Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
Renewables Link

The drive for renewable energy plays into the capitalist drive for profits – planetary catastrophe is inevitable under capitalism regardless of whether we transition from oil to renewables.
Principia Dialectica 2009 Principia Dialectica, "Capitalism Isn’t Addicted to Oil - but Profits," September 30, 2009, http://www.principiadialectica.co.uk/blog/?p=564-http://www.principiadialectica.co.uk/blog/?p=564, mcmc

In 2008, the companies making the largest worldwide profits were all oil companies (
AND
which already exist, and will continue to arise, whilst capitalism persists. 

Heg link

Hegemony is used to promote capitalism.

Meszaros 7 (Istvan Professor Emeritus t Sussex, "The Only Viable Economy," Monthly Review, http://www.monthlyreview.org/0407meszaros.htm)

In our time, by contrast, we have to face up to the reality
AND
be also positively sustainable in the future on a long-term basis.

Economy Link

The idea of economic growth sustains capitalism - creates poverty

Madra %26 Özselçuk ’07, professor at the department of economics @ oğaziçi Üniversitesi and Gettysbyrg Universit/ Ph.D. @ University of Massachusetts Amherst in Sociology (Yahya %26 Ceren, "Chapter Four Economy, Surplus, Politics: Some Questions On Slavoj Žižek’s Political Economy Critique Of Capitalism" 2007 http://www.surplusthought.net/ymadra/MadraOzselcuk.pdf)//JES-http://www.surplusthought.net/ymadra/MadraOzselcuk.pdf)/JES
It is important to note that the exception that constitutes the capitalist-all is
AND
that articulates this function. We call this difference the communist moment.17

Job Creation Link

====They further subdue workers with the illusion of liberatory opportunity. The expansion and promotion of work in the current societal mindset will only expand the prevailing form of thought within the workforce: apathy toward refusing participation in an oppressive societal structure. ====
The Invisible Committee 09- an anonymous group of French communist badass terrorists August 30, 2009 ("The Coming Insurrection", Semiotext(e) P. 45-6)

The sentimental confusion that surrounds the question of work can be explained thus: the
AND
a "Mining Museum" in which methane blasts are simulated for vacationers.

Nuke Power Link

Nuclear power is implicitly representative of a capitalist drive for profits despite the dangers it poses

Acheson 11 (Ray - Reaching Critical Will Director @ WILPF %26 worked with the Institute for Defense %26 Disarmament Studies, "Costs, risks, and myths of nuclear power", Introduction, http://www.nirs.org/international/reachingcriticalwillreport.pdf - accessed 9/23/12) kc

For the nuclear power industry, whether in Japan or elsewhere, the primary motive
AND
disaster that they woud phase-out nuclear power from their energy mixes.

Fossil Fuels Link

Plan contributes to the capitalist drive for energy – inevitably leads to planetary extinction.

Charman 2010 Karen Charman, Managing editor of Capitalism Nature Socialism, M.A. Journalism, Columbia University, "Trashing the Planet for Natural Gas: Shale Gas Development Threatens Freshwater Sources, Likely Escalates Climate Destabilization" Capitalism Nature Socialism,  21:4 December 2010, http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/10455752.2010.531929-http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/10455752.2010.531929. Mcmc

As the large, easy reservoirs of fossil fuels are exhausted, the capitalist machine
AND
unabated, will make the earth uninhabitable for life as we know it. 

1nc Ethics Impact

Resisting capitalism’s reliance on economic evaluation is the ultimate ethical responsibility – the current social order guarantees social exclusion on a global scale

Zizek and Daly 2k4 (Slavoj and Glyn, Conversations with Zizek page 14-16)
For Zizek it is imperative that we cut through this Gordian knot of postmodern protocol
AND
abject Other to that of a ’glitch’ in an otherwise sound matrix. 

ALT

Thus our alternative is a commitment to the Communist Hypothesis.  Every ethical decision should be infused with all of the significance of humanity’s destiny. The affirmative reduces life to a barbaric ratrace and stands opposed to universal emancipation.

Alain Badiou, former Chair of Philosophy at École normale supérieure, 2008.  ~The Meaning of Sarkozy, pp. 97-103~ 

I would like to situate the Sarkozy episode, which is not an impressive page
AND
the moment at which we find ourselves in the history of this hypothesis.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge: 

The debate over nuclear energy is a debate about memory – the nuclear industry relies on a narrative of technological progress that calls on us to forget the trauma of the past in favor of the bright future promised by nuclear energy.

Hayase 12 Nozomi Hayase," Fukushima to ~%23Ajisai Revolution; The Mosaic of Recollection"  JOURNALING BETWEEN WORLDS Global Citizen Blogging July 18, 2012, http://nozomimagine.com/2012/07/18/-http://nozomimagine.com/2012/07/18/

The shock and aftermath of the tsunami temporarily swept people’s feet off the ground.
AND
of memory against forgetting." Our struggle is to resist forgetting our past. 

However, the dominant narrative of nuclear energy can and is being challenged – one alternative source of memory about nuclear violence comes from the poetic praxis of the Japanese band Frying Dutchman:

Hayase 12 Nozomi Hayase," Fukushima to ~%23Ajisai Revolution; The Mosaic of Recollection"  JOURNALING BETWEEN WORLDS Global Citizen Blogging July 18, 2012, http://nozomimagine.com/2012/07/18/-http://nozomimagine.com/2012/07/18/

The resistance didn’t come from the political arena, where promises for change are often
AND
country’s past, the visceral experience of the dark side of nuclear power. 

The task of your ballot should be to join in this struggle of memory against forgetting – your ballot can contribute to the discursive mosaic of resistance surrounding the memory of nuclear violence. Each act of remembering is key to bringing about an inter-connected struggle to reclaim the nuclear public sphere.

Hayase 12 Nozomi Hayase," Fukushima to ~%23Ajisai Revolution; The Mosaic of Recollection"  JOURNALING BETWEEN WORLDS Global Citizen Blogging July 18, 2012, http://nozomimagine.com/2012/07/18/-http://nozomimagine.com/2012/07/18/

This mosaic is our collective recollection. It becomes a shield against forgetting and disrupted
AND
In the wake of the Fukushima disaster, our remembering has just begun. 

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
Calls for energy production are predicated upon dualist objectification- the alternative is to reject the aff to re-examine our ontological position.
Goodman 11 (Benny Goodman is a professor at Plymouth University Transformation for health and sustainability: Dualism and Anthropocentrism. plymouth.academia.edu/bennygoodman /Papers/677349/ Transformation_for_health_and_sustainability_Dualism_and_Anthropocentrism

This ontological position of our ’being’ in the world may devalue the physical world
AND
, we have created a brave new world fit for….buying stuff.

Causes extinction and ontological destruction.  
Gottlieb 94 (Roger S. Gottlieb, professor of humanities at Worcester Polytechnic Institute, 1994, "ETHICS AND TRAUMA: LEVINAS, FEMINISM, AND DEEP ECOLOGY", http://www.crosscurrents.org/feministecology.htm

Perhaps there is in progress another, even more encompassing Death Event, which can
AND
women can feed an infant, but we have only one earth mother. 

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
Insert Uniqueness

Perception of increases in supply and decreases in demand cause immediate drop in global oil prices.

Fedlstein 2008 Martin Feldstein chairman of the Council of Economic Advisers under President Reagan, is a professor at Harvard and a member of The Wall Street Journal’s board of contributors, "We Can Lower Oil Prices Now," Originally published in The Wall Street Journal July 1, 2008 http://www.nber.org/feldstein/wsj07012008.pdf-http://www.nber.org/feldstein/wsj07012008.pdf

Now here is the good news. Any policy that causes the expected future oil
AND
or elsewhere, can therefore lead both to lower prices and increased consumption today 

High Oil prices key to the Russian Economy

Nichol 2012 Jim Nichol, Coordinator Specialist in Russian and Eurasian Affairs, Russian Political, Economic, and Security Issues and U.S. Interests, Congressional Research Service, February 10, 2012, http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL33407.pdf-http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL33407.pdf

Russia’s economy began to recover from the Soviet collapse in 1999, led mainly by
AND
and high rates of crime, corruption, capital flight, and unemployment.

Russian economic decline causes nuclear prolif, accidents, and miscalc.
Cohen 2001 Stephen Cohen, Prof of Russian Studies at NYU, June 7, 2001, http://www.thenation.com/article/russian-nuclear-roulette?page=full-http://www.thenation.com/article/russian-nuclear-roulette?page=full

The bad news is this: Because of what has happened in Russia since the
AND
to rely more heavily than it already does on its fragile nuclear controls. 

Impact’s extinction
Leslie 96 John Leslie, Professor Emeritus of philosophy @ University of Guelph, 1996, The End of the World: The Science and Ethics of Human Extinction, p. 32

Probably, however, it has been accidental nuclear war between the United States and
AND
as low as the regimental level could result in three hundred nuclear explosions.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge: 

Recent approval of South Korea’s SMART reactor has set the stage for South Korean dominance of SMR technology.

Dong-joon 7-5-2012
Korean All-in-one SMR Won World’s First Standard Design Approval http://english.etnews.com/electronics/2610838_1303.html

South Korea’s homegrown SMART reactor has obtained a Standard Design Approval (SDA). With
AND
in advance until 2050, which is valued at approximately 350 trillion won." 

Plan trades off with South Korean SMR development. SK will export their nuclear technology to the U.S

Mowry 7-14-2012
Christofer Mowry is president of Babcock %26 Wilcox Nuclear Energy Inc. (Written Testimony Before the
Energy %26 Water Subcommittee of the Senate Appropriations Committee) https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v%26q=cache:DROyBvy3_D8J:www.appropriations.senate.gov/ht-energy.cfm%3Fmethod%3Dhearings.download%26id%3D814d37cf-a08e-4836-aa57-b0669da6ae5e+%26hl=en%26gl=us%26pid=bl%26srcid=ADGEEShjFr8foL8myuxYz2FRc3RlwHTi8ehc9pO6MoqDa09kugcxaP0Ony1QePQDzpHhx5mWXyQk9DnAwN- tQUw7_rWOmksPoeraciJ7CbEwQd M6YVdWeKkxfll6_zPvXCjX_mV8DIL%26sig=AHIEtbTY6LFybxNN kzQMycDFRd1O7z MrRA) NM

Failing to move forward with this program will not stall the deployment of SMRs in the United
States or world-wide, but will simply stymie the U.S.
AND
.S. design, supply chain, construction, and operations jobs.

Nuclear Industry key to South Korean Economy

Hodge 7-11-2012
(Nick Hodge is the Managing editor of Energy %26 Capital and investment director of the advisory Early Advantage) South Korea goes Nuclear http://www.energyandcapital.com/articles/korea-goes-nuclear/2320

It’s one of the fastest-growing developed nations in the world. In fact
AND
being arranged with Turkey, Indonesia, India, China, and Malaysia.

Economic downturn causes instability and East Asian Prolif

Richardson, 06
(Corey, Staff Writer, Asia Times, "South Korea Must Choose Sides", http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Korea/HI09Dg02.html-http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Korea/HI09Dg02.html)

A Korea faced with an economic dilemma of such magnitude would find maintaining its conventional
AND
between China and Japan, or the Koguryo dispute between Korea and China. 

Global nuclear war

Ogura and Oh 97
(Toshimaru and Ingyu, Professor of Economics at Toyama University, Professor of Innovation Managemnet at the Middle East Technical University in Northern Cyprus, "Nuclear clouds over the Korean Peninsula and Japan", BNET, http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1132/is_n11_v48/ai_19693242/pg_7?tag=artBody;col1-http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1132/is_n11_v48/ai_19693242/pg_7?tag=artBody;col1)

North Korea, South Korea, and Japan have achieved quasi- or virtual nuclear
AND
hot conflict among these countries would threaten to escalate into a global conflagration.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge: 

The aff should defend a topical plan. All advantages should be causal results of the plan.

Prefer our interpretation:

Grammar-

a. Federal Government refers to the national government.

Hartley ’96  (John, "American Civics", p. 39, Google Print)

The term federal government refers to the national government, which is centered in Washington, D.C.

b. Resolved means to enact by law

Words and Phrases ’64  (Permanent Edition)

Definition ofthe word "resolve," given by Webster is "to express an opinion or determination by resolution or vote; as ’it was resolved by the legislature;" It is of similar force to the word "enact," which is defined by Bouvier as meaning "to establish by law".

They make debate Impossible –

a. Ground- the federal government only stable basis for negground. If they aren’t tied to defending it then it’s unlikely we will have applicable research.

b. Limits- they allow any individual ideology, theory or cause to become an aff, which negates our ability to effectively research the aff.

c. Extra T- The aff claims advantages that are unrelated to instrumental implementation, proves the resolution insufficient.

They hijack Education – Predictability is the basis of neg strategy, which is key to clash. The impact is rigorous testing of policies, which is the only way to truly understand the world and is key to value to life.

Zappen ’4  (James, Prof. Language and Literature – Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, "The Rebirth of Dialogue: Bakhtin, Socrates, and the Rhetorical Tradition", p. 35-36)

Finally, Bakhtin describes the Socratic dialogue as a carnivalesque debate between opposing points of
AND
in Soocrates’ successive refutations and humiliations of Gorgias, Polus, and Callicles. 

Switch-side debate creates tolerance for alternative viewpoints, which prevents moral dogmatism.

Muir ’93 (Star, Prof. Comm. – George Mason U., Philosophy and Rhetoric, "A Defense of the Ethics of Contemporary Debate", 26(4), pp. 288-290)

Values clarification, Stewart is correct in pointing out, does not mean that no
AND
thinking, and in turn for the development of a reasoned moral identity. 

They create a political vacuum that cements the status quo

Cook ’92 (Anthony, Associate Professor – Georgetown Law, New England Law Review, Spring, 26 New Eng.L. Rev. 751, Lexis)

The effect of deconstructing the power of the author to impose a fixed meaning on
AND
those who influence us through their eloquence, prestige, wealth and power.

It’s a prior question. Without agreement on the subject debate is impossible.

Shively ’00 (Ruth Lessl, Former Assistant Prof. Pol. Sci. – Texas A%26M, in "Political Theory and Partisan Politics", Ed. Portis, Gundersen and Shively, pp. 181-182)

The requirements given thus far are primarily negative. The ambiguists must say "no
AND
. In other words, contestation rests on some basic agreement or harmony. 

Ontology must be secondary to the prior question of political practice

Jarvis ’00 (Darryl, Senior Lecturer in International Relations – University of Sydney, International Relations and the Challenge of Postmodernism, p. 128-9)

More is the pity that such irrational and obviously abstruse debate should so occupy us
AND
work to address the real life plight of those who struggle at marginal places

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge: 

The cultural turn evoked by "post-strategies" attempts to break part any material analysis through the use of discursive analysis – despite their attempts to incorporate materialism it remains culturalist and stuck within the paradigm of capitalism.

Ebert and Zavarzadeh in 2008(Teresa L., English, State University of New York, Albany, Mas’ud, prolific writer and expert on class ideology, "Class in Culture", p. 27-29)

On the theoretical level, the attacks on labor focused on the material logic:
AND
ideology. Therefore to understand culture, one needs to look "outside."

