Energy Development" and the Resulting Need for Reform, 29 Pace Envtl. L. Rev. 811)

Many tribes are currently engaged in some form of energy development. n112 A long history of energy development and  *843  ….. The failure of the federal government to recognize that many tribes are capable of independent decision-making would see tribal nations "frozen in a perpetual state of tutelage." n155

Federal restrictions allow for arbitrary interference in Native energy projects and are antithetical to Native sovereignty
Unger 10—Clerk, Hon. Ferdinand Fernandez , U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit, JD Loyola Law School, MA - Linguistic Anthropology, University of Texas at Austin (Kathleen, CHANGE IS IN THE WIND: SELF-DETERMINATION AND WIND POWER THROUGH TRIBAL ENERGY RESOURCE AGREEMENTS, http://www.tribesandclimatechange.org/docs/tribes_24.pdf)

The decision not to transfer responsibility to the tribe can be made during the consultation process if …… that governs tribal resource development, to truly unleash the power of tribal wind.

Contention 2 is native economies –
The status quo allows for cycles of structural violence to occur on Native lands---sovereign development of renewable energy is necessary to combat fossil fuel colonialism
Gough 9—Intertribal Council On Utility Policy; paper submitted by Honor the Earth, the Intertribal Council on Utility Policy, the Indigenous Environmental Network, and the International  Indian Treaty Council (Bob, Energy Justice in Native America, A Policy Paper for Consideration by the Obama Administration and the 111th Congress, www.mynewsletterbuilder.com/email/newsletter/1409857447)

A just nation-to-nation relationship means breaking the cycle of asking ……. The costs of fuel for wind and solar power can be projected into the future, providing a unique opportunity for stabilizing an energy intensive economy.

renewable energy allows for a democratic paradigm shift that preserves domestic communities
LaDuke 7—executive director of both Honor the Earth and White Earth Land Recovery Project (Winona, Local Energy, Local Power, www.community-wealth.org/_pdfs/articles-publications/municipal/article-laduke.pdf)

“We believe the wind is wakan, a holy or great power,” explains Pat Spears, from his home on …… by uranium mines and proposed nuclear waste dumps in Western Shoshone and Goshute communities. Native communities are ready for a change.

Strong economies are key to Native cultural survival—it’s the only way to safeguard rights and identity
CARTER 6-12-2012 Writer for the Journal Record (M. Scott, “Former chief: Economic development crucial to tribes' future, sovereignty in Oklahoma”, 2012, Journal Record, Proquest)
Oklahoma's tribal nations should push economic development not just …….The Sovereignty Symposium continues through Wednesday.

Advantage 2 is warming

Native lands are prime areas for renewables development and can operate as laboratories that can be modeled
Sullivan 10 (Bethany C. Sullivan, J.D. Candidate, University of Arizona James E. Rogers College of Law, “CHANGING WINDS: RECONFIGURING THE LEGAL FRAMEWORK FOR RENEWABLE-ENERGY DEVELOPMENT IN INDIAN COUNTRY” Arizona Law Review Fall 2010, 52 Ariz. L. Rev. 823)
There are numerous reasons to support the development ……other industry players--such as state governments--can learn. 12

Native renewables can offset immense amounts of carbon emissions
Gough 2 (Robert Gough,  Robert Gough, is an attorney (University of Minnesota) with graduate degrees in sociology (Fordham University) and cultural anthropology (University of Wisconsin), specializing in cultural ecology, and working with American Indian Tribes on cultural and natural resource issues over the past twenty years. He was the El Paso Energy Research Fellow at the Natural Resources Law Center, CU-Boulder, CO, working on technical and policy issues involved in connecting reservation based renewable generation on to the federal grid. He is presently a visiting professional at NREL's Wind Technology Center to increase outreach to Indian Country. He is a participating representative to the InterTribal Energy Network, the National Wind Coordinating Committee, Wind On The Wires, High Plains SEED, and the Environmental Justice Climate Change Initiative, among other organizations., “Indigenous Peoples and Renewable Energy: Thinking Locally, Acting Globally  A Modest Native Proposal for Climate Justice from the Northern Great Plains” Second National People of Color Environmental Leadership Summit - Summit II  Resource Paper Series  October 23, 2002)
The Native Peoples on North American occupy a unique position as Indigenous Peoples …… that necessary to meet the Kyoto target for the entire United States for the 1999 emission levels. 11
This is key to stave off climate change that threatens native survival – warming is real and anthropogenic and only native peoples can solve
Parker et al 6 (Alan Parker, Zoltán Grossman, Edward Whitesell, Brett Stephenson, Terry Williams, Preston Hardison, Laural Ballew, Brad Burnham, Jill Bushnell, and Renée Klosterman, “Executive Summary: Indigenous peoples are the “miner’s canary” of global climate change.” In Climate Change and Pacific Rim Indigenous Nations, Published in October 2006 by the Northwest Indian Applied Research Institute (NIARI), The Evergreen State College, Olympia, Washington, USA)
Indigenous peoples are the “miner’s canary” of global climate change for the rest of humanity. ……. must include mechanisms to ensure the sustained financial and administrative sup- port for their implementation.

