Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
Interpretation – Restrictions on production must mandate a decrease in the quantity produced. Aff only reduces a regulation on production.
Anell 89 Chairman, WTO panel "To examine, in the light of the relevant GATT provisions, the matter referred to the CONTRACTING PARTIES by the United States in document L/6445 and to make such findings as will assist the CONTRACTING PARTIES in making the recommendations or in giving the rulings provided for in Article XXIII:2." 3. On 3 April 1989, the Council was informed that agreement had been reached on the following composition of the Panel (C/164): Composition Chairman: Mr. Lars E.R. Anell Members: Mr. Hugh W. Bartlett Mrs. Carmen Luz Guarda CANADA - IMPORT RESTRICTIONS ON ICE CREAM AND YOGHURT Report of the Panel adopted at the Forty-fifth Session of the CONTRACTING PARTIES on 5 December 1989 (L/6568 - 36S/68) http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/dispu_e/88icecrm.pdf

The United States …. measures.
On is exclusive
Graham 16 (Arthur Butler, "Brief for Appellants – Wilson v. Dorflinger %26 Sons", Court of Appeals – State of New York, Reg. 108, Fol. 387, 1916, p. 11-12)

The Standard … he may deem advisable.
Production refers to primary energy extraction for a specific list of sources
Energici 12 (provides business intelligence and decision support services to companies and investors active in the wind, solar, hydro, geothermal and bioenergy industries. Specializes in providing robust research, analysis and intelligence coverage of trends and developments) February “PRIMARY ENERGY PRODUCTION (MONTHLY)” http://www.energici.com/energy-profiles/by-country/europe-m-z/sweden/49-countries/north-america/usa/usa-geothermal/449-primary-energy-production

Definition : Primary …. and biofuels feedstock. 

Voting issue –

1. Including regulations is a limits disaster.
   Doub 76 Energy Regulation: A Quagmire for Energy Policy Annual Review of Energy Vol. 1: 715-725 (Volume publication date November 1976) DOI: 10.1146/annurev.eg.01.110176.003435LeBoeuf, Lamb, Leiby and MacRae, 1757 N Street NW, Washington, DC 20036 Mr. Doub is a principal in the law firm of Doub and Muntzing, which he formed in 1977. Previously he was a partner in the law firm of LeBoeuf, Lamb, Leiby and MacRae. He was a member of the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission in 1971 - 1974. He served as a member of the Executive Advisory Committee to the Federal Power Commission in 1968 - 1971 and was appointed by the President of the United States to the President's Air Quality Advisory Board in 1970.  He is a member of the American Bar Association, Maryland State Bar Association, and Federal Bar Association. He is immediate past Chairman of the U.S. National Committee of the World Energy Conference and a member of the Atomic Industrial Forum. He currently serves as a member of the nuclear export policy committees of both the Atomic Industrial Forum and the American Nuclear Energy Council.  Mr. Doub graduated from Washington and Jefferson College (B.A., 1953) and the University of Maryland School of Law in 1956. He is married, has two children, and resides in Potomac, Md. He was born September 3, 1931, in Cumberland, Md. http://0-www.annualreviews.org.library.lausys.georgetown.edu/doi/pdf/10.1146/annurev.eg.01.110176.003435

FERS began with …. is the rule rather than the exception. 

2. Precision – A distinction between regulation and restrictions is key.
Sinha 6 http://www.indiankanoon.org/doc/437310/ Supreme Court of India Union Of India and Ors vs M/S. Asian Food Industries on 7 November, 2006 Author: S.B. Sinha Bench: S Sinha, Mark, E Katju CASE NO.: Writ Petition (civil) 4695 of 2006 PETITIONER: Union of India and Ors. RESPONDENT: M/s. Asian Food Industries DATE OF JUDGMENT: 07/11/2006  BENCH:  S.B. Sinha and Markandey Katju  JUDGMENT:  J U D G M E N T  Arising out of S.L.P. (Civil) No. 17008 of 2006 WITH  CIVIL APPEAL NO. 4696 OF 2006 Arising out of S.L.P. (Civil) No. 17558 of 2006  S.B. SINHA, J :
We may, however, notice that this Court in State of U.P. and Others v. M/s. Hindustan Aluminium Corpn. and others AIR 1979 SC 1459 stated the law thus: "It appears that a …. to bring out that effect." 