Resisting capitalism’s reliance on economic evaluation is the ultimate ethical responsibility – the current social order guarantees social exclusion on a global scale

Zizek and Daly 2k4 (Slavoj and Glyn, Conversations with Zizek page 14-16)

For Zizek it is imperative that we cut through this Gordian knot of postmodern protocol
AND
abject Other to that of a ’glitch’ in an otherwise sound matrix. 

The alternative is to reject the aff in favor of historical materialism – historical materialism links social praxis to a decisive judgment on capitalist oppression.

Lukacs in 67 (George, Hungarian Marxist philosopher and literary critic. He is
AND
Hungarian Soviet Republic, History and Class Consciousness) 224-225
Historical materialism has, therefore, a much greater value for the proletariat than that
AND
and so that, armed with this knowledge, it could act accordingly. 

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge: 

Explanation of history as a struggle of people against oppressive regime is anthropocentric.

Resch, associate professor of history at Texas A%26M University, 1992
~Robert Paul, "Althusser and the Renewal of Marxist Social Theory" Berkeley:  University of California Press, http://ark.cdlib.org/ark:/13030/ft3n39n8x3/-http://ark.cdlib.org/ark:/13030/ft3n39n8x3/ Accessed date: 11-1-01~  y2k

Pluralism, relativism, and individualism work together and reinforce each other, but for
AND
"freedoms" against an oppressive but confoundedly hydra-headed "power." 

Anthropocentrism is the root-cause of patriarchy, slavery, racism, and any form of domination.

Best, Associate Professor of Department of Humanities and Philosophies at University of Texas, 2007
~Steven, "Book Review: The Eternal Treblinka: Our Treatment of Animals and the Holocaust" Journal for Critical Animal Studies, Volume V, Issue 2, http://www.criticalanimalstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2009/09/JCAS-Special-Issue-Women-of-Color-November-3-FINAL-2010.pdf-http://www.criticalanimalstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2009/09/JCAS-Special-Issue-Women-of-Color-November-3-FINAL-2010.pdf accessed date: 11-7-11~ y2k

It is little understood that the first form of oppression, domination, and hierarchy
AND
inflicted on black slaves were developed and perfected centuries earlier through animal exploitation. 

Speciesist discourse creates the radical othering of non-human animals reducing them to bare life.

Catlaw 2012 Thomas J. Catlaw is associate professor of public affairs at  the School of Public Affairs, Arizona State University. Regarding the Animal On Biopolitics and the Limits of Humanism in Public Administration http://mesharpe.metapress.com/media/3pvxjjyxmn7wwcxwhkdr/contributions/v/3/2/8/v32838063kujg256.pdf-http://mesharpe.metapress.com/media/3pvxjjyxmn7wwcxwhkdr/contributions/v/3/2/8/v32838063kujg256.pdf

Speciesism, commodification, and its consequences are the manifestation of the practice of radical
AND
book, we love, hate, and eat (Herzog, 2010).

Bare life leads to unending violence and genocide against those deemed not politically worthy.

KOCHI %26 ORDAN 2K8 (Tarik Kochi is a professor at Queen’s University. Noam Ordan is a professor at Bar llan University)  "an argument for the global suicide of humanity", vol 7. no. 4., bourderlands e-journal http://www.borderlands.net.au/vol7no3_2008/kochiordan_argument.pdf-http://www.borderlands.net.au/vol7no3_2008/kochiordan_argument.pdf

Within the picture many paint of humanity, events such as the Holocaust are considered
AND
"an eternal Treblinka" (Singer, 1968, p.750).

Thus the Alternative: Vote negative to reject the ethical exceptionalism of the 1AC.

Rejecting the affirmative opens up the understanding of the species-being, allowing us to move beyond the religion of humanism.

HUDSON 2K4 ~Laura, The Political Animal: Species-Being and Bare Life, mediations journal, http://www.mediationsjournal.org/files/Mediations23_2_04.pdf~~

We are all equally reduced to mere specimens of human biology, mute and uncomprehending
AND
exploitation, how are we to envision the future of politics and society?

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge: 

Uniqueness and internal link: Obama PC makes quick fiscal fix possible – that breaks apart past partisan gridlock to open the way for other issues like CIR

Daly 11/7 Biden: Dems ready to compromise on ’fiscal cliff’, MATTHEW DALY, Associated Press, http://www.wral.com/biden-dems-ready-to-compromise-on-fiscal-cliff-/11749905/

Vice President Joe Biden said Wednesday that he and President Barack Obama are anxious to
AND
are more willing to cooperate with Democrats than during the past two years.

Link – energy policy causes massive partisan gridlock

McEntee 12 Science, Politics and Public Opinion, Christine McEntee, Executive Director and CEO, American Geophysical Union, AUGUST 15, 2012, http://energy.nationaljournal.com/2012/08/finding-the-sweet-spot-biparti.php

As convenient as it would be to say that a single change could alleviate the
AND
energy disaster to get sufficient voter support for significant legislation on these issues.

Impact: comprehensive reform solves Mexican relations- that’s key to border security and stopping terrorism

Castaneda et al., NYU Politics and Latin American Studies professor, 2005
(Jorge, "NORTH AMERICAN COOPERATION ON THE BORDER", HEARING BEFORE THE COMMITTEE ON FOREIGN RELATIONS UNITED STATES SENATE ONE HUNDRED NINTH CONGRESS FIRST SESSION, 7-12, http://ftp.resource.org/gpo.gov/hearings/109s/28131.txt-http://ftp.resource.org/gpo.gov/hearings/109s/28131.txt,  )

I think that attitudes in Mexico have changed in relation to drugs and I think
AND
President Fox has made an effort to educate Mexican society about these issues.

Extinction

Mohamed Sid-Ahmed, Al-Ahram Weekly political analyst, ’04
~Al-Ahram Weekly, "Extinction%21" 8/26, no. 705,  http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2004/705/op5.htm~~

What would be the consequences of a nuclear attack by terrorists? Even if it
AND
When nuclear pollution infects the whole planet, we will all be losers.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
Text: The fifty states of America and all relevant localities and territories, should…

Counterplan solves the entirety of the case – the States have access to the same toolbox as the federal government

Wiener, Program Evaluation Analyst, and Koontz, Ohio State Associate Natural Resources Professor, 2010,
(Joshua and Tomas, "Shifting Winds: Explaining Variation in State Policies to Promote Small-Scale Wind Energy", Policy Studies Journal, November, Vol. 38, Iss. 4, PAS) Accessed on ProQuest 8-6-12 

Previous research has identified several common policy tools used by state governments to promote environmental
AND
of many renewable technologies that policymakers can support to fulfill the RPS obligations. 

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge: 

60 different reactor designs

King et al 11 (Dr. Marcus, Research Analyst and Project Director – CNA Corporation’s Center for Naval Analyses, LaVar Huntzinger, and Thoi Nguyen, "Feasibility of Nuclear Power on U.S. Military Installations," CNA Analysis and Solutions, March, http://www.cna.org/sites/default/files/research/Nuclear%20Power%20on%20Military-http://www.cna.org/sites/default/files/research/Nuclear Power on Military %20Installations%20D0023932%20A5.pdf)

Status of SMR technologies and commercialization
According to two recent International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) reports, more than 60 SMRs with a diverse set of features and spanning the full gamut of technical readiness are being studied by various countries ~4, 5~. The systems are typically categorized by their primary coolant:
• Water - light and heavy
• Gas - carbon dioxide and helium
• Liquid metal - sodium, lead, and lead-bismuth
• Molten salt - with or without dissolved fuel.
Using the number of reactor-years of experience as a basis of technology maturity
AND
Models of the PRISM, MHR, and HPM designs are given in figure

There are several types of reactors – just based upon cooling processes – the Aff must specify which type for our fuel links.

Key to ground- never know what process
Over limits topic- allows any kind of fuel process
Fairness- never prepared for each fuel they can spike out of
Takes out access to our nuclear fuel disads
voter 

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge: 

Adequate funding exists for environmental and security responsibilities but most hold the line on spending

EPA 2012
~"EPA’s FY 2013 Budget Proposal Focuses on Core Environmental and Human Health Protections / EPA budget supports President Obama’s vision of an America that is built to last" http://yosemite.epa.gov/opa/admpress.nsf/0/D38E604EF465557A852579A3005F4630-http://yosemite.epa.gov/opa/admpress.nsf/0/D38E604EF465557A852579A3005F4630~~ IK

WASHINGTON – Today the Obama Administration proposed a FY 2013 budget of %248.
AND
of this agency and ensured the protections the American people expect and deserve." 

Enforcement of energy regulations drains EPA resources and forces budget trade-offs

OECD 2000
~January 2000, OECD is an International organisation helping governments tackle the economic, social and governance challenges of a globalised economy, "Voluntary approaches for Environmental Policy: An Assessment", http://books.google.com/books?id=rIoDuRBzf-0C%26pg=PA31%26lpg=PA31%26dq=.+As+a+result,+public+authorities+can+demonstrate+to+public+opinion+that+they+are+able+to+diligently+undertake%26source=bl%26ots=po8_xqiSKg%26sig=0NGGnZDAnR1lDhVacLwneW5Mf8o%26hl=en%26sa=X%26ei=VfoWUITzKMqe6wGHoIG4DQ%26ved=0CF4Q6AEwAA~%23v=onepage%26q=.%20As%20a%20result%2C%20public%20authorities%20can%20demonstrate%20to%20public%20opinion%20that%20they%20are%20able%20to%20diligently%20undertake%26f=false-http://books.google.com/books?id=rIoDuRBzf-0C%26pg=PA31%26lpg=PA31%26dq=.+As+a+result,+public+authorities+can+demonstrate+to+public+opinion+that+they+are+able+to+diligently+undertake%26source=bl%26ots=po8_xqiSKg%26sig=0NGGnZDAnR1lDhVacLwneW5Mf8o%26hl=en%26sa=X%26ei=VfoWUITzKMqe6wGHoIG4DQ%26ved=0CF4Q6AEwAA~ IK

Voluntary approaches may be attractive for the legislator (or the regulator) which pursues
AND
used for other tasks of the agency such as monitoring of other policies. 

Cuts come from water safety

Crow 2012
~Patrick Crow is a Washington Correspondent, "Congress Trims State Revolving Funds, EPA Budget, http://web.ebscohost.com.mutex.gmu.edu/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=29%26hid=112%26sid=15b4a8da-9190-4985-a9a2-53ee277a3033%40sessionmgr104-http://web.ebscohost.com.mutex.gmu.edu/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=29%26hid=112%26sid=15b4a8da-9190-4985-a9a2-53ee277a3033%40sessionmgr104~~ IK

The Senate and House of Representatives have approved spending bills that would cut the Clean
AND
initially had proposed a %241.5 billion spending cut for the agency 

Water supplies are a prime target for bioterror attack

Greenwire 2008
~"Cincinati pilot program looks to protect water from terrorists," http://www.eenews.net.proxy.lib.umich.edu/Greenwire/2008/05/27/archive/14?terms=EPA+security~~  IK

A U.S. EPA program would help water utilities get earlier warning of
AND
. Three other cities to be announced this year will receive similar grants. 

Extinction

Ochs 2002
~Richard, analyst for the chemical weapons working group, "Biological Weapons must be abolished immediately",  ,  http://www.freefromterror.net/other_articles/abolish.html~~ IK

Of all the weapons of mass destruction, the genetically engineered biological weapons, many
AND
Can we imagine hundreds of such plagues? HUMAN EXTINCTION IS NOW POSSIBLE.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge: 

The President of the United States should issue an executive order to…

Executive orders are the most effective way to implement policies

Mayer 1 (Kenneth, Professor of Political Science @ University of Wisconsin – Madison, With the Stroke of a Pen)

These chronicles of presidential decisiveness and unilateral action are at odds with the prevailing scholarly
AND
President’s lawmaking role is substantial, persistent, and in many cases disturbing."

Executive orders increase presidential power

Risen 4 (Clay, Managing editor of Democracy: A Journal of Ideas, M.A. from the University of Chicago "The Power of the Pen: The Not-So-Secret Weapon of Congress-wary Presidents" The American Prospect, July 16, http://www.prospect.org/cs/articles?article=the_power_of_the_pen-http://www.prospect.org/cs/articles?article=the_power_of_the_pen)

In the modern era, executive orders have gone from being a tool largely reserved for internal White House operations -deciding how to format agency budgets or creating outlines for diplomatic protocol — to a powerful weapon in defining, and expanding, executive power. In turn, presidents have increasingly used that power to construct and promote social policies on some of the country’s most controversial issues, from civil rights to labor relations to reproductive health. 

Pres powers key to strong U.S Leadership

Mallaby 00 (Sebastian, Member, Washington Post’s Editorial Board, Foreign Affairs, Jan/Feb)

Finally, some will object that the weakness of the presidency as an institution is
AND
on cultural forces that nobody can change, such as isolationism or multiculturalism. 

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge: 

A. Interpretation – crude oil is a liquid hydrocarbon mixture occurring naturally in the earth

USLegal.com, No Date Cited,
("Crude Oil Law %26 Legal Definition," http://definitions.uslegal.com/c/crude-oil-http://definitions.uslegal.com/c/crude-oil 

46 USCS § 2101 defines crude oil as "a liquid hydrocarbon mixture occurring naturally in the earth, whether or not treated to render it suitable for transportation, and includes crude oil from which certain distillate fractions may have been removed, and crude oil to which certain distillate fractions may have been added."

B. Violation – algae is distinct from crude oil

US Fed News, 2011,
("PATRICK HATCHER, ELODIE SALMON APPLY FOR PATENT ON ALGAE-CRUDE TECHNOLOGY", 4-19, PAS) Accessed on LexisNexis 10-18-12

It has been shown in nature that high heat has converted algaenan into petroleum-
AND
resultant algae-crude more like the crude oil found in natural deposits.

C. Vote Negative

1. Limits – allowing for crude-oil like substances to be topical opens the floodgates for potential AFFS. Justifies random energy of the week AFFS that the negative could never be prepared for.

2. Ground – allowing for small energy affirmatives allows the negative to spike out all the best offense from changing patterns in the market. Most small AFFS can’t operate commercially, putting the negative behind.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge: 

Unique Link—Water resources stable now—greater production risks collapse.

DWT 12—Davis Wright Tremaine is a national business and litigation law firm. "Water and Energy: A Zero Sum Game?" May 29th, 2012, http://www.energyenvironmentallaw.com/2012/05/29/water-and-energy-a-zero-sum-game/Water and Energy: A Zero Sum Game?, Accessed date: 9-9-12 y2k

Energy production from almost all technologies depends on large volumes of water. Competition for
AND
of resolving regulatory problems. But that’s the subject of a future blog.