Contention 3 is solvency – 

Plan resolves economic development in line with indigenous culture –sends signal of native sovereignty globally
Kronk 10 (ELIZABETH ANN KRONK J.D., University of Michigan School of Law; B.A., Cornell University. Assistant Profes- sor of Law, University of Montana School of Law; Chief Judge, Sault Ste. Marie Tribe of Chippewa Indians Court of Appeals, ALTERNATIVE ENERGY DEVELOPMENT IN INDIAN COUNTRY: LIGHTING THE WAY FOR THE SEVENTH GENERATION, 46 Idaho L. Rev. 449 2009-2010)
Moreover, the development of alternative energy projects in Indian country ……..and participating in building the infrastructure required to support green energy."57

Framing the plan through federal trust responsibility is key – creates self sufficiency – actually developing energy is key too
Grossman 6 (Zoltán, Member of the Faculty in Geography / Native American and World Indigenous Peoples Studies, The Evergreen State College (Olympia, Washington), “International Indigenous Responses” in Climate Change and Pacific Rim Indigenous Nations, October 2006) Northwest Indian Applied Research Institute (NIARI), The Evergreen State College, Olympia, Washington, USA)
Yet Indigenous peoples are not dealing entirely with a rigged game. The direct involvement of recognized …….. corporate control of the energy economy—the status quo that generated the global climate change cri- sis in the first place.

Only the plan works – every strategy that isn’t federal incentives for renewables fails – plan reinvigorates the trust doctrine to reduce dependency on the government
Mills 6 (Andrew D. Mills Submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science In the Energy and Resources Group of the University of California, Berkeley, “Wind Energy in Indian Country: Turning to Wind for the Seventh Generation”)
The third justification for energy development is that energy development promotes …… development is often associated with economic development for tribes because it builds capacity and promotes self-determination. Many tribes feel that without the funds from energy projects they would be chronically dependent on fickle federal funds.

Failure to support the Trust Doctrine leave no check on federal and state relationships with tribes – the trust doctrine can act as a successful balance of power of sovereignty within states
WILKINS AND LOMAWAIMA 2002 (David E. Wilkins, a member of the Lumbee Tribe, is associate professor of American Indian studies, political science, and law at the University of Minnesota and coauthor, with Vine Deloria, Jr., of Tribes, Treaties, and Constitutional Tribulations. K. Tsianina Lomawaima is an associate professor of American Indian Studies at the University of Arizona and the daughter of a former Chilocco student., Uneven Ground: American Indian Sovereignty and Federal Law, p. 69-72)
We turn our attention first to the recent phenomenon of growing resentment from what ……. but laws founded in justice and humanity shall from time to time be made, for preventing wrongs being done to them, and for preserving peace and friendship with them" (1 St. 50,52).