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge: 

Financial incentives are direct, indirect are fiscal incentives

Kurtz 2 Emile Noel Fellow, Jean Monnet Center for International and Regional Economic Law and Justice, New York University Law School; Lecturer, Law School, The University of Melbourne, Australia

Jurgen 23 U. Pa. J. Int'l Econ. L. 713

 Incentives to attract investors ...s. n64

“FOR” is a limiting term

Clegg 95 - J.D., 1981 Yale Law School; the author is vice president and general counsel of the National Legal

Center for the Public Interest. (Roger, “Reclaiming The Text of The Takings Clause,” 46 S.C. L. Rev. 531,

Summer, lexis)

Even if it made no sense to .... Amendment. n20

Prefer our interp:

Ground- Our interp ensures fair ground for the aff and predictable links for the neg. Direct incentives for energy production means topic literature provided DA and K links

Their interp is practically limitless

Dyson et al 3 - International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (Megan, Flow: The Essentials of Environmental Flows, p. 67-68)

Understanding of the term ... limitless.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge: 

Interpretation – “financial incentives” are funding for investors to develop a project – that excludes nonfinancial incentives like procurement

Czinkota et al, 9 - Associate Professor at the McDonough School of Business at Georgetown University (Michael, Fundamentals of International Business, p. 69 – google books)

Incentives offered by.... in infrastructure facilities.

Violation – procurements are purchases that don’t motivate action – they just buy a technology that already exists

Nelson 93 (Edward W., Chairman – Payment Subcommittee in OPTN/UNOS Ethics Committee, “Financial Incentives for Organ Donation,” Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network, 6-30, http://optn.transplant.hrsa.gov/resources/bioethics.asp?index=4)

Definition of Financial... 'vendors."

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge: 

Text: The President of the United States should issue an executive order to insert plan

Executive orders are the most effective way to implement policies

Mayer 1 (Kenneth, Professor of Political Science @ University of Wisconsin – Madison, With the Stroke of a Pen)

These chronicles of presidential …. in many cases disturbing.”

Executive doesn’t face the same funding restraints as congress

Pika et al 2 (Joseph A Pika, John Anthony Maltese, and Norman Thomas, all professors of political science, The Politics of the Presidency, 5th edition, p.233)

In addition to budgeting, presidents ….most controversial of which are for intelligence activities.

XO’s avoid ptx- Clinton proves

Mayer and Price 2 (Kenneth and Kevin, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Unilateral Presidential Powers: Significant Executive Orders, 1949-99” Presidential Studies Quarterly Vol. 32 No.2 Pp 367-386 http:~/~/www.jstor.org/stable/27552391url:http://www.jstor.org/stable/27552391 Pg.368-9) Accessed 8/28/2012 DMW

Careful observers of American …. in the region in the 2000 campaign).

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge: 

The discourse of “renewable” or “alternative” energy is appropriated by coal, nuclear, and waste-to-energy corporations to garner political support – this trades off with wind and solar power – turns case.

McCabe 2009 Coco McCabe is a former newspaper reporter who now writes for Oxfam America, Renewable energy: it’s all in the spin, June 2nd, 2009, http:~/~/firstperson.oxfamamerica.org/2009/06/02/renewable-energey-its-all-in-the-spin/http://firstperson.oxfamamerica.org/2009/06/02/renewable-energey-its-all-in-the-spin/, mcmc, Accessed 8/9/2012

But it’s more than words we’re …. Look where that twisted logic got us.

And – we should reject the phrase renewable energy in favor of a discourse that individually recognizes windpower, baseload solar thermal, and photovoltaics – failure to do so allows co-optation of the term renewables by conservatives – the impact’s extinction.