Link - Plan pollutes water 

Extinction

Voinov and Cardwell 9—Alexey is Fellow @ Institute for Water Resources, US Army Corps of Engineers. Hal Cardwell , International Institute for Geo-information Science and Earth Observation (ITC). "The Energy-Water Nexus: Why Should We Care?" Journal of Contemporary Water Research %26 Education, Issue 143, pages 17-29, December 2009. http://www.uvm.edu/giee/publications/Voinov_Energy_2009.pdf-http://www.uvm.edu/giee/publications/Voinov_Energy_2009.pdf accessed date: 7-22-12 y2k

Water and energy are essential for human livelihood and the large-scale capture and
AND
changes in their values and prices, if the market is allowed to work

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
"In" means "throughout"
Words and Phrases 8 (Permanent Edition, vol. 20a, p. 207)

Colo. 1887.  In the Act of 1861 providing that justices of the peace shall have jurisdiction "in" their respective counties to hear and determine all complaints, the word "in" should be construed to mean "throughout" such counties.  Reynolds v. Larkin, 14, p. 114, 117, 10 Colo. 126.

"The" means all parts
Webster’s 8 (Merriam-Webster’s Online Collegiate Dictionary, 08, http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/the)

4 — used as a function word before a noun or a substantivized adjective to indicate reference to a group as a whole the elite 

In the US means the aff must happen in every state
EPA 6 (EPA, US Environmental Protection Agency Terminology Reference System, 2-1-2006, http://iaspub.epa.gov/trs/trs_proc_qry.alphabet?p_term_nm=U-http://iaspub.epa.gov/trs/trs_proc_qry.alphabet?p_term_nm=U)

United States
When used in the geographic sense, means all of the States. Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics -http://iaspub.epa.gov/trs/trs_proc_qry.org_info?P_REG_AUTH_ID=1019%26P_LIST_OPTION_CD=ORG: Commercial Chemical Control Rules-http://iaspub.epa.gov/trs/trs_proc_qry.org_info?P_REG_AUTH_ID=1%26P_DATA_ID=11722%26P_VERSION=1%26P_LIST_OPTION_CD=INFO Term Detail-http://iaspub.epa.gov/trs/trs_proc_qry.navigate_term?p_term_id=292529%26p_term_cd=TERMDIS

Prefer our interp:
Limits- they allow "region of the week" Affs that target specific states or localities —- unique areas like Puerto Rico, federal lands, or "Indian Country" open up huge new research burdens —- limits are key to preparation and clash
Ground- national change is key to quality of disads links —- specific regions give the Aff unpredictable angles against core generics —- core ground is key to fairness

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
Uniqueness: comprehensive immigration reform will pass now – Obama is building momentum
Yost et al., Immigration Attorney, 12-20, 2012,
(Peter A., Faegre Baker Daniels, Thomas Jensen, "Obama Administration to push comprehensive immigration reform early in the new Congress", Lexology, PAS) http://www.lexology.com/library/detail.aspx?g=b8ab89cc-d88a-42c1-b8ca-078660995587-http://www.lexology.com/library/detail.aspx?g=b8ab89cc-d88a-42c1-b8ca-078660995587 1-2-13

The Administration plans to launch a major public relations campaign early in 2013 to build
AND
. It is possible an immigration reform bill could pass by early summer.

Link – energy policy causes massive partisan gridlock
McEntee 12 Science, Politics and Public Opinion, Christine McEntee, Executive Director and CEO, American Geophysical Union, AUGUST 15, 2012, http://energy.nationaljournal.com/2012/08/finding-the-sweet-spot-biparti.php

As convenient as it would be to say that a single change could alleviate the
AND
energy disaster to get sufficient voter support for significant legislation on these issues.

Impact: comprehensive reform solves Mexican relations- that’s key to border security and stopping terrorism
Castaneda et al., NYU Politics and Latin American Studies professor, 2005
(Jorge, "NORTH AMERICAN COOPERATION ON THE BORDER", HEARING BEFORE THE COMMITTEE ON FOREIGN RELATIONS UNITED STATES SENATE ONE HUNDRED NINTH CONGRESS FIRST SESSION, 7-12, http://ftp.resource.org/gpo.gov/hearings/109s/28131.txt-http://ftp.resource.org/gpo.gov/hearings/109s/28131.txt,  )

I think that attitudes in Mexico have changed in relation to drugs and I think
AND
President Fox has made an effort to educate Mexican society about these issues.

Extinction
Mohamed Sid-Ahmed, Al-Ahram Weekly political analyst, ’04
~Al-Ahram Weekly, "Extinction%21" 8/26, no. 705,  http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2004/705/op5.htm~~

What would be the consequences of a nuclear attack by terrorists? Even if it
AND
When nuclear pollution infects the whole planet, we will all be losers.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge: 

Sovereignty

No modeling

1 - Other ventures

Aka, professor of Political Science at Chicago State University, 06
(Philip C., "Analyzing U.S. Commitment to Socioeconomic Human Rights." Akron Law Review, 39: 417, EKC)

The participation in international human rights regime endured only briefly before it came to an
AND
of the U.S. model of development to foreign countries. n80

2 - Local perceptions too strong

Suagee 92 ~Dean B. Suagee, J.D., University of North Carolina, 1976; LL.M., The American University, 1989; Associate, Hobbs, Straus, Dean%26 Wilder, Washington, D.C, "SELF-DETERMINATION FOR INDIGENOUS PEOPLES AT THE DAWN OF THE SOLAR AGE," University of Michigan Law School, University of Michigan Journal of Law Reform, SPRING AND SUMMER, 1992, 25 U. Mich. J.L. Reform 671~cd

The forces that threaten the survival of indigenous peoples, however, are not patiently
AND
are manifested; the  genocidal use of military force marks the other end.    

Legal barriers prevent self-determination

Sullivan 10 ~Bethany, JD, University of Arizona, "Changing Winds: Reconfiguring the Legal Framework for Renewable-Energy Development in Indian Country," 52 Ariz. L. Rev. 823, Fall, lexis~cd

Unfortunately, the IEED’s TERA program has produced unsatisfactory results. Not a single tribe
AND
energy industry and (2) unfavorable case law concerning tribal civil jurisdiction. 

Self-determination is only possible under unilateral Native control

The Harvard Project on American Indian Economic Development 08 ~The State of the Native Nations; Conditions under U.S. Policies of self-determination; pg 121; Oxford NY; Oxford University Press; 2008~cd

Recent economic growth in Indian Country is fragile, particularly so because it is founded
AND
performance, in terms of actually getting economic development going, would improve. 

Adoption of Native American traditions commodifies them – reifying oppression

Aldred 2k ~Lisa Aldred, professor in the Center for Native American Studies at Montana State University summer 2000 "Plastic Shamans and Astroturf Sun Dances New Age Commercialization of Native American Spirituality" American Indian Quarterly vol. 24, no. 3~cd

The subjectivities of human experience produced under capitalism leads to feelings of alienation. Yet
AND
of their own historical and social complicity in the oppression of indigenous peoples. 

Green manipulation essentializes indigenous cultures, justifying further ethnic oppression

Kuper 03 ~Adam Kuper, Professor in the Department of Human Sciences, Brunel University, June 2003 Current Anthropology Volume 44, Number 3 Versions of this paper were presented in June 2002 at the 23d Congress of the Association of Brazilian Anthropologists~cd

Why have these discredited ways of thinking become so influential once again? As always
AND
essentialist ideologies of culture and identity, they may have dangerous political consequences. 

Solvency

Tribes don’t pay taxes to the federal government – There’s no functional way a tax credit would benefit them

Wind bad – leads to bat extinction – bats key to low pesticide use

Peterson, Star-Tribune Staff Writer, 2012,
(Christine, "Wind turbine pressure change kills bats, research may help prevent future deaths", Wyoming Star Tribune, 10-29, PAS) trib.com/news/updates/wind-turbine-pressure-change-kills-bats-research-may-help-prevent/article_24b620cf-9e69-58e1-b638-32499d9ef11f.html 10-31-12 

It’s called barotrauma and scientists only now understand how it works.¶ Wind turbine blades
AND
, this information could perhaps prevent bats from dying in the first place.

Increased pesticide uses leads to oxygen depletion

Altieri, UC Berkeley Agroecology Professor, 2000,
(Miguel, "Modern Agriculture: Ecological impacts and the possibilities for truly sustainable farming", Agroecology in action, 7-30, PAS) nature.berkeley.edu/~miguel-alt/modern_agriculture.html 10-31-12

The specialization of production units has led to the image that agriculture is a modern
AND
and diseases through mediation of negative nutritional changes in crop plants (8).

Oxygen depletion leads to extinction

Tatchell, The Guardian, 2008,
(Peter, Human Rights Campaigner, Gay Rights Group OutRage%21 Member and Green Party Member, "The oxygen crisis", The Guardian, 8-13, PAS) www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2008/aug/13/carbonemissions.climatechange-http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2008/aug/13/carbonemissions.climatechange 10-31-12 

Compared to prehistoric times, the level of oxygen in the earth’s atmosphere has declined
AND
possibility that we should examine and assess. So, what’s the evidence?

Turn - Homogenizing American Indians constructs them as victims - destroys agency

Schiffhauer 08 ~Mark Schiffhauer, 2008, From Wilderness to Environment: The role of Nature in Western American History from Frederick Jackson Turner to Donald Worster and the New Western History~cd

Among the minority studies of the New Western Historians, publications on native-  American
AND
and varied forms of accommodation with the imperialists" ("Virtuous" 396). 

The aff’s quick project only re-entrenches the status quo

Kalt and Cornell 05 ~Joseph Kalt and Stephen Cornell, Professor of International Political Economy at Harvard and professor of sociology and of public administration at University of Arizona, "Two Approaches to Economic Development on American Indian", http://jopna.net/pubs/jopna_2005-02_Approaches.pdf~~cd

Native nations operating with the standard approach tend to pursue development by focusing only¶
AND
on building societies that work—economically, socially, culturally,¶ politically.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge: 

Solvency

Nuclear power fails inevitably – multiple barriers

Slocum, Public Citizen’s Energy Program Director, 2012,
(Tyson, 2-13, "Is America Poised For A Nuclear Renaissance?", National Journal, PAS) energy.nationaljournal.com/2012/02/is-america-poised-for-nuclear.php 10-4-12 

The Nuclear Regulatory Commission’s license approval for two new reactors at Southern Company’s Georgia Vogtle
AND
the industry over the past 40 years, and predict its grim future.

IFRs fail – natural gas still forces it out of market

O’Keefe, George C. Marshall Institute CEO, 2012,
(William, 2-13, "Is America Poised For A Nuclear Renaissance?", National Journal, PAS) energy.nationaljournal.com/2012/02/is-america-poised-for-nuclear.php 10-4-12 

If loans guarantees and production tax credits are the foundation for a renaissance, we
AND
guarantees and production tax credits. Competition among fuels is a good thing.

No solvency – effects of the plan won’t be felt for a decade

Ferguson, Council on Foreign Relations Fellow, and Squassoni, CSIS Proliferation Prevention Program Senior Fellow, 2007,
(Charles and Sharon, "Why Nuclear Energy Isn’t the Great Green Hope", Foreign Policy, 6-25, PAS) www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2007/06/24/why_nuclear_energy_isnt_the_great_green_hope?page=full-http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2007/06/24/why_nuclear_energy_isnt_the_great_green_hope?page=full 10-4-12 

Nor will nuclear energy be a quick fix. If, as the scientists tell
AND
are already higher than other electricity options, even given significant government subsidies.

Turn – IFRs increase proliferation

Green, Beyond Nuclear Initiative Coordinator, 2009,
(Jim, Friends of Earth Australia Anti-Nuclear Campaigner, "Nuclear Weapons and ’Generation 4’ Reactors", Friends of Earth Australia, July, PAS) www.foe.org.au/anti-nuclear/issues/nfc/power-weapons/g4nw/-http://www.foe.org.au/anti-nuclear/issues/nfc/power-weapons/g4nw/ 10-4-12 

George Stanford, who worked on an IFR R%26D program in the US
AND
-use nuclear technology has been rejected by countries that would be excluded.

Turn – China Coal

1. US shift away from coal leads to a massive increase in Chinese exports

De Place, Sightline Regional Carbon Reduction Program Expert, 2011,
(Eric, Sightline Institute is a not-for-profit research and communications center, "Northwest Coal Exports", Sightline Institute, September, Pg. 2-3, PAS) www.sightline.org/wp-content/uploads/downloads/2012/02/coal-FAQ.pdf-http://www.sightline.org/wp-content/uploads/downloads/2012/02/coal-FAQ.pdf 9-27-12 

In recent years, the US has exported only a few million tons of coal
AND
per year, rather than increasing as many analysts had been expecting.¶ 22

2. US coal exports drive Chinese coal demand – domestic production can’t keep pace

Plumer, Washington Post Energy Reporter, 2012,
(Brad, "How the U.S. could influence China’s coal habits — with exports", Washington Post, 5-1, PAS) www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/ezra-klein/post/can-the-united-states-influence-chinas-coal-habits/2012/05/01/gIQAgqUpuT_blog.html-http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/ezra-klein/post/can-the-united-states-influence-chinas-coal-habits/2012/05/01/gIQAgqUpuT_blog.html 9-27-12 

Still, as a recent and fascinating report (pdf) from the Carnegie Endowment
AND
cheaper coal means more coal will be burned than would otherwise be the case

3. China is the world leading emitter – failure to curb coal emissions leads to extinction

Nagle, Notre Dame Law Professor, 2011,
(John N. Matthews, "How Much Should China Pollute?", Vermont Journal of Environmental Law, 12 Vt. J. Envtl. L., Pg. 591-595, PAS) www.vjel.org/journal/pdf/VJEL10155.pdf-http://www.vjel.org/journal/pdf/VJEL10155.pdf 9-27-12 

China is the world’s worst polluter. It suffers more from air pollution ¶ than
AND
determine whether humanity ¶ thrive~s~ or perishe~s~."¶ 21

Waste

IFR cannot use nuclear waste – still needs natural uranium

Berry, Argonne National Laboratory National Security Director Special Advisor, and Tolley, University of Chicago Economics Professor, 2010,
(R. Stephen and George S., "Nuclear Fuel Reprocessing: Future Prospects and Viability", 11-29, Pg. 11-12, PAS) http://humanities.uchicago.edu/orgs/institute/bigproblems/Team7-1210.pdf-http://humanities.uchicago.edu/orgs/institute/bigproblems/Team7-1210.pdf 10-4-12 

One major limiting factor to currently developed reprocessing technologies does not¶ exist in the
AND
preserve the sustainability of¶ nuclear energy rather than immediate minimization of cost.

Accidents inevitable

Ramana 11 ~MV, with the Program on Science and Global Security at Princeton University and is on the Coordinating Committee of the Coalition for Nuclear Disarmament and Peace, "No escape from accidents", http://www.nirs.org/international/reachingcriticalwillreport.pdf date accessed: 9-16-12~cd

In the aftermath of Fukushima and, twenty five years¶ earlier, Chernobyl,
AND
a limit to how far they can be reduced through¶ engineering efforts.