Reforming TERA is key to outside investment and Native ownership
Royster 12—Professor of Law and Co-Director, Native American Law Center, University of Tulsa College of Law (Judith, Tribal Energy Development: Renewables and the Problem of the Current Statutory Structures, 31 Stan. Envtl. L.J. 91)

The non-minerals statutes that might be used for renewable energy development share a pair of significant disadvantages. …….. however, the TERA process may be more of a barrier than an opportunity. n135

The policy possibilities for native peoples are prefigured by western epistemological frames of reference for decision-making that are dominated by elite interests bent on resource exploitation – we should rethink the value structure implied by western epistemologies that systematically eliminate native people’s interests from politics – affirming reciprocity, holistic tribal knowledge, and the perspective of future generations within our decision frames is necessary for survival of the whole environment
Robyn 2— part of the Anishinabe (Chippewa) nation. She receive d her Ph.D. from Western Michigan University in 1998 and is currently an assistant professor in the Criminal Justice Department at Northern Arizona University.  (Linda, Indigenous Knowledge and Technology, The American Indian Quarterly 26.2 (2002) 198-220)
As we begin to examine the relationship between American Indians and environmental justice, it is important to note that American courts have many times in the past criminalized, whether consciously or not, traditional knowledge. Indian people who have challenged multinational corporate giants and the government through political activism in an effort to halt environmentally destructive projects on their lands have been criminalized and arrested to silence their claims. Leaving traditional knowledge out of environmental ………. that Native peoples of the Americas present to our global society can be utilized in many ways, if given the chance.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
PLAN
The United States federal government should procure small modular reactors for use on its military installations in the United States. 

1AC – GRID 

The grid is vulnerable – multiple different threats cause year long blackouts
Magnuson 12 (Stew Magnuson, managing editor of National Defense Magazine, Washington, D.C.-based journalist and the author of The Death of Raymond Yellow Thunder: And Other True Stories from the Nebraska-Pine Ridge Border Towns, the Nebraska Nonfiction Book of the Year for 2009, bronze medal in the regional nonfiction category, September 2012, “Feds Fear Coordinated Physical, Cyber-Attacks on Electrical Grids,” http://www.nationaldefensemagazine.org/archive/2012/september/Pages/FedsFearCoordinatedPhysical,Cyber-AttacksonElectricalGrids.aspx)

Electrical grids in the United States are vulnerable to both cyber-attacks and space weather, ….he said. They weigh about 300 tons, can only be delivered by special rail car, and most are now manufactured overseas.

DOD grid dependence destroys the military – only SMRs solve
Robitaille 12 (George E. Robitaille, Master in Strategic Studies degree from Army War College, March 2012, “Small modular reactors: the army’s secure source of energy?” http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA561802)

According to a recent report by the Defense Science Board, the DoD gets ninety nine percent of their … with building coal or natural gas fired power plants on the environment.

Attack eviscerates the military and independently causes lashout
Tilford 12 (Robert Tilford, Wichita Military Affairs Examiner, Former soldier US Army, infantry, July 27, 2012, Cyber attackers could shut down the electric grid for the entire east coast, http://www.examiner.com/article/cyber-attackers-could-easily-shut-down-the-electric-grid-for-the-entire-east-coa)

To make matters worse a cyber attack that can take out a civilian power grid, …. “full scale” US military response. That could include the use of “nuclear weapons”, if authorized by the President.

Domestic installations are key – must function 24/7
Schneider et al. 08 (Dr. William Schieder Jr., chairman of the Defense Science Board, served on the committee of many different defense research projects, Report of the Defense Science Board Task Force on DOD Energy Security, “More Fight – Less Fuel,” February 2008, http://www.acq.osd.mil/dsb/reports/ADA477619.pdf)

Unfortunately, the current architecture of the grid is vulnerable to even … significantly greater than that needed to support only specific critical missions

Loss of command and control
Snider 12 (Annie Snider, reporter for Environment and Energy Publishing, graduate degree in journalism from Northwestern, 1-16-12, “Pentagon still can’t define energy security, much less achieve it,” http://www.eenews.net/Greenwire/2012/01/16/archive/1)

A terrorist attack that caused a long-term grid disruption …. to assure it, according to dozens of interviews with military officials, lawmakers, defense energy experts, project developers and utilities.

Hard power outweighs all other elements of heg
Nye 11 – (6/6/11, Joseph, former US assistant secretary of defense, is a professor at Harvard University and the author of The Future of Power, “Has Economic Power Replaced Military Might?” http://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/nye95/English)

Economic resources are increasingly important in this century, but…. utility for states that it had in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, but it will remain a crucial component of power in world politics. 