Romm 2008 Joe Romm, PhD Physics @ MIT, American author, blogger, physicist and climate expert Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, Senior Fellow @ Center for American Progress, Former Acting Assistant Secretary of the U.S. Department of Energy,  “Reframing the energy debate, Part 1: Time to stop using the phrase “renewable energy,” on Jul 21, 2008, http:~/~/thinkprogress.org/climate/2008/07/21/202901/reframing-the-energy-debate-part-1-time-to-stop-using-the-phrase-renewable-energy/http://thinkprogress.org/climate/2008/07/21/202901/reframing-the-energy-debate-part-1-time-to-stop-using-the-phrase-renewable-energy/(%%), mcmc, Accessed 8/9/2012

 This is the first in an … wait for new nukes, so what do we do NOW?“).

And – the K is a pre-requisite to all of their policymaking good arguments – the phrase “Renewable energy” makes meaningful energy policy debates impossible by allowing corporate interests and lobbyists to dominate scientific considerations.

Droz 2010 John Droz, Jr., received undergraduate degrees in Physics and Mathematics from Boston College, and a graduate degree in Physics from Syracuse University, The Decline of Science — and Our Society, 6/23/10 http:~/~/www.northnet.org/brvmug/WindPower/The_Decline_of_pdf, Accessed 8/9/2012

In every direction we look, Science …. we, the marks, know none of this.

-- Single words shape reality: rhetoric pre-determines the outcome of the plan

Reeves 5 (Richard, Lecturer – Annenberg School for Communication at the University of Southern California “Words Matter in Politics”, The New Statesman, 1-24, http://www.newstatesman.com/200501240022)

What's in a word? …. should interact with people and how the success of medical institutions is defined.

Rhetoric matters – the way the plan is framed determines its meaning

Frameworks Institute 5 (“The FrameWorks Perspective: Strategic Frame Analysis,” http://www.frameworksinstitute.org/strategicanalysis/perspective.shtml)

Strategic frame analysis is ….ce and who gets to fix it (responsibility).

Ethics and politics require precise choices of discourse – only developing this vigilance against discursive violence allows us to check sexist language and propaganda.

Coe 93 (Richard, Professor of English at Simon Fraser University and author of multiple books on rhetoric, Rhetoric Review, Vol. 27 Iss. 1, “Beyond Diction”, March 1, JSTOR)

In writing classes our discussion …. politics and real-world ethics.

 The phrase “renewable” or “alternative” energy is co-opted by conservatives to trivialize individual technologies and promote other dirty forms of energy. We should instead only refer to the specific technologies.

Romm 2009 Joe Romm, PhD Physics @ MIT, American author, blogger, physicist and climate expert Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, Senior Fellow @ Center for American Progress, Former Acting Assistant Secretary of the U.S. Department of Energy,  “Clean energy messaging 101: ‘Green’ jobs are out, ‘clean energy’ jobs are in,” May 1 2009,  http:~/~/grist.org/article/clean-energy-messaging-101-green-jobs-are-out-clean-energy-jobs-are-in/http://grist.org/article/clean-energy-messaging-101-green-jobs-are-out-clean-energy-jobs-are-in/(% style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" %), Accessed 8/9/2012, mcmc

The same goes for “renewable energy” ….and biomass and hydro power.”

“Renewable” energy includes dirty energy – we should instead use specific terms of solar and wind.

Muller 2012 Alan Muller, from Green Delaware, a community-based organization working on environment, public health, and democracy/open government issues, Comments from the post “Tell Congress to Expedite Renewable Energy,” 07-19-2012, http:~/~/ecowatch.org/2012/expedite-renewable-energy/http://ecowatch.org/2012/expedite-renewable-energy/, Accessed 8/9/2012, mcmc

The term “renewable energy” includes …., or efficiency, or whatever.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge: 

1NC

Text: The United States Federal Government should begin a process of negotiated rulemaking over __________. Including an announced intention to ___________ within a year and convene affected parties for binding mediation over the substance of this policy.