SMRs have greater issues with waste

Makhijani and Boyd 10 ~ARJUN, electrical and nuclear engineer who is President of the Institute for Energy and Environmental Research AND MICHELE, former director of the Safe Energy Program at Physicians for Social Responsibility, "Small Modular Reactors  No Solution for the Cost, Safety, and Waste Problems of Nuclear Power", September, http://www.psr.org/nuclear-bailout/resources/nuclear-smrs-cost-safety-waste.html date accessed: 9-16-12~cd

Proponents claim that with longer operation on a single fuel charge and with less production
AND
costs per kilowatt of capacity than faced by present-day aboveground reactors.

SMRs risk safety problems

Makhijani and Boyd 10 President of the Institute for Energy and Environmental Research, and Boyd, former director of the Safe Energy Program at Physicians for Social Responsibility, 10 September, ARJUN MAKHIJANI, electrical and nuclear engineer who is President of the Institute for Energy and Environmental Research AND MICHELE BOYD, former director of the Safe Energy Program at Physicians for Social Responsibility, September, "Small Modular Reactors No Solution for the Cost, Safety, and Waste Problems of Nuclear Power," http://www.psr.org/nuclear-bailout/resources/small-modular-reactors-no.pdf

Increased safety and¶ proliferation problems Mass manufacturing raises a host of new¶ safety
AND
7 percent capacity factor over 14 years before¶ being permanently shut.24

No attacks – terrorists are weak

Mueller 9 (John, Professor of Political Science – Ohio State University and Contributor – Foreign Affairs, "How Dangerous Are the Taliban?", Foreign Affairs, April / May, http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/64932/john-mueller/how-dangerous-are-the-taliban)

In addition, al Qaeda has yet to establish a significant presence in the United
AND
Carle notes, and "its capabilities are far inferior to its desires."

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge: 

Solvency

Photovoltaic solar fails- upstream costs, intermittency, problems with integration and storage all make it incapable of meeting consumer-society’s demands.

Trainer 2011, Ted Trainer, Senior Lecturer, School of Social Work, University of New South Wales July 25 2011,  This is Trainer’s updated work on renewables on his website from argument originally presented in Renewable Energy Cannot Sustain a Consumer Society, T. Trainer, Springer, 2007. "Renewable Energy – Cannot Sustain an Energy Intensive Society’ available at http://socialsciences.arts.unsw.edu.au/tsw/RE.html ~accessed 31 March 2012~. 

The main problem with PV electricity is not its high cost but that it too
AND
case of steel a full accounting can double the resulting embodied energy conclusion. 

No solvency – action is co-opted by commercial intentions, excluding disadvantaged residents.

Stokes and Green 2007 (Lance PhD CEO of ECI environmental consultants and engineers, Kenneth Chief scientists for ECI)  Http://www.ejconference2008.org/images/Green_Stokes.pdf-http://www.ejconference2008.org/images/Green_Stokes.pdf)

According to the U.S. conference of Mayors, the Northeast Midwest Institute
AND
course excluding the disadvantaged resident who once occupied the brownfield prior to revitalization. 

The "disadvantaged" are used as tools to spur clean up of brownfields then they are relocated

Stokes and Green 7 (Lance PhD CEO of ECI environmental consultants and engineers, Kenneth Chief scientists for ECI) http://www.ejconference2008.org/images/Green_Stokes.pdf)

"Disadvantaged" Communities have not and do not use brownfield tools and resources as
AND
increasing property values but displacing less affluent residents and owners of small businesses.

Racism

Turn- Environmental justice movements reconstitutes racism

Shellenberger 8 (Michael Shellenberger, environmental strategist, "Complete Interview: The Temperature Transcends Race", 2008 http://www.utne.com/2008-03-01/Environment/Complete-Interview-The-Temperature-Transcends-Race.aspx-http://www.utne.com/2008-03-01/Environment/Complete-Interview-The-Temperature-Transcends-Race.aspx DATE ACCESSED: 10/25/12) TM

Ever since we wrote "Death of Environmentalism" we’ve been in various debates about
AND
to put an end to race-based politics not to reconstitute it.

The environmental justice framework treats communities as interchangeable and threatens their survival

Yamamoto and Lyman 01 (Eric K, Hawaii Law School law prof., and Jen-L W, UC Berkeley visiting law prof., University of Colorado Law Review, 72 U. Colo. L. Rev. 311, Spring, p. 311-313, Lexis Nexis, DATE ACCESSED: 10/25/12) TM

"Racial communities are not all created equal." 1 Yet, the established environmental
AND
provides needed jobs in the area and is an aspect of group economic survival

Environmental activism distracts from more pressing societal issues, inevitably damning the poor

Foreman 98 (Christopher Foreman is a nonresident senior fellow in Governance Studies. Since
AND
116-117, DATE ACCESSED: 10/25/12) TM

Ironically, in matters of health and risk, environmental justice poses a potentially serious
AND
focus on relatively low or unlikely risks could have a particularly insidious effect.

Environmental racism disproven- best studies

Foreman 98 (Christopher Foreman is a nonresident senior fellow in Governance Studies. Since 2000, he has also been a professor and director of the social policy program at the University of Maryland’s School of Public Policy. His research focuses on the politics of health, race, environmental regulation, government reform, and domestic social policy. Ph.D. (1980), A.M. (1977), A.B. (1974), Harvard University¶ "The Promise and Peril of Environmental Justice" google books, DATE ACCESSED: 10/25/12) TM

Christopher Boerner and Thomas Lambert have observed that many studies suffer from severe methodological difficulties
AND
, and no insight into the crucial issues of risk and health impact.

Economy

Their evidence specifically says that Brownfield sites are connected to the class divide – This proves a root cause in economic structures – makes their aff a double turn

Economic decline doesn’t cause war

Miller 00 (Morris, Economist, Adjunct Professor in the Faculty of Administration – University of Ottawa, Former Executive Director and Senior Economist – World Bank, "Poverty as a Cause of Wars?", Interdisciplinary Science Reviews, Winter, p. 273)

The question may be reformulated. Do wars spring from a popular reaction to a
AND
by increasing repression (thereby using one form of violence to abort another).

Their growth claims are flawed- increased subsidies only create non-competitive companies.

MasterResourse 12
~July 20, 2012, "Italy’s Solar Bust: Just Another Data Point" MasterResource, http://www.masterresource.org/2012/07/italy-solar-bust/ (assessed September 18, 12, Date Accessed September 19, 2012 1:28AM) IB

Hidden Costs of Intermittent Energy Even that is only part of the real costs that
AND
, and a smaller share depending on the actual supply and demand conditions).

Classism

— No famine – the poorest are insulated from global markets

Paarlberg 8 (Robert, Professor of Political Science – Wellesley College, "It’s Not the Price that Causes Hunger", The International Herald Tribune, 4-23, Lexis)

International prices of rice, wheat and corn have risen sharply, setting off violent
AND
of Asia, and her average income is only %241 a day.

Poverty

— Poverty is rapidly decreasing

Wolf 3 (Martin, Associate Editor and Chief Economics Commentator – Financial Times "Are Global Poverty and Inequality Getting Worse?", Prospect Magazine, March, http://www.prospect-magazine.co.uk/article_details.php?i d=4982)

All data on incomes and income distribution are questionable, above all those generated in
AND
on the movement of people from the hinterland to the coastal regions.

— Poverty inevitable – alt causes overwhelm

Baker and Weisbrot 3 (Dean and Mark, Co-Directors – Center for Economic and Policy Research, "False Promises on Trade", 7-25, http://www.commondreams.org/views03/0725-02.htm)

Similarly, most of sub-Saharan Africa is suffering from an un-payable
AND
low and middle-income countries than the agricultural policies of rich countries.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge: 

Solar energy production comes from PV cells and solar thermal systems

NTEP, no date ~National Teacher Enhancement Project, The NTEP Collaboration is based upon teaching/learning models that are analogous to the way scientists discover knowledge and solve problems with the goal of promoting effective development efforts in science, ed.fnal.gov/ntep/f98/projects/nrel_energy_2/energyproduction.html accessed 11-1-12~cd

Solar electricity and be produced by photovoltaic cells (PV cells or solar cells)
AND
heats a liquid. The super heated liquid makes steam to produce electricity.

Violation- they aren’t a form of solar energy

Vote Neg:

Limits – They expand the topic to mean anything given energy by the sun – this opens the topic to include energies not specified

Ground – We lose all generic solar links to DA’s and common case arguments

Predictability – PV solar and CSP are the most common

Acken and Bingham 11 ~Albert Acken, artner in the Environmental %26 Natural Resources and Energy, Telecommunications %26 Utilities practice groups of Lewis and Roca LLP, Matthew Bingham, an associate in Lewis and Roca’s Environmental %26 Natural Resources and Energy, Telecommunications %26 Utilities practice groups, "CLEAN AIR SYMPOSIUM: Sustainable Energy in Arizona," Fall, 2011, Arizona State Law Journal, 43 Ariz. St. L.J. 669, lexis~cd

There are two very different methods used to generate electricity from solar energy. The
AND
a steam turbine through the same process used by coal and nuclear plants.

Voter for fairness and education

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
Restrictions must prohibit
Hayden 5 (J.D., Penn State Dickinson School of Law, 2005, Tim 13 Penn St. Envtl. L. Rev. 217

B. Telecommunications Act of 1996 ¶ In 1996, a major piece of legislation
AND
the policy of promoting national wireless service provision in ~*233~ mind.

Restriction must be ON production

Dictionary.com No Date http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/on?s=t

"ON":16. (used to indicate a source or a person or thing that serves as a source or agent): a duty on imported goods; She depends on her friends for encouragement.

A condition that makes production harder is distinct

Priebe 99 (Director of Agricultural Economic Law, European Commission) Rhinehard, Production Rights in European Agriculture p.200

The milk quota system, to quote the prime example, is a levy imposed
AND
the same¶ system, is another example of this form of restriction. 

They specify regulations as restrictions – they aren’t outright prohibitive

Prefer out interp:

Fair Ground- their interp allows any aff that makes energy production less profitable—those are regulations or fees—not restrictions.

Limits- their interp justifies any aff that increases the size or profitability of the energy industry, exploding the size of an already large topic.

Bright line- our interp establishes a clear distinction – better for debate

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge: 

Oil prices up due to growth and international tension

Reuters 1-2-12 (Robert Gibbons and Matthew Robinson, "Oil rises on US fiscal deal, hits highest since Oct", http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/01/02/markets-oil-idUSL4N0A70Q420130102, Jan 2nd 2013, MSN)

Further support for oil came from positive economic data from the United States and
AND
Israel and its neighbors should remain potential flashpoints in the energy-rich region

Declines In U.S. consumption tanks prices

Yetiv and Feld ’7 (Steve and Lowell, Professor of political science at Old Dominion University and senior international oil markets analyst at the U.S. Energy Information Administration until March 2006, "America’s Oil Market Power: The Unused Weapon Against Iran," World Policy Journal, p. proquest

As is typical of world oil markets, this situation soon changed. Low oil
AND
of error in the event of perceived threats to supply or actual disruptions. 

High price key to Venezuelan economy

Alvarez and Hanson ’9 (Cesar J. Alvarez – Council on Foreign Relations and Stephanie Hanson – covers economic and political development in Africa and Latin America for the Council on Foreign Relations, "Venezuela’s Oil-Based Economy," 2/9/09, http://www.cfr.org/economics/venezuelas-oil-based-economy/p12089

Though Venezuela has repeatedly threatened to cut off its oil exports to the United States
AND
raise world oil prices and slow the economic growth of the United States. 

Triggers regional instability

Litle ’8 (Justice Litle, editor of Outstanding Investments, "South America and the Petrocrat Problem," March 8th, 2008, From the Taipan Publishing Team, http://www.taipanpublishinggroup.com/TPG/archives/Daily_030408a.html. 

For obvious reasons, tied to political ideology and the war on drugs, the
AND
(Like touching off a small-scale hot war, for example.)

Global war

Rochlin ’94 (James Francis Rochlin, professor of Political Science at Okanagan University, Discovering the Americas: the evolution of Canadian foreign policy towards Latin America, p. 130-131, published in 1994

While there were economic motivations for Canadian policy in Central America, security considerations were
AND
, such as Contadora, as will be discussed in the next chapter.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge: 

Solvency

No solvency – There’s no warrant that there would be cost competitive investment in OTEC

No solvency – low natural gas prices crowdout out solar

Friedman, New York Times, 2012,
(Thomas, "Get It Right on Gas", New York Times, 8-4, PAS) www.nytimes.com/2012/08/05/opinion/sunday/friedman-get-it-right-on-gas.html?_r=3%26ref=opinion-http://www.nytimes.com/2012/08/05/opinion/sunday/friedman-get-it-right-on-gas.html?_r=3%26ref=opinion  8-21-12

WE are in the midst of a natural gas revolution in America that is a
AND
. If they do something wrong and dangerous, they should punish them." 

Solar power ineffective investment even Jaba the Hut companies fail

Chumley 12 (Cherly. BP gives up on solar power. 2/2/12. http://news.heartland.org/newspaper-article/2012/02/02/bp-gives-solar-power-http://news.heartland.org/newspaper-article/2012/02/02/bp-gives-solar-power** (assessed September 15,2012 IB~

BP, an energy company that won praise from environmental activists after adopting the slogan
AND
in an open marketplace against the reliability and low cost of fossil fuels."

Warming

OTEC damages ocean Bio-D and increases warming

International Space University 05 ~International Space University masters study, multiple graduate student contributors
AND
?explnum_id=118 accessed 10-25-12~cd

In addition to the conventional OTEC plant facilities, SAOTEC power plants will not only
AND
energy source and avoiding the emission of greenhouse gases at the same time.¶ 

No impact to warming—you should assign zero risk.

Lindzen 9—Richard S. Lindzen is the Alfred P. Sloan Professor of Atmospheric Sciences at Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
"Resisting climate hysteria" 8-14-09 http://www.thepeoplesvoice.org/TPV3/Voices.php/2009/08/14/resisting-climate-hysteria-http://www.thepeoplesvoice.org/TPV3/Voices.php/2009/08/14/resisting-climate-hysteria Accessed date: 7-15-12 y2k

Climate alarmists respond that some of the hottest years on record have occurred during the
AND
history tells us that greater wealth and development can profoundly increase our resilience.

Err neg – aff authors overestimate warming and underestimate adaptation

Goklany ’11 (a science and technology policy analyst for the United States Department of the Interior (Indur M., "Misled on Climate Change: How the UN IPCC (and others) Exaggerate the Impacts of Global Warming" December 2011, http://goklany.org/library/Reason%20CC%20and%20Development%202011.pdf-http://goklany.org/library/Reason CC and Development 2011.pdf

A third approach would be to fix the root cause of why developing countries are
AND
while cellular phone users went from 0 per 100 to 33 per 100.

Alt cause - Other countries

Dutta and Radner ’12(1. Prajit K. Dutta, Professor of Economics at Columbia University, Ph.D. in Economics from Cornell University, 2. Roy Radner, Professor of Business at New York University, Ph.D. in Mathematical Statistics from University of Chicago, distinguished fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. (Prajit K. Dutta and Roy Radner: "Capital growth in a global warming model: will China and India sign a climate treaty?",  in Economic Theory Vol. 49 Iss. 2, 2012, p. 412, http://pages.stern.nyu.edu/~~rradner/publishedpapers2/113CapitalGrowth2012.pdf)-http://pages.stern.nyu.edu/~rradner/publishedpapers2/113CapitalGrowth2012.pdf

Global climate change (CC) has emerged as the most important environmental issue of
AND
today’s developed economies and make it impossible to solve the climate change problem.