Military decline results in global conflict—successors won’t fill in and multiple hotspots escalate
Brzezinski 12—Professor of Foreign Policy @ Johns Hopkins
Zbigniew, After America, Foreign Policy, Jan/Dec 2012, http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/01/03/after_america?page=0,0

For if America falters, the world is unlikely to be dominated by a single preeminent successor -- not even China. …. for its foreign policy -- or start bracing itself for a dangerous slide into global turmoil.

US military might solves great power competition and nuclear war – maintains alliances and deters global rivalries and regional conflicts
Ikenberry et al. 13 – (2013, G. John, Albert G. Milbank Professor of Politics and International Affairs at Princeton University and Global Eminence Scholar at Kyung Hee University in Seoul, Stephen Brooks, Associate Professor of Government at Dartmouth College, William Wohlforth, Daniel Webster Professor of Government at Dartmouth College, “Lean Forward: In Defense of American Engagement,” Foreign Affairs, January/February 2013, http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/138468/stephen-g-brooks-g-john-ikenberry-and-william-c-wohlforth/lean-forward)
KEEPING THE PEACE Of course, even if it is true that the costs of deep engagement fall far below what advocates of retrenchment claim, they …. a crucial resource such as oil in the Persian Gulf, means that the provision of protective force can be used in bargaining situations.  Sometimes the linkage may be direct; more often it is a factor not mentioned openly but present in the back of statesmen's minds."

Best statistical studies prove heg solves war
Owen 11 – John M. Owen Professor of Politics at University of Virginia PhD from Harvard "DON’T DISCOUNT HEGEMONY" Feb 11 www.cato-unbound.org/2011/02/11/john-owen/dont-discount-hegemony/

Andrew Mack and his colleagues at the Human Security Report Project are to be congratulated. Not only do they present a study with….authoritarian Muslim countries. But general U.S. material and moral support for liberal democracy remains strong.

Transition independently causes war
Khanna, 09 – Director of the Global Governance Initiative at the New America Foundation (Parag, The second world: how emerging powers are redefining global competition in the twenty-first century, p. 337-338) 

Even this scenario is optimistic, for superpowers are by definition willing to ….  The time to recognize the current revolutionary situation is now—before the next world war.67

SMRs island bases and ensure constant power supply
King et al. 11 (Marcus King, Associate Director of Research at The George Washington University's Elliott School of International Affairs, with a concurrent appointment as Associate Research Professor of International Affairs, former Project Director and Research Analyst for the Environment and Energy Team at the Center for Naval Analyses; LaVar Huntzinger, Center for Naval Analyses, author of Market Analysis with Rational Expectations, Theory, and Estimation and other books; Thoi Nguyen, research staff at Center for Naval Analyses, March 2011, “Nuclear Power on Military Installations,” http://www.cna.org/sites/default/files/research/Nuclear%20Power%20on%20Military%20Installations%20D0023932%20A5.pdf)

Small nuclear power plants could contribute to electrical … However, redundancy in transmission lines would make the overall network more robust.

Renewables can’t solve
Butler 11 (Lt. Col. Glen Butler, Headquarters, North American Air Defense Command-U.S. Northern Command/J594 (Strategy, Policy, and Plans Directorate), Security Cooperation Integration Branch, 3-1-11, “Not green enough: Why the Marine Corps should lead the environmental and energy way forward and how to do it,” http://www.mca-marines.org/gazette/not-green-enough)

First, the political climate, though still tenuous, is shifting to favorable, with the change coming … mentality is not always best. Energy security demands boldness, not timidity.

Backup generators fail too
Andres 11 (Dr. Richard B. Andres, Energy Security Chair, Institute for National Strategic Studies Professor of National Security Strategy, National War College National Defense University, October 2011, “Secure Grid ’11: Electrical Grid Crisis Tabletop Exercise,” http://www.ndu.edu/inss/docuploaded/Secure%20Grid%20'11%20After-Action%20Report.pdf)

The Military – According to USNORTHCOM, its bases at the …thereby impacting the ability of installations to conduct primary missions

1AC – BASING
Involvement in local conflicts is inevitable now – military has the capabilities to succeed
Killebrew 12 (Robert Killebrew, senior fellow at the Center for a New American Security focusing on defense issues, former consultant to the DOD, former Colonel, master’s degrees in history and international relations, June 6, 2012, No matter what Gentile and others wish, counterinsurgency just isn't going away, Foreign Policy, http://ricks.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2012/06/06/no_matter_what_gentile_and_others_wish_counterinsurgency_just_isnt_going_away)

Even as the war in Afghanistan continues to boil, the defense intellectual crowd…contrary to U.S. military tradition and practice. Nothing changes tradition and practice, though, like hard lessons in the field.