Reg neg solves- avoids ptx

Harter 00 (Philip J. Harter, AB, Kenyon College; MA, JD University of Michigan; Adjunct Professor and Summer Faculty, Vermont Law School; former Chair, Section of Administrative Law and Regulatory Practice and former Co-chair Working Group on Regulatory Reform of the American Bar Association., 2000 “Assessing the Assessors: The Actual Performance of Negotiated Rulemaking”, 9 N.Y.U. ENVTL.

Recent Agency Use of Reg …. rulemaking procedures.

Negotiated Rulemaking provides a platform for cohesion- most effective

Harter 00 (Philip J. Harter, AB, Kenyon College; MA, JD University of Michigan; Adjunct Professor and Summer Faculty, Vermont Law School; former Chair, Section of Administrative Law and Regulatory Practice and former Co-chair Working Group on Regulatory Reform of the American Bar Association., 2000 “Assessing the Assessors: The Actual Performance of Negotiated Rulemaking”, 9 N.Y.U. ENVTL

My own article that developed …. emphasized if even mentioned directly.

Studies prove reg neg is more effective

Freeman and Langbein 00 (Jody, Professor of Law, University of California, Los Angeles., and Laura, Professor, School of Public Affairs, American University.,” REGULATORY NEGOTIATION AND THE LEGITIMACY BENEFIT”, NYU Environmental Law Journal)

The compliance … compliance as well.

Only comparative study concludes neg

Freeman 00 (Jody, Professor of Law, UCLA and Laura I. Lanbgein Professor, School of Public Affairs, American University, REGULATORY NEGOTIATION AND THE LEGITIMACY BENEFIT 9 N.Y.U. Envtl. L.J. 60.

In this article, we present an original …. and we argue that, in any event, it is more important than reducing transaction costs.

Reg Neg solves backlash

Harter 00 (Philip J. Harter, AB, Kenyon College; MA, JD University of Michigan; Adjunct Professor and Summer Faculty, Vermont Law School; former Chair, Section of Administrative Law and Regulatory Practice and former Co-chair Working Group on Regulatory Reform of the American Bar Association., 2000 “Assessing the Assessors: The Actual Performance of Negotiated Rulemaking”, 9 N.Y.U. ENVTL

Congressional and Presidential Support. …. negotiated rulemaking.”21

Reg neg solves environmentalist backlash

Curcio and Wolf 96 (Richard J. Curcio and Fran M. Wolf, Professor at Kent State University and Former Chairman of Dept of Finance,  Associate Professor at Youngstown State University, Summer 1996, Journal of Financial and Strategic Decisions Vol. 9 Num. 2, http://www.studyfinance.com/jfsd/pdffiles/v9n2/curcio.pdf

A good relationship with …. the firm and for the environment.

Regulatory Negotiations enable better solutions to environmental goals

Grossartha and Hecht 7 (Shari K. Grossartha and Alan D. Hecht, EPA Office of Policy, Economics, and Innovation, EPA Office of Research and Development, May 2007, Ecological Engineering, Volume 30, Issue 1, pg. 1-8, science direct

EPA has been exploring regula…., and systematic thinking.

Deadlines are key to solve

Cichetti 96 (Kevin Phillip Cichetti, J.D. Candidate, the Washington College of Law, Winter, 1996, 9 Admin. L.J. Am. U. 1183, lexis

Negotiated rulemaking is an open process … scienter a person must possess before the EPA commences a criminal investigation clearly fits within these criteria.

Public opposition undermines natural gas production

Sebastian 12 (“Energy leader wants transparency on hydraulic fracturing”, Simone Sebastian, August 17, 2012, http://www.chron.com/business/article/Energy-leader-wants-transparency-on-hydraulic-3797370.php

Environmental concerns …, van der Hoeven said.

Listening to public concerns is key to solvency

Brown 12 (“Natural Gas Golden Age Is Threatened by Pollution, IEA Says”, Matthew Brown on May 29, 2012, http://www.businessweek.com/news/2012-05-29/natural-gas-golden-age-is-threatened-by-pollution-iea-says

A tripling of natural-gas production …. but by the worst practices.”