Turn – China Coal

1. US shift away from coal leads to a massive increase in Chinese exports

De Place, Sightline Regional Carbon Reduction Program Expert, 2011,
(Eric, Sightline Institute is a not-for-profit research and communications center, "Northwest Coal Exports", Sightline Institute, September, Pg. 2-3, PAS) www.sightline.org/wp-content/uploads/downloads/2012/02/coal-FAQ.pdf-http://www.sightline.org/wp-content/uploads/downloads/2012/02/coal-FAQ.pdf 9-27-12 

In recent years, the US has exported only a few million tons of coal
AND
per year, rather than increasing as many analysts had been expecting.¶ 22

2. US coal exports drive Chinese coal demand – domestic production can’t keep pace

Plumer, Washington Post Energy Reporter, 2012,
(Brad, "How the U.S. could influence China’s coal habits — with exports", Washington Post, 5-1, PAS) www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/ezra-klein/post/can-the-united-states-influence-chinas-coal-habits/2012/05/01/gIQAgqUpuT_blog.html-http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/ezra-klein/post/can-the-united-states-influence-chinas-coal-habits/2012/05/01/gIQAgqUpuT_blog.html 9-27-12 

Still, as a recent and fascinating report (pdf) from the Carnegie Endowment
AND
cheaper coal means more coal will be burned than would otherwise be the case

3. China is the world leading emitter – failure to curb coal emissions leads to extinction

Nagle, Notre Dame Law Professor, 2011,
(John N. Matthews, "How Much Should China Pollute?", Vermont Journal of Environmental Law, 12 Vt. J. Envtl. L., Pg. 591-595, PAS) www.vjel.org/journal/pdf/VJEL10155.pdf-http://www.vjel.org/journal/pdf/VJEL10155.pdf 9-27-12 

China is the world’s worst polluter. It suffers more from air pollution ¶ than
AND
determine whether humanity ¶ thrive~s~ or perishe~s~."¶ 21

Sea Colonies

— No impact to overpopulation

Hartmann 95 (Betsy, Director of the Population and Development Program – Hampshire College, Reproductive Rights and Wrongs: The Global Politics of Population Control, p. 36)

The relaxation of the Malthusian position was reflected in a 198 U.S.
AND
growth has a negative impact, slower growth alone will not guarantee progress? 

— Population growth falling

Salonius 8 (Peter, Staff – ABC News, "A 10,000 Year Misunderstanding", 5-21,
http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2008/05/12/2241454.htm)

William Rees and Mathis Wackernagel who developed the Ecological Footprint analysis appear to believe that
AND
decrease, either by planned contraction or by the development of various scarcities. 

— Resource ’conflicts’ don’t escalate – negotiations and compromise are the norm

Goldstone 2 (Jack, Professor of Public Policy – George Mason, "Population and Security: How Demographic Change Can Lead to Violent Conflict", Journal of International Affairs, 56, Fall, p. 123)

Should we therefore dismiss the environment as a cause of conflict? No, although
AND
to water; nor are any likely to do so in the future.

— Global inequality makes resource wars inevitable

Sharp 7 (Travis, Military Policy Analyst – Center for Arms Control and Non-Proliferation, "Resource Conflict in the Twenty-First Century", Peace Review, 19(3), http://www.armscontrolcenter.org/policy/securityspending/articles/ resource_conflict_twenty_first_century/)

The combination of rising resource consumption and unpredictable population growth is liable to exacerbate conflicts
AND
fundamental assumptions about resource conflict that need to be considered in more detail.   

— colonization impossible – no tech

Clark 00 (Greg, Staff Reporter – Space.com, "Will Nuclear Power Put Humans on Mars?", Space.com, 5-21,
http://www.space.com/scienceastronomy/solarsystem/nuclearmars_000521.html-http://www.space.com/scienceastronomy/solarsystem/nuclearmars_000521.html)

When it comes to attracting interest in new mission plans to far-out places
AND
far-out concepts for human space transportation is decades away at best. 

— Humans can’t survive in space

Kruerger 8 (Curtis, "Dangers of Space", St. Petersburg Times, 2-18, Lexis)

An undisclosed medical problem forced German astronaut Hans Schlegel to miss his first planned space
AND
to the moon as soon as 2018, and eventually on to Mars. 

— Long time-frame

Britt 1 (Robert Roy, "Survival of the Elitist: Bioterrorism May Spur Space Colonies", Space.com, 10-30,
www.space.com/scienceastronomy/generalscience/colonize_now_011030-1.html-http://www.space.com/scienceastronomy/generalscience/colonize_now_011030-1.html)

Whether opportunity or fear will eventually push us off the pale blue dot that has
AND
soon follow. Mars could conceivably be visited in a decade or two.

Resource war inevitable –

A) Water

Winnail 5 (Douglas S., Ph.D., "Coming: Resources Wars%21", Tomorrow’s World, 7(4), July-August, http://www.tomorrowsworld.org/cgi-bin/tw/tw-mag.cgi?category=Magazine37%26item=1120201500)

Expanding populations are placing unsustainable demands on existing water supplies. In the last 75
AND
dwindle, conflicts over this precious resource will increase and erupt into violence.

B) Oil

Winnail 5 (Douglas S., Ph.D., "Coming: Resources Wars%21", Tomorrow’s World, 7(4), July-August, http://www.tomorrowsworld.org/cgi-bin/tw/tw-mag.cgi?category=Magazine37%26item=1120201500)

A third vital resource, generating fierce global competition and violent conflict, is oil
AND
–22). Will you be ready for that soon-coming event?

Resource Wars

— Resources are infinite

Simon 98 (Julian, Professor of Business Administration – University of Maryland and Advisory Board – Acton Institute, "The Ultimate Resource II: People, Materials, and the Environment, http://www.juliansimon.com/writings/Ultimate_Resource/TINTRO.txt-http://www.juliansimon.com/writings/Ultimate_Resource/TINTRO.txt)

There is an almost insuperable difficulty in the definition of  available "copper," "
AND
hung up on the word  "natural," as in "natural resources.") 

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge: 

Interp - Resolved means a firm course of action

American Heritage Dictionary 06 (American Heritage Dictionary, http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/resolved-http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/resolved)

Resolve TRANSITIVE VERB:1. To make a firm decision about. 2. To cause (a person) to reach a decision. See  synonyms at decide. 3. To decide or express by formal vote. 

violation "Necessary" allows the affirmative to redefine plan action.

American Heritage Dictionary 2k (http://www.thefreedictionary.com/necessary-http://www.thefreedictionary.com/necessary)

nec•es•sar•yadj.1. Absolutely essential. See Synonyms at indispensable. 2. Needed to achieve a certain result or effect; requisite: the necessary tools.3. a. Unavoidably determined by prior conditions or circumstances; inevitable: the necessary results of overindulgence. b. Logically inevitable. 4. Required by obligation, compulsion, or convention: made the necessary apologies.

Reasons to Prefer:

A. Predictable Limits: There’s no way to establish a bright line for topical affs when they justify such a massive case list.

B. Ground: They spike out of all DA links and CP’s.

C. Aff Conditionality: It’s worse than neg conditionality because the 1AC is the only stable part of the debate, which make clash impossible.

Voter for fairness and education.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge: 

Oil prices up due to growth and international tension

Reuters 1-2-12 (Robert Gibbons and Matthew Robinson, "Oil rises on US fiscal deal, hits highest since Oct", http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/01/02/markets-oil-idUSL4N0A70Q420130102, Jan 2nd 2013, MSN)

Further support for oil came from positive economic data from the United States and
AND
Israel and its neighbors should remain potential flashpoints in the energy-rich region

Declines In U.S. consumption tanks prices

Yetiv and Feld ’7 (Steve and Lowell, Professor of political science at Old Dominion University and senior international oil markets analyst at the U.S. Energy Information Administration until March 2006, "America’s Oil Market Power: The Unused Weapon Against Iran," World Policy Journal, p. proquest

As is typical of world oil markets, this situation soon changed. Low oil
AND
of error in the event of perceived threats to supply or actual disruptions. 

Lower prices would devastate the Mexican economy

OECD ’9 (Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development Economic Surveys, "Managing the oil economy - Can Mexico do it better?" July 2009, http://proquest.umi.com.proxy.lib.umich.edu/pqdlink?vinst=PROD%26fmt=3%26startpage=-1%26vname=PQD%26RQT=309%26did=1828846201%26scaling=FULL%26vtype=PQD%26rqt=309%26TS=1341080613%26clientId=17822-http://proquest.umi.com.proxy.lib.umich.edu/pqdlink?vinst=PROD%26fmt=3%26startpage=-1%26vname=PQD%26RQT=309%26did=1828846201%26scaling=FULL%26vtype=PQD%26rqt=309%26TS=1341080613%26clientId=17822

Mexico’s challenges with oil revenues Responsible handling of revenue from natural resources can be a
AND
OECD 2007), this chapter discusses how Mexico can deal with these challenges.

Strong Mexican economy is key to stopping illegal immigration

Bansal ’7 (Monisha Bansal—Staff writer for CNS News, CNS Archives, "Helping Mexican Economy Key to Ending Illegal Immigration, Says Expert," 30 January 2007, http://www.crosswalk.com/1466713/-http://www.crosswalk.com/1466713/

 Amid a growing national debate over how to deal with illegal aliens, one
AND
resulted in a record number of illegal people working in the United States." 

That Spreads diseases

Walsh ’6 (former federal prosecutor and associate general counsel, U.S. Department of Justice, Immigration and Naturalization Service (James H., "Illegal Aliens’ Impact on Public Health and Environment" May 9 2006 http://archive.newsmax.com/archives/articles/2006/5/8/230000.shtml

The men, women, and children who are sneaking across the border into the
AND
of the listed diseases have been introduced and transmitted into the United States.

Extinction

Keating ’9 (Foreign Policy web editor, Joshua, "The End of the World", 11-13-09, http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2009/11/13/the_end_of_the_world?page=full,

How it could happen: Throughout history, plagues have brought civilizations to their knees
AND
. Biological weapons experimentation has added a new and just as troubling complication.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge: 

Economy

Doesn’t solve economy – additional costs

Lea 12 ~Ruth, Arbuthnot Banking Group Director and Former Chief Economist at Mitsubishi Bank, former Chief UK Economist at Lehman Brothers, Director of the Centre for Policy Studies from 2004 to 2007,  and Director of Global Vision from 2007 to 2010. She is also a former Governor of the London School of Economics, and has Honorary Doctorates from the University of Greenwich and BPP University College, January, "Electricity Costs: The folly of wind-power," http://www.civitas.org.uk/economy/electricitycosts2012.pdf-http://www.civitas.org.uk/economy/electricitycosts2012.pdf accessed 10-1-12~cd

Onshore wind looks a relatively attractive proposition on the MM data, but once allowance
AND
gas both for the near-term and the medium-term projects.

Wind jobs not sustainable

Linowes 12 ~Lisa, Industrial Wind Action Group Executive Director and holds Bachelor of Science in Software Science from the Rochester Institute of Technology and a Masters in Business Administration from Southern New Hampshire University, April 19, "Impact of Tax Policies on the Commercial Application of Renewable Energy Technology," http://science.house.gov/sites/republicans.science.house.gov/files/documents/hearings/HHRG-112-SY21-WState-LLinowes-20120419.pdf-http://science.house.gov/sites/republicans.science.house.gov/files/documents/hearings/HHRG-112-SY21-WState-LLinowes-20120419.pdf accessed 10-1-12~cd

In 2007, the AWEA touted that the industry represented 50,000 direct and
AND
wind turbines it’s difficult to envision a scenario where job growth is sustainable.

Turn - PTC’s don’t help the economy – cost more than produce

Payne 8-16-12 ~Amy Payne, Assistant Director of Strategic Communications at The Heritage Foundation, "Morning Bell: Wind Energy Subsidies Are As Useful As VHS Tape Subsidies", 8/16/12, http://blog.heritage.org/2012/08/16/morning-bell-wind-energy-subsidies-are-as-useful-as-vhs-tape-subsidies/-http://blog.heritage.org/2012/08/16/morning-bell-wind-energy-subsidies-are-as-useful-as-vhs-tape-subsidies/ accessed 10-2-12~cd

The wind production tax credit is set to expire at the end of this year
AND
producers can provide the best service at the most affordable prices for Americans.

Turn - Picking winners distorts markets

Schwartz 05 ~L.M. Schwartz, the Chairman of the Virginia Land Rights Coalition. "Wind Power Dollars and Sense" http://www.vlrc.org/articles/3.html-http://www.vlrc.org/articles/3.html accessed 10-2-12~cd

Advances in technology may someday allow commercial wind power to become economic on its own
AND
safe, clean, abundant electrical power at minimal cost for all Americans.

Warming

Turn - Wind increases warming – disrupts natural air flows

Gray 12 ~Louise Gray, "Wind farms can cause climate change, finds new study," April 29, 2012, The Guardian, http://www.telegraph.co.uk/earth/earthnews/9234715/Wind-farms-can-cause-climate-change-finds-new-study.html-http://www.telegraph.co.uk/earth/earthnews/9234715/Wind-farms-can-cause-climate-change-finds-new-study.html accessed 10-3-12~cd

Usually at night the air closer to the ground becomes colder when the sun goes
AND
the increasing number of operational wind turbines with time," said Prof Zhou.

Turn - Increases emissions – scientific consensus on coal cycling

Boone 10 ~Jon Boone, PhD, Environmentalist, and Formal Intervenor in Wind Installation Hearings, "OVERBLOWN: Windpower on the Firing Line (Part I)," 9-13-10, www.masterresource.org/2010/09/windpower-overblown-part-1/ accessed 10-3-12~cd

Third, the National Academy of Science, in a report published in early 2007
AND
the white knights of wind. Whether this flop was noticed is unclear.

Alt causes 

Solvency

PTC’s concentrate wind power with the wealthy – no widespread adoption

Wiser et al 07 ~Ryan Wiser, Mark Bolinger, and Galen Barbose are all staff scientists at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, "Using the Federal Production Tax Credit to Build a Durable¶ Market for Wind Power in the United States," pre-print of article submitted to the Electricity Journal, November 2007, http://eetd.lbl.gov/ea/emp/reports/63583.pdf-http://eetd.lbl.gov/ea/emp/reports/63583.pdf accessed 9-26-12~cd

The PTC has also sometimes been criticized as being too narrowly applicable, thereby restricting
AND
parity in what types of entities can realistically participate in wind project ownership.

Wind bad – leads to bat extinction – bats key to low pesticide use

Peterson, Star-Tribune Staff Writer, 2012,
(Christine, "Wind turbine pressure change kills bats, research may help prevent future deaths", Wyoming Star Tribune, 10-29, PAS) trib.com/news/updates/wind-turbine-pressure-change-kills-bats-research-may-help-prevent/article_24b620cf-9e69-58e1-b638-32499d9ef11f.html 10-31-12 

It’s called barotrauma and scientists only now understand how it works.¶ Wind turbine blades
AND
, this information could perhaps prevent bats from dying in the first place.