Stable fuel supply is the only way to sustain forward operations – that’s key to future irregular warfare
Elwell 11 (Andrew Elwell, MA in history, worked in defense arms manufacturing, now senior news editor with defense news company, 12-1-11, “Renewable energy tech sought for forward operating bases,” http://www.defenceiq.com/army-and-land-forces/articles/forward-operating-base-technologies-clean-green-an/)

“Military operations are a fairly energy-intense undertaking, …desire, nay necessity, to reduce dependence on fossil fuel intensifies.

Only the aff solves self-deterrence and effective conflict de-escalation
BINNENDIJK AND JOHNSON 2003 (Hans and Stuart, Center for Technology and National Security, National Defense University, “Transforming for Stabilization and Reconstruction Operations,” Nov 12)
Understanding this aspect of stabilization and reconstruction operations is important; some of America’s adversaries…whether the operations look easy or hard, but on whether they are essential to the security interests of the United States and its allies.

Managing and containing regional war is critical to prevent several scenarios of global nuclear war including war with Russia
BOSCO 2006 (David, Senior Editor of Foreign Policy, LA Times, July 23, http://www.latimes.com/news/opinion/sunday/commentary/la-op-bosco23jul23,0,6188365.story?coll=la-sunday-commentary)
The understanding that small but violent acts can spark global conflagration is etched into the world's …and the decades-long Cold War, what has the world learned about managing conflict?

Extinction
Helfand and Pastore 2009 Ira Helfand, M.D., and John O. Pastore, M.D., are past presidents of Physicians for Social Responsibility.
March 31, 2009, “U.S.-Russia nuclear war still a threat”, http://www.projo.com/opinion/contributors/content/CT_pastoreline_03-31-09_EODSCAO_v15.bbdf23.html

President Obama and Russian President Dimitri Medvedev are …potential for a nuclear war. The ready alert status of nuclear weapons that existed  in 1995 remains in place today.  

Nuclear enables stability operations to succeed
Causbie 12 (Hanson Causbie, BS in Civil Engineering and BA in Comparative Politics – US Military Academy at West Point, aviation officer in the Army, March 2012, “DEPLOYABLE NUKES: THE FUTURE OF NUCLEAR POWER IN THE DEPLOYED ENVIRONMENT”)

Ten years of operating in the deployed environment have brought to light … cut its environmental waste production and leave its allied partners with a sustainable energy source which could be used for up to a decade.

Nuclear power solves forward operating bases – tons of military benefits and it’s logistically feasible
Schaffer and Chang 09 (Marvin Baker Schaffer, RAND, recipient of several professional awards including the US Army Meritorious Civilian Service Award. He has a Master's Degree in Chemical Engineering from New Jersey Institute of Technology and a Bachelor of Chemical Engineering from Cooper Union and is a motherfucking World War II vet! and Ike Chang, independent military consultant, “Mobile Nuclear Power for Future Land Combat,” Joint Forces Quarterly 52(1), spring 2009, http://www.nuclearfiles.org/menu/key-issues/nuclear-weapons/issues/policy/us-nuclear-policy/weapons/111.pdf)

Mobile nuclear reactors in several varieties can be postulated. They weigh 90 to 100 tons …The concept warrants extensive study by the Department of Defense and the Department of the Army.

Only nuclear can solve
Ackerman 11 (Spencer Ackerman, national security writer for Wired, 2-18-11, “Latest Pentagon brainstorm: nuke-powered war bases,” http://www.wired.com/dangerroom/2011/02/nuke-bases/)

Only one problem. “The only known technology …“unless you really knew what you were doing,” Parthemore says.