Increased pesticide uses leads to oxygen depletion

Altieri, UC Berkeley Agroecology Professor, 2000,
(Miguel, "Modern Agriculture: Ecological impacts and the possibilities for truly sustainable farming", Agroecology in action, 7-30, PAS) nature.berkeley.edu/~miguel-alt/modern_agriculture.html 10-31-12

The specialization of production units has led to the image that agriculture is a modern
AND
and diseases through mediation of negative nutritional changes in crop plants (8).

Oxygen depletion leads to extinction

Tatchell, The Guardian, 2008,
(Peter, Human Rights Campaigner, Gay Rights Group OutRage%21 Member and Green Party Member, "The oxygen crisis", The Guardian, 8-13, PAS) www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2008/aug/13/carbonemissions.climatechange-http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2008/aug/13/carbonemissions.climatechange 10-31-12 

Compared to prehistoric times, the level of oxygen in the earth’s atmosphere has declined
AND
possibility that we should examine and assess. So, what’s the evidence?

Wind success determined by oil prices, not PTC’s

Hinman 09 ~Jeffery, J.D., University of Oregon School of Law, 2009; Editor-in-Chief, Journal of¶ Environmental Law and Litigation, 2008–2009; Recipient, Tax Law Certificate of¶ Completion; B.S., Oregon State University, 2002, "The Green Economic Recovery: Wind Energy¶ Tax Policy After Financial Crisis and the¶ American Recovery and Reinvestment Tax Act¶ of 2009", Journal of Environmental Law and Litigation, Vol. 24, 35 2009~cd

Another factor that created a better atmosphere for investing in¶ wind energy between 2004
AND

between 2007 and 2009, the nation’s¶ cumulative wind capacity doubled.

====Won’t solve – no infrastructure and intermittency ====
Forbes 11 ~Larry Bell, "Wind Energy’s Overblown Prospects", 3-8-11, http://www.forbes.com/sites/larrybell/2011/03/08/wind-energys-overblown-prospects/-http://www.forbes.com/sites/larrybell/2011/03/08/wind-energys-overblown-prospects/ accessed 9-26-12~cd

The report, drawn up by its national laboratories said that meeting this target presumed
AND
average generation during off-peak time averages about 40% of capacity.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
Financial incentives require direct government expenditure
Shapiro 11 - associate in the Energy, Environment %26 Public Utilities Practice Group of Cozen O’Connor’s Cherry Hill, New Jersey, office (Shari Shapiro (2011): Code Green: Is "Greening" the Building Code the Best Approach to Create a Sustainable Built Environment?, Planning %26 Environmental Law: Issues and decisions that impact the built and natural environments, 63:6, 3-12, Routledge)

Financial incentives have taken the form of direct grants from government entities, 4 tax
AND
to-area ratios for green buildings 8 and expedited permitting processes. 9

They eliminate taxes – no government expenditure

Prefer our interp:
Ground- Our interp ensures affs links to the few DisAds on the topic
Limits- Their interp justifies encouragement, education programs, nonfinancial support, all of which is unpredictable and makes for worse, process CP and politics debates exclusively.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge: 

Producing states are on the brink- low prices cause state collapse and extinction

Hulbert 12 Matthew Hulbert, B.A. in history and politics from Durham University and an Mphil in international relations from Cambridge University, Senior Researcher at the Clingendael International Energy Programme (CIEP) in The Hague, The Netherlands. He studies political risk in upstream oil and gas markets, previously a Senior Research Fellow at the Center for Security Studies, ETH Zurich, leading its work on energy security and political risk. Before that, he worked in the City of London as Senior Energy Analyst at Datamonitor, and headed up the Global Issues Desk at Control Risks Group in London and Washington, D.C. "The political perils of low oil prices," July 9 2012, http://www.europeanenergyreview.eu/site/pagina.php?id=3796~~%23artikel_3796, Accessed 9/15/12, mcmc

Oil prices have rapidly dropped in recent months, and some analysts predict a further
AND
those squeamish about collateral damage. Corpses would litter the entire energy stage.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge: 

The United States Supreme Court should rule  unconstitutional.

Courts can invalidate restrictions on energy production

Simon 7 Christopher A. Simon - Director, Master of Public Administration, Political Science Department, University of Utah, Professor, Political Science, "Alternative Energy: Political, Economic, and Social Feasibility"

The institutional power of the federal courts regarding energy policy is not ex- plicit
AND
goals not inconsistent with national constitutional in- terpretation and national policy priorities.

Politics is a net benefit – doesn’t link

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge: 

Objectivism epistemology is dangerously flawed, reject all their truth claims: laundry list of reasons

Scott Ryan 2001
http://web.archive.org/web/20061208130220/http://home.neo.rr.com/jsryan/writings/creativity.html-http://web.archive.org/web/20061208130220/http:/home.neo.rr.com/jsryan/writings/creativity.html
If I had to pick a single brief passage that illustrated all of the fundamental
AND
of "reason" that deprives this faculty of everything but its name.
 

Objectivism leads to global warming, resource depletion, and overpopulation

Scott Clark 2006
http://web.archive.org/web/20061105073122/http://magazines.humberc.on.ca/poz2002/mainstories/happiness.html-http://web.archive.org/web/20061105073122/http:/magazines.humberc.on.ca/poz2002/mainstories/happiness.html
There was a time when the greatest non-physical threats to the environment were
AND
alone, we will neither save the planet from ourselves nor for ourselves.

Capitalism means war

Socialist labor party 3 (http://www.slp.org/res_state_htm/whywar_iraq.html-http://www.slp.org/res_state_htm/whywar_iraq.html)
"The underlying problem the U.S. confronts is the one which periodically afflicts all successful ~sic~ economies: the over-accumulation of capital. 

Excessive production of any good—be it cars or shoes or bananas—means
AND
of interest and in time to the next greater and more destructive war. 

Capitalism generates a consumer society that encourages us to de-humanize one another in the name of material gain-this alienation should be rejected

McGregor 3 (Sue McGregor, April 2003, Coordinator, Undergraduate Peace and Conflict Studies Program Mount Saint Vincent University, "Consumerism as a Source of Structural Violence" http://www.kon.org/hswp/archive/consumerism.pdf-http://www.kon.org/hswp/archive/consumerism.pdf MB)
In a consumer society, the act of consuming eventually leads to materialism, defined
AND
fulfilment and relief from the need to have peace and security in life.

Destruction of the environment is inevitable under capitalism.

Wachter 2012  Petra Wa¨chter Institute of Technology Assessment of the Austrian Academy of Sciences Review of   The ecological rift – capitalism’s war on the Earth, by John Bellamy Foster, Brett Clark and Richard York, New York, Monthly Review Press, 2010, Environmental Politics 21:3, 533-5, http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09644016.2012.671611
The ecological rift is a warning that if we go ahead with business as usual
AND
arguments to support the claim that the capitalist system is destroying the Earth. 

The commoditization and production mentality of capitalism destroys ethics – only an end to capitalism solves
Morgareidge 98 (Clayton, Associate Professor of Philosophy at Lewis and Clark College, "Why Capitalism is Evil", Radio Active Philosophy, Lewis and Clark Educational Papers,http://legacy.lclark.edu/~~clayton/commentaries/evil.html)

Now none of these philosophers are naive: none of them thinks that sympathy,
AND
capitalism is on the table will ethics have a seat at the table.

Rejecting capitalism’s reliance on economic evaluation is the ultimate ethical responsibility – the capitalist social order guarantees social exclusion on a global scale

Zizek and Daly 2k4 (Slavoj and Glyn, Conversations with Zizek page 14-16)
For Zizek it is imperative that we cut through this Gordian knot of postmodern protocol
AND
abject Other to that of a ’glitch’ in an otherwise sound matrix. 

Energy companies manipulate public opinion and knowledge about fossil fuels –rigging the debate in their favor – Don’t trust their claims

 Charman 2010 Karen Charman, Managing editor of Capitalism Nature Socialism, M.A. Journalism, Columbia University, "Trashing the Planet for Natural Gas: Shale Gas Development Threatens Freshwater Sources, Likely Escalates Climate Destabilization" Capitalism Nature Socialism,  21:4 December 2010, http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/10455752.2010.531929-http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/10455752.2010.531929. Mcmc

Evidence and public awareness of the ecological threats*particularly the use of fossil fuels
AND
profitability while limiting liability for the direct and indirect harm they cause.4 

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent: MSU | Judge: 

Leadership

Their authors say US is not losing nuclear expertise- increased nuclear engineering education, funding

Patel 11 – Prachi, Contributing Editor – IEEE Spectrum and MA in Electrical Engineering – Princeton University, "The Aging Nuclear Workforce", IEEE Spectrum, May, http://spectrum.ieee.org/at-work/tech-careers/the-aging-nuclear-workforce-http://spectrum.ieee.org/at-work/tech-careers/the-aging-nuclear-workforce

Fortunately, students are "looking at nuclear engineering with a fresh set of eyes
AND
, giving millions of scholarship dollars, providing internships, and hiring graduates.

Nuclear power leadership high

Domenici and Miller 12 ~Pete, Senator, and Warren, Co-Chair, Nuclear Initiative, Former DOE Assistant Secretary for Nuclear Energy, "Maintaining U.S. Leadership in Global Nuclear Energy Markets", July 2012, Bipartisan Policy Center, date accessed: 9-26-12)cd

Nuclear power already plays an important role in the U.S. energy supply
AND
of influence over the nonproliferation aspects of international¶ fuel-cycle issues.

US nuclear tech leadership inevitable

BPC 12 Bipartisan Policy Center’s Nuclear Initiative, Co-chaired by Senator Pete Domenici and Dr. Warren F. "Pete" Miller, July 2012,  Maintaining U.S. Leadership in Global Nuclear Energy Markets, http://bipartisanpolicy.org/library/report/maintaining-us-leadership-global-nuclear-energy-markets

Nuclear power already plays an important role in the U.S. energy supply
AND
deal of influence over the nonproliferation aspects of international fuel-cycle issues.

Fusion

No commercialization – 10 times more costly than regular nuclear power

Martin Lamonica 6-29-2011; senior writer covering green tech and cutting-edge technologies. He joined CNET in 2002 to cover enterprise IT and Web development and was previously executive editor of IT publication InfoWorld; "A reality check on nuclear fusion at MIT" http://news.cnet.com/8301-11128_3-20075206-54/a-reality-check-on-nuclear-fusion-at-mit/

Even what could be called mainstream fusion techniques still draw skepticism, but it’s easy
AND
it’s hard to say exactly but at least a factor of 10 larger."

Coulomb barrier prevents fusion

Murphy, 1/31/2012 (Tom – associate professor of physics at the University of California, San Diego, Nuclear Fusion, Do the Math, p. http://physics.ucsd.edu/do-the-math/2012/01/nuclear-fusion/-http://physics.ucsd.edu/do-the-math/2012/01/nuclear-fusion/)

A simple obstacle stands between us and fusion. It’s called the Coulomb barrier.
AND
above a mere 5000 K. 50 million degrees is not even funny.

Spinoffs take decades
Rothwell, ’97 (Jed Rothwell, Infinite Energy, March-June 1997, "Cold Fusion and the Future," http://www.infinite-energy.com/iemagazine/issue1314/future.html-http://www.infinite-energy.com/iemagazine/issue1314/future.html, Iss. 13-14)CC

Cold fusion spin-off like indoor farming, desalination, and aerospace engines will
AND
direction only. All jobs will be lost, none will be created.

— Aerospace strong and competitive now

Carpenter and Deputla 8 (Mace, Colonel – US Air Force and David, Brigadier General – Air Force Quadrennial Defense Review Division, "Aerospace Nations; Invest in Improving the Air Force", Washington Times, 2-21, Lexis)

We are an aerospace nation in many ways. Our commercial air arm towers over
AND
, we must preserve our capability to preempt, defend and rapidly respond. 

— Alt causes to aerospace decline

Walker 2 (Robert, Chair – Commission on the Fuure of the U.S. Aerospace Industry, "Final Report", November,
http://www.trade.gov/td/aerospace/aerospacecommission/AeroCommissionFinalReport.pdf)

The U.S. aerospace sector, most notably the commercial air sector,
AND
or robust financial outlook to draw our youth into this important business sector.

— Air power fails – ground forces key

McInnes 1 (Colin, Professor of International Politics – University, "Fatal Attraction? Air Power and the West", Contemporary Security Policy, 22(3), December)

Second, air power is unable to take and hold disputed territory. Only land
AND
the use of air power and how it can be used most effectively. 

— No extinction from disease

Gladwell 99 (Malcolm, The New Republic, July 17 and 24, 1995, excerpted in Epidemics: Opposing Viewpoints, p. 31-32)

Every infectious agent that has ever plagued humanity has had to adapt a specific strategy
AND
, but they neglect to point out the limitations of microscopic life forms.

— Disease inevitable

Sky News 8 ("Warning Over Deadly New Diseases", 7-21, http://news.sky.com/skynews/Home/Health/New-Disease-Emerges-Every-Year-Pandemic-Outbreak-May-Not-Be-Stopped/Article/200807315047567)

In a highly critical new report, the committee said there was an "urgent
AND
new infections and providing opportunities for them to spread rapidly throughout the world.

No impact – no escalation of Bioterror – talk about Bioterror attacks is all hype.

Pendergrast 2010 ( Mark - is an affable guide on a wondrously labyrinthine tour. He explains complex phenomena with remarkable clarity, in a relaxed tone, and with a sense of humor." —Philadelphia Inquirer"MarkPendergrast, the ultimate free-lance journalist with an eclectic mind, writes about deceptively narrow topics that in fact have figured in world history for millennia." —Atlanta Journal-Constitution July 8, 2010 Is Bioterrorism the Most Terrifying Public Health Problem?, http://scienceblogs.com/bookclub/2010/07/is_bioterrorism_the_most_terri_1.php-http://scienceblogs.com/bookclub/2010/07/is_bioterrorism_the_most_terri_1.php)

So, I repeat, bioterrorism fears are overblown. I think this is because
AND
of seasonal flu-related causes. Yet no one seems unduly concerned.

— Past blackouts deny the impact

Jones 5 (Andy, British Army’s Intelligence Corps, Researcher and Analyst – Security Research Centre, "Cyber Terrorism: Fact or Fiction", July)

If we consider a terrorist disruption to the power supply, what effect would their
AND
time to time, what would you need to do to cause terror?

— Status quo grid improvements solve

Barrie 7 (Allison, "Project Hydra: Keeping Power Out of the Hands of Terrorists", Fox News, 6-6,
http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,364104,00.html) 

The closer the grid gets to hitting capacity and buckling from consumer demand, the more and more vulnerable it becomes to natural disasters and terrorist attacks causing blackouts, rolling outages and cascading failures.
The Department of Energy has taken the lead on countering this threat and has come
AND
substations and allow them to share excess capacity in case of an emergency.

— Agriculture is tiny – fluctuations won’t disrupt the resilience of the overall economy

Lazear 7 (Edward, Chair – Council of Economic Advisors, FNS, 3-2, Lexis)

Despite the potential gains from trade in services, much of the Doha round has
AND
. This is good for the United States and for the American worker.

C-mod

Current cuts won’t affect domestic fusion —- duplication solves.
Malakoff, 3/21/2012 (David, Proposed U.S. Fusion Cuts Ignite Debate, Science Insider, American Association for the Advancement of Science, p. http://news.sciencemag.org/scienceinsider/2012/03/proposed-us-fusion-cuts-ignite.html-http://news.sciencemag.org/scienceinsider/2012/03/proposed-us-fusion-cuts-ignite.html)

Members of the panel repeatedly asked Brinkman about the implications of a plan, outlined
AND
San Diego, California—are now more scientifically productive, he said.

— Cyber-attacks inevitable

Keefe 3 (Bob, Staff – Cox, "Cyberspace an Invisible Front in War on Terrorism", Cox News Service, 3-19, Lexis)

The so-called Slammer computer worm, for instance, spread faster than any
AND
attacks that could shut down the Web and those who rely on it.

— Government defenses solve

Schwartz 3 (John, "Blocking a Cyberterror Attack", Computer Crime Research Center, May, http://www.crime-research.org/news/2003/05/Mess0604.html)

The government is working to close that gap. In the executive branch, cyberdefense
AND
their buddies, they’re doing it to make a statement," he said.

Cyber war won’t happen and there’s no impact

Anderson 11 1-18-11, Senior editor at Ars Technica, where he covers technology law, politics, and culture. He holds an MA in English literature from the University of North Carolina, "Pure cyberwar? Not gonna happen ," http://arstechnica.com/security/news/2011/01/pure-cyberwar-not-gonna-happen.ars-http://arstechnica.com/security/news/2011/01/pure-cyberwar-not-gonna-happen.ars

A pure "cyberwar" is never going to happen. That’s one conclusion of
AND
most sophisticated attacks. Mere deterrence is therefore "unlikely to be effective."  

Their Zhou chinese fusion leadership card is from a blog – not qualified

No nuclear firebreak. Particular use or non-use is always a rational policy calculation.

Gehring ’00  (Verna, Institute for Philosophy and Public Policy in School of Public Affairs – U. Maryland, "The Nuclear Taboo", http://web.archive.org/web/20060514191333/http://www.publicpolicy.umd.edu/IPPP/Summer00/nuclear_taboo.htm-http://web.archive.org/web/20060514191333/http://www.publicpolicy.umd.edu/IPPP/Summer00/nuclear_taboo.htm~~ 

More than a half century has passed since the first and last use of nuclear
AND
present this rational calculus has not tipped in favor of lifting the ban. 

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge: 

The aff’s linear internal link chains pave over complex interactions. The alternative is to reject the aff in favor of complex theoretical analysis

Rosenau 97 Chapter 4: Many Damn Things Simultaneously: Complexity Theory and World Affairs, James N. Rosenau, Professor of International Relations, ranked among the 25 most influential academics in foreign affairs, 1997, http://www.dodccrp.org/files/Alberts_Complexity_Global.pdf

In short, there are strict limits within which theorizing based on the premises of
AND
a guide both to comprehending a fragmegrated world and theorizing within its limits.

Only a more complex interaction with global systems fosters the sustainability necessary to avoid extinction

Gell-Mann 97 Complexity, Global Politics, and National Security, 1997, Murray Gell-Mann, Nobel Laureate in Physics and professor at the Santa Fe Institute and co-chairman of the Science Board, http://www.dodccrp.org/files/Alberts_Complexity_Global.pdf?3e3ea140

At this conference, issues of global politics and security will be addressed, including
AND
politics as parts of a very general set of questions about the future.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge: 

Solvency

High costs and endemic problems mean no commercialization

Cooper 10 senior research fellow for economic analysis – Institute for Energy and the Environment @ Vermont Law School, PhD – Yale University, ’10 (Mark, "POLICY CHALLENGES OF NUCLEAR REACTOR CONSTRUCTION: COST ESCALATION AND CROWDING OUT ALTERNATIVES," September)

A decade and half after the start of the commercial deployment of nuclear reactors in
AND
the rising cost of units creates a new systemic problem of excess capacity.

Military can’t solve – says no

Butler 11 (Lt. Col. Glen Butler, Headquarters, North American Air Defense Command-U.S. Northern Command/J594 (Strategy, Policy, and Plans Directorate), Security Cooperation Integration Branch, 3-1-11, "Not green enough: Why the Marine Corps should lead the environmental and energy way forward and how to do it," http://www.mca-marines.org/gazette/not-green-enough-http://www.mca-marines.org/gazette/not-green-enough)

Fourth, SMR technology offers the Marine Corps another unique means to lead from the
AND
Office of the Secretary of Defense has yet to fund the study.33

SMR’s use Helium as a coolant.

Department of Commerce 11 The Commercial Outlook for U.S. Small Modular Nuclear Reactors
U.S. Department of Commerce, International Trade Administration, February 2011, http://trade.gov/mas/ian/build/groups/public/@tg_ian/@nuclear/documents/webcontent/tg_ian_003185.pdf-http://trade.gov/mas/ian/build/groups/public/@tg_ian/@nuclear/documents/webcontent/tg_ian_003185.pdf, Accessed 9/23/12, mcmc

There is also a range of U.S. SMR designs that¶ use
AND
Reactor Concepts’ ARC-¶ 100 are examples of liquid metal–cooled designs.

Turns solvency - Helium shortages in the SQ

Magill 12 "Why Is There a Helium Shortage?", Bobby Magill, June 25, 2012, http://www.popularmechanics.com/science/health/med-tech/why-is-there-a-helium-shortage-10031229

Today, the U.S. alone produces 75 percent of the world’s helium
AND
life of the reservoir will be extended to 2018 or perhaps even 2020." 

Leadership

Nuclear energy cred fails—countries say no to US tech if it constrains them

Cleary 12 Richard Cleary, American Enterprise Institute Research Assistant, 8/13/12, Richard Cleary: Persuading Countries to Forgo Nuclear Fuel-Making, npolicy.org/article.php?aid=1192%26tid=30

The examples above show the limitations of both demand and supply side efforts. Supply
AND
, have not materialized and therefore seem to have had little tangible influence.

Chinese nuclear can’t expand- banned development until safety issues are resolved

Reuters, 10/16/2012 ~China issues nuclear safety blueprint, eyes %2413 bln investment http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/10/17/china-nuclear-safety-idUSL3E8LH06D20121017 Accessed 10/18/2012 DMW~

China, which has an ambitious plan to build as many as 100 reactors over
AND
not specify when approvals for new plants would resume or mention capacity goals.

— Norms and economic interdependence check Asian war

Eskildsen 9 (Robert, Assistant Professor of Japanese History – Smith College "Whither East Asia? Reflections on Japan’s Colonial Experience in Taiwan", The Asia-Pacific Journal, 3-22, http://japanfocus.org/-Robert-Eskildsen/2058)

The Meiji Restoration gave Japan the flexibility to pursue changes in the diplomatic status quo
AND
this geopolitical backdrop, three contemporary strategic conflicts stand out as particularly troublesome.

— Asia is stable – no major escalation – and multilateral organizations check

Desker 8 (Barry, Dean – S Rajaratnam School of International Studies, "Why War is Unlikely in Asia: Facing the Challenge from China", 6-4, http://www.iiss.org/conferences/asias-strategic-challenges-in-search-of-a-common-agenda/conference-papers/fifth-session-conflict-in-asia/why-war-in-asia-remains-unlikely-barry-desker/)

War in Asia is thinkable but it is unlikely.  The Asia-Pacific region
AND
as the EAs, ASEAN + 3, ARF which ASEAN has conceived.

— Many factors check South China Sea war

Joyner 98 (Chris, Professor of International Relations – Georgetown University, New England Law Review, Spring, Lexis)

Nevertheless, several factors suggest the unlikelihood of large-scale military conflict over the
AND
Asian states, including other claimants to the Spratlys, underscores that reluctance.

— U.S. won’t intervene

Betts 97 (Prof. Political Science and International Security Policy Studies, Vietnam Joins The World)

Neither Hanoi nor the other claimants who oppose Beijing are likely to be able to
AND
the South China Sea between an American company, Crestone, and China.

— No US/China war – relations are stable – and economics checks

Sargent 8 (Sara, Business Reporter – Medill News Service, "China Space Launch Raises Fears", UPI, 10-3, Lexis)

In January 2007 China conducted its first successful anti-satellite weapons test by destroying
AND
, Cheng and other experts agree that war is an exceptionally unlikely scenario.

— No Sino-Indian war – Deterrence

Shihai 2 (Sun, Institute of Asia-Pacific Studies, CASS, China-Indian Relations in the 21^st Century, 9-7)

Secondly, both countries have nuclear capabilities and massive sophisticated conventional weapons. This does
AND
by using force or other irresponsible means would obviously damage their international images.

— No Russia/China war – deterrence and economics

Garnett 1 (Sherman, Dean of James Madison College – Michigan State University, Washington Quarterly, Autumn, Lexis)

Perceiving this partnership as a reversal of the balance in the old strategic triangle is
AND
need trade and investment far in excess of what the other can provide.

Upcoming 123 negotiations hinge on ENR restrictions, but US policy is in limbo

Grossman 1/11/2013 – visiting scholar at the Johns Hopkins School of Advanced International Studies, reporter with Global Security Newswire, won 13 national journalism awards over the past decade, including top honors from the National Press Club and Society of Professional Journalists (Elaine, NTI, "U.S. May Land Key Asian Nuclear Trade Deals in 2013", http://www.nti.org/gsn/article/us-could-secure-key-asian-nuclear-trade-deals-2013/)

Negotiations stalled over this issue and others last fall, heading into both U.
AND
negotiation with nations elsewhere around the globe remain in limbo, as well.

The plan lets us demand ENR restrictions for Korea

Mark Hibbs 12, SENIOR ASSOCIATE, NUCLEAR POLICY PROGRAM, Carnegie Endowment, "Negotiating Nuclear Cooperation Agreements," NUCLEAR ENERGY BRIEF, AUGUST 7, 2012 http://carnegieendowment.org/2012/08/07/negotiating-nuclear-cooperation-agreements/d98z-http://carnegieendowment.org/2012/08/07/negotiating-nuclear-cooperation-agreements/d98z
*ENR = enrichment and reprocessing
*123 = agreement to allow US civilian nuclear trade 

The United States is currently negotiating bilateral agreements for peaceful nuclear cooperation under Section 123
AND
the reality that U.S. leverage on nuclear trade is declining.

Strict 123s wreck the ROK alliance

Seongho Sheen 11, associate professor at the Graduate School of International Studies, Seoul National University, Nuclear Sovereignty versus Nuclear Security: Renewing the ROK-U.S. Atomic Energy Agreement, The Korean Journal of Defense Analysis, Vol. 23, No. 2, June 2011, 273–288, http://www.brookings.edu/~~~~/media/research/files/papers/2011/8/nuclear%20korea%20sheen/08_nuclear_korea_sheen

The most important challenge for Washington and Seoul is to prevent the issue from becoming
AND
" nuclear option until the complete resolution of North Korea’s nuclear issue. 40

Key to deter peninsular war

McDevitt ’11 – vice president and director of the CNA Strategic Studies
(Michael McDevitt, "Deterring North Korean Provocations", Brookings Institution, February 2011, http://www.brookings.edu/research/papers/2011/02/north-korea-mcdevitt)

Since the Armistice that ended the fighting in Korea in 1953, the U.
AND
necessary for a credible deterrent, capability and political will, are met.

Extinction

Hayes %26 Hamel-Green, 10 – *Executive Director of the Nautilus Institute for Security and Sustainable Development, AND  Executive Dean of the Faculty of Arts, Education and Human Development act Victoria University (1/5/10, Executive Dean at Victoria, "The Path Not Taken, the Way Still Open: Denuclearizing the Korean Peninsula and Northeast Asia," http://www.nautilus.org/fora/security/10001HayesHamalGreen.pdf)

The international community is increasingly aware that cooperative diplomacy is the most productive way to
AND
umbrella") afforded under bilateral security treaties can be relied upon for protection.
The consequences of failing to address the proliferation threat posed by the North Korea developments, and related political and economic issues, are serious, not only for the Northeast Asian region but for the whole international community.
At worst, there is the possibility of nuclear attack1, whether by intention,
AND
Even a limited nuclear exchange would result in a holocaust of unprecedented proportions.
But the catastrophe within the region would not be the only outcome. New research
AND
for a period of 6-8 years.3 In Westberg’s view:
That is not global winter, but the nuclear darkness will cause a deeper drop
AND
the stratosphere would cause a huge reduction in the Earth’s protective ozone.4
These, of course, are not the only consequences. Reactors might also be
AND
threat but a global one that warrants priority consideration from the international community. 

Independently, relations prevent extinction

Snyder et al 10 – director of the Center for U.S.-Korea Policy and senior associate of Washington programs in the International Relations program of The Asia Foundation (Charles L. Pitchard and John H. Tilleli Jr. "US Policy Toward the Korean Peninsula" ww.cfr.org/content/publications/attachments/Korean_PeninsulaTFR64.pdf)

Strong alliance coordination with South Korea has ensured peninsu¬lar stability for more than five decades
AND
for regional stability and provides a framework for promoting East Asian security cooperation.

Grid

Grid is resilient and sustainable

Clark 12 MA candidate – Intelligence Studies @ American Military University, senior analyst – Chenega Federal Systems, 4/28/’12
(Paul, "The Risk of Disruption or Destruction of Critical U.S. Infrastructure by an Offensive Cyber Attack," American Military University)

In 2003, a simple physical breakdown occurred – trees shorted a power line and
AND
.S. Senate¶ Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs 2012).

No impact to grid failure

Birch 12 ~Douglas Birch 10-1, former foreign correspondent for the Associated Press and the Baltimore Sun who has written extensively on technology and public policy, 10/1/12, "Forget Revolution," Foreign Policy, http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/10/01/forget_revolution?page=full~~

Government officials sometimes describe a kind of Hieronymus Bosch landscape when warning of the possibility
AND
that even a large-scale blackout would not necessarily have catastrophic consequences.

Grid disruptions don’t spillover

Schneier 7 ~Bruce Scheier, editor – Crypto-Gram, internationally renowned security technologist and author, contributor – NYT, Forbes, Guardian, "Staged Attack Causes Generator to Self-Destruct," Wired, Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, 10-2-7, http://www.schneier.com/blog/archives/2007/10/staged_attack_c.html-http://www.schneier.com/blog/archives/2007/10/staged_attack_c.html~~

A government video shows the potential destruction caused by hackers seizing control of a crucial
AND
details. Gitmo is still too hot for me this time of year.

DOD has back ups

Sorebo 10 ~Gib Sorebo, chief cybersecurity technologist and vice president – SAIC, consultant for the government and industry in cybersecurity and smart grid technology, MA – GW University, JD – Catholic U, 2/8/’10 "The Many Shades of Project Grey Goose," RSA Conference~

As I noted in my previous post about a recent 60 Minutes segment, we
AND
attack without identifying the operating system or the applications running on the device.

— Past blackouts deny the impact

Jones 5 (Andy, British Army’s Intelligence Corps, Researcher and Analyst – Security Research Centre, "Cyber Terrorism: Fact or Fiction", July)

If we consider a terrorist disruption to the power supply, what effect would their
AND
time to time, what would you need to do to cause terror?

Turn - SMR tech makes an easy target for terrorists.

Herald Online 7/1/12, "Mini Nuclear Reactors,"
http://www.heraldonline.com/2012/07/01/4085457/mini-nuclear-reactors.html~~%23storylink=cpy~~%23storylink=cpy, Accessed 9/22/12, mcmc

In the interim, South Carolina undoubtedly would be stuck storing any waste from mini
AND
terrorist strike or theft of nuclear material – but mostly about the waste.

— No pandemic or extinction from bioterror – history proves

Easterbrook 3 (Gregg, Senior Fellow – New Republic, "We’re All Gonna Die%21", Wired Magazine, July, http://www.wired.com/wired/archive/11.07/doomsday.html?pg=1%26topic=%26topic_set=)

3. Germ warfare%21Like chemical agents, biological weapons have never lived up
AND
out humanity before, and it seems unlikely to happen in the future.

— Tech hurdles prevent bioterror

Mueller 6 (John, Chair of National Security Studies – Mershon Center and Professor of Political Science – Ohio State University, Overblown, p. 24)

Not only has the science about chemical and biological weapons been quite sophisticated for more
AND
and poisons still presents seri¬ous technological hurdles that greatly inhibit their effective use.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge: 

Solvency

Loan guarantees don’t solve

Sokolski 10 (Henry D. Sokolski- Executive Director The Nonproliferation Policy Education Center "Nuclear Power Federal Loan Guarantees: The Next Multi-Billion Dollar Bailout?" April 10, 2010 oversight.house.gov/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/20100420111thdphenrydavidsokolski.pdf DATE ACCESSED: 9/30/12) TM

The value of federal loan guarantees is so uncertain and the ability of the utilities
AND
that DoE supply Congress with the answers before authorizes ¶ such guarantees. .

The plan is insufficient to lower costs

Sokolski 10 executive director – Nonproliferation Policy Education Center, August ’10
(Henry, "The High and Hidden Costs of Nuclear Power," Hoover Institution Policy Review, No. 162)

To address these concerns, the U.S. nuclear industry has succeeded in
AND
to believe that they are unlikely to rise significantly any time soon.2

Nat Gas

Nuclear power can’t solve warming — More emissions from other sectors

Green, ’6 ~Jim, national nuclear campaigner with Friends of the Earth, has an honours degree in public health and a PhD in science and technology studies for his doctoral thesis on the Lucas Heights research reactor debates, energyscience.org.au, "Nuclear power and climate change," November, http://www.energyscience.org.au/FS03%20Nucl%20Power%20Clmt%20Chng.pdf-http://www.energyscience.org.au/FS03 Nucl Power Clmt Chng.pdf date accessed: 9-15-12~cd

It is widely accepted that anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions must be sharply reduced to avert
AND
doubling of global nuclear power would¶ reduce emissions by more than 5%.

No impact to warming—you should assign zero risk.

Lindzen 9—Richard S. Lindzen is the Alfred P. Sloan Professor of Atmospheric Sciences at Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
"Resisting climate hysteria" 8-14-09 http://www.thepeoplesvoice.org/TPV3/Voices.php/2009/08/14/resisting-climate-hysteria-http://www.thepeoplesvoice.org/TPV3/Voices.php/2009/08/14/resisting-climate-hysteria Accessed date: 7-15-12 y2k

Climate alarmists respond that some of the hottest years on record have occurred during the
AND
history tells us that greater wealth and development can profoundly increase our resilience.

Alt cause - Other countries

Dutta and Radner ’12(1. Prajit K. Dutta, Professor of Economics at Columbia University, Ph.D. in Economics from Cornell University, 2. Roy Radner, Professor of Business at New York University, Ph.D. in Mathematical Statistics from University of Chicago, distinguished fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. (Prajit K. Dutta and Roy Radner: "Capital growth in a global warming model: will China and India sign a climate treaty?",  in Economic Theory Vol. 49 Iss. 2, 2012, p. 412, http://pages.stern.nyu.edu/~~rradner/publishedpapers2/113CapitalGrowth2012.pdf)-http://pages.stern.nyu.edu/~rradner/publishedpapers2/113CapitalGrowth2012.pdf

Global climate change (CC) has emerged as the most important environmental issue of
AND
today’s developed economies and make it impossible to solve the climate change problem.

Turn – China Coal

1. US shift away from coal leads to a massive increase in Chinese exports

De Place, Sightline Regional Carbon Reduction Program Expert, 2011,
(Eric, Sightline Institute is a not-for-profit research and communications center, "Northwest Coal Exports", Sightline Institute, September, Pg. 2-3, PAS) www.sightline.org/wp-content/uploads/downloads/2012/02/coal-FAQ.pdf-http://www.sightline.org/wp-content/uploads/downloads/2012/02/coal-FAQ.pdf 9-27-12 

In recent years, the US has exported only a few million tons of coal
AND
per year, rather than increasing as many analysts had been expecting.¶ 22

2. US coal exports drive Chinese coal demand – domestic production can’t keep pace

Plumer, Washington Post Energy Reporter, 2012,
(Brad, "How the U.S. could influence China’s coal habits — with exports", Washington Post, 5-1, PAS) www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/ezra-klein/post/can-the-united-states-influence-chinas-coal-habits/2012/05/01/gIQAgqUpuT_blog.html-http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/ezra-klein/post/can-the-united-states-influence-chinas-coal-habits/2012/05/01/gIQAgqUpuT_blog.html 9-27-12 

Still, as a recent and fascinating report (pdf) from the Carnegie Endowment
AND
cheaper coal means more coal will be burned than would otherwise be the case

3. China is the world leading emitter – failure to curb coal emissions leads to extinction

Nagle, Notre Dame Law Professor, 2011,
(John N. Matthews, "How Much Should China Pollute?", Vermont Journal of Environmental Law, 12 Vt. J. Envtl. L., Pg. 591-595, PAS) www.vjel.org/journal/pdf/VJEL10155.pdf-http://www.vjel.org/journal/pdf/VJEL10155.pdf 9-27-12 

China is the world’s worst polluter. It suffers more from air pollution ¶ than
AND
determine whether humanity ¶ thrive~s~ or perishe~s~."¶ 21

Heg is resilient

Wohlforth 7 (William, Professor of Government – Dartmouth College, "Unipolar Stability", Harvard International Review, Spring, http://hir.harvard.edu/articles/1611/3/)

US military forces are stretched thin, its budget and trade deficits are high,
AND
its self-inflicted overstretch and tap potentially large wellsprings of latent power. 

Their authors are wrong – the world is still unipolar and hegemony is sustainable – no challenge to American power

Kagan 07 ~Kagan, Senior Fellow at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, Senior Transatlantic Fellow, German Marshall Fund, 2007 ~Robert, "End of Dreams, Return of History", http://www.hoover.org/publications/policyreview/8552512.html~~%23n10-http://www.hoover.org/publications/policyreview/8552512.html, August/September~  

These American traditions, together with historical events beyond Americans’ control, have catapulted the
AND
United States remains a potentially formidable adversary mitigate against an openly confrontational approach.  

Heg doesn’t deter war

Layne 97 (Christopher, Visiting Professor – Naval Postgraduate School, From Preponderance to Offshore Balancing)

Two critical objections could be lodged against an offshore balancing grand strategy: an offshore
AND
fact minimize the risk of U.S. involvement in future wars.

Prolif

Alt cause to loss of leadership - hypocrisy

Wellen 12 ~Russ, staff writer Truthout, "West’s Idea of Nuclear Disarmament Doesn’t Include Itself", 6/19/12, http://truth-out.org/news/item/9758-wests-idea-of-nuclear-disarmament-doesnt-include-itself-http://truth-out.org/news/item/9758-wests-idea-of-nuclear-disarmament-doesnt-include-itself date accessed: 9-15-12~cd

The West insists on nuclear nonproliferation but refuses to reciprocate with meaningful disarmament.¶ When
AND
but might also look like a smokescreen for continued nuclear-weapons funding.

Shortage of nuclear engineers prevents expansion

Reuters 10 (12/19/10, "Nuclear industry in midst of skills crisis" Pittsburgh Tribune Review, http://triblive.com/x/pittsburghtrib/business/s_714413.html~~%23axzz26fDIEdBa-http://triblive.com/x/pittsburghtrib/business/s_714413.html date accessed: 9-16-12) 

There’s a hole in the nuclear workforce, not just in Finland but across the
AND
The industry needs to ramp up and it needs to do it quickly."

* No scenario for attack—only theoretical

 Prolif slow- their impact are inflated

Yusuf 9 (Moeed, Fellow and Ph.D. Candidate in the Frederick S. Pardee Center for the Study of the Longer-Range
Future – Boston University, "Predicting Proliferation: The History of the Future of Nuclear Weapons", Brookings Policy Paper 11, January, http://www.brookings.edu/~~/media/Files/rc/papers/2009/01_nuclear_proliferation_ yusuf/01_nuclear_proliferation_yusuf.pdf)

It is a paradox that few aspects of international security have been as closely scrutinized
AND
chain reaction will break out than was the case during the Cold War. 

Prolif inevitable

Gerson and Boyars 7 (Michael Gerson, Member – CNA’s Center for Strategic Studies,  MA in International Relations – University of Chicago, and Jacob, Intern – CNA’s Center for Strategic Studies, MA in Security Studies – Georgetown University,
"The Mix of New Subjects" and "Deterrent Against US Power", 9-18, http://www.cna.org/documents/D0017171.A2.pdf) 

The mix of new subjects of U.S. deterrence, such as emerging
AND
nuclear weapons as the only possible deterrent against U.S. power. 

 No war

Waltz 7 (Kenneth, Professor – UC Berkeley, "A Nuclear Iran", Journal of International Affairs, 3-22, Lexis)

First, nuclear proliferation is not a problem because nuclear weapons have not proliferated.
AND
exception, over a period of more than fifty years. Pretty impressive.

No wildfire prolif – most recent studies

Potter 10 (William, Director – James Martin Center for Nonproliferation Studies"The NPT and Sources of Nuclear Restraint" Daedalus, Winter 2010)

One of the difficulties in making accurate prognoses about the future of nonproliferation is the
AND
part of their credentials as members of the international community in good standing.

Upcoming 123 negotiations hinge on ENR restrictions, but US policy is in limbo

Grossman 1/11/2013 – visiting scholar at the Johns Hopkins School of Advanced International Studies, reporter with Global Security Newswire, won 13 national journalism awards over the past decade, including top honors from the National Press Club and Society of Professional Journalists (Elaine, NTI, "U.S. May Land Key Asian Nuclear Trade Deals in 2013", http://www.nti.org/gsn/article/us-could-secure-key-asian-nuclear-trade-deals-2013/)

Negotiations stalled over this issue and others last fall, heading into both U.
AND
negotiation with nations elsewhere around the globe remain in limbo, as well.

The plan lets us demand ENR restrictions for Korea

Mark Hibbs 12, SENIOR ASSOCIATE, NUCLEAR POLICY PROGRAM, Carnegie Endowment, "Negotiating Nuclear Cooperation Agreements," NUCLEAR ENERGY BRIEF, AUGUST 7, 2012 http://carnegieendowment.org/2012/08/07/negotiating-nuclear-cooperation-agreements/d98z-http://carnegieendowment.org/2012/08/07/negotiating-nuclear-cooperation-agreements/d98z
*ENR = enrichment and reprocessing
*123 = agreement to allow US civilian nuclear trade 

The United States is currently negotiating bilateral agreements for peaceful nuclear cooperation under Section 123
AND
the reality that U.S. leverage on nuclear trade is declining.

Strict 123s wreck the ROK alliance

Seongho Sheen 11, associate professor at the Graduate School of International Studies, Seoul National University, Nuclear Sovereignty versus Nuclear Security: Renewing the ROK-U.S. Atomic Energy Agreement, The Korean Journal of Defense Analysis, Vol. 23, No. 2, June 2011, 273–288, http://www.brookings.edu/~~~~/media/research/files/papers/2011/8/nuclear%20korea%20sheen/08_nuclear_korea_sheen

The most important challenge for Washington and Seoul is to prevent the issue from becoming
AND
" nuclear option until the complete resolution of North Korea’s nuclear issue. 40

Key to deter peninsular war

McDevitt ’11 – vice president and director of the CNA Strategic Studies
(Michael McDevitt, "Deterring North Korean Provocations", Brookings Institution, February 2011, http://www.brookings.edu/research/papers/2011/02/north-korea-mcdevitt)

Since the Armistice that ended the fighting in Korea in 1953, the U.
AND
necessary for a credible deterrent, capability and political will, are met.

Extinction

Hayes %26 Hamel-Green, 10 – *Executive Director of the Nautilus Institute for Security and Sustainable Development, AND  Executive Dean of the Faculty of Arts, Education and Human Development act Victoria University (1/5/10, Executive Dean at Victoria, "The Path Not Taken, the Way Still Open: Denuclearizing the Korean Peninsula and Northeast Asia," http://www.nautilus.org/fora/security/10001HayesHamalGreen.pdf)

The international community is increasingly aware that cooperative diplomacy is the most productive way to
AND
threat but a global one that warrants priority consideration from the international community. 

1NC v OTEC Aff
Solar T
Restrictions must prohibit T
CIR Politics DA
Oil DA
XO CP
Cap K
Case

2NC
Oil
Case

1NR
CIR

2NR
Oil
Case

1NC v Wind PTC
ASPEC
Necessary T
CIR DA
Oil DA
States CP
Cap K
Case

2NC
Cap

1NR
Case

2NR
Cap
Case

1NC v Grids Biopolitics Aff
Framework
Historical Materialism
Case - Biopolitics D

2NC
Case
Hist Mater

1NR
Framework

2NR
Case
Framework

1NC v Fusion Aff
ASPEC
Immigration Reform Politics DA
Oil DA - Failed states scenario

Case

2NC
ASPEC
Case

1NR
Politics

1NC v Objectivism Aff
T - Financial Incentives = direct gov expenditure
Immigration Reform Politics DA
Oil DA - Failed States
Courts CP
Anthro K

Case - Framework - Cap Bad turns

2NC
T
Anthro K
Case - Framework - Cap Bad turns

1NR
Courts CP
Politics

1NC v SMR's
Reactor SPEC
CIR Politics
Oil DA
Complexity K
Case - solvency - Leadership - Grid

2NC
Oil DA
Case

1NR
Politics

1NC v Nuclear Loan Guarantees
CIR Politics DA
States CP
Cap K
Nuclear Memory K
Case - Solvency - Natural Gas Advantage (Warming/Heg) - Leadership Advantage (Prolif)

2NC
Cap
solvency
Leadership

1NR
Nuclear Memory
Natural Gas

2NR
Cap