Public opposition undermines nuclear production

Ramana 11 (“Nuclear power and the public”, M. V. RAMANA, 3 AUGUST 2011, July/August issue of the Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, http://thebulletin.org/web-edition/features/nuclear-power-and-the-public

Opinion polls show that p…. expansion of nuclear power.

Regulatory Negotiations are key consensus building

Susskind and Zion 2 (Lawrence Susskind and Liora Zion, Ford Professor of Urban and Environmental Planning at MIT and President of the Consensus Building Institute, and Research Assitant,  August 2002, “CAN AMERICA’S DEMOCRACY BE IMPROVED?”, http://www.lawrencesusskind.com/content/contributions/democracy.pdf

Negotiated rulemaking is a …. a common technique used for rulemaking42.

Consensus-building efforts solves civic engagement

Peyser 5 (MS in City Planning @ MIT, Jennifer, “How Does Participation in the Framing, Review, and Incorporation of Scientific Information Affect Stakeholder Perspectives on Resource Management Decisions?,” http://web.mit.edu/dusp/epp/music/pdf/jpeyser.thesis.FINAL.pdf

In implementing the agreement, the … and sources of knowledge.

Solves extinction

Small 6 (Jonathan, former Americorps VISTA for the Human Services Coalition,“Moving Forward,” The Journal for Civic Commitment, Spring, http://www.mc.maricopa.edu/other/engagement/Journal/Issue7/Small.jsp)

What will be the challenges of the new …. stages of a project that seeks to do just that.

Prevents eco-catastrophe- extinction

Gare 3 (PhD, Professor of Social Science @ Swinburne, Arran, "Beyond Social Democracy? Beyond Social Democracy?" Democracy and Nature, 9(3), Nov 2003, via EBSCO

In the new order, the state’s role, … conditions of their existence.

Reg neg provides certainty- solves investor confidence

Siegler 97 (Ellen, Senior Attorney, American Petroleum Institute, Duke Law Journal, “Regulatory Negotiations And Other Rulemaking, Processes: Strengths And Weaknesses From An Industry Viewpoint”, http://www.law.duke.edu/shell/cite.pl?46+Duke+L.+J.+1429#FA0)

There can be benefits to participating … agency for political or other reasons.

Reg negs guarantee regulatory certainty for the industry – the regulated participates

Blackburn and Bruce 95 J. Walton Blackburn, and Willa Marie Bruce, “Mediating Environmental Conflicts,” 1995, pg 213., accessed 9-10-2012.

Regulatory outcome. A primary … and enforcement of the final rule.

CP solves litigation

Hsu 1 Shi-Ling Hsu, Associate Professor of Law The George Washington University Law School, September 10, 2001, "A Game-Theoretic Approach to Regulatory Negotiation: A Framework for Empirical Analysis", http://papers.ssrn.com/abstact=282962

Finally, EPA created an office to …. mode of rulemaking, and hence ameliorates these counter-productive tendencies.

Increased energy production causes litigation challenges

Miller and Morton 7 “Alternative Energy: Challenges at the Local, State and Federal Levels”, by Girard Miller and Laura Morton, Co-Chair of the Firm’s global Alternative Energy Practice Group and is a partner in Fulbright, Senior Counsel at Fulbright Jaworski, Senior Litigation Counsel at U.S. Department of Justice, 2007, http://www.fulbright.com/images/publications/energytrendsreport2007.pdf

the President’s National Energy Policy, … of the types of cases likely to arise in the renewable energy area is set forth below.

Litigation costs trade off with private investment in philanthropy

Marcus 4 Bernard Marcus, founder of Home Depot and the Marcus Foundation which donates 20 million a year to philanthropic organizations, 2004 http://www.philanthropyroundtable.org/topic/excellence_in_philanthropy/solutions_for_the_litigation_crisis

PHILANTHROPY: The link …. of dollars we have to charities.

Increased energy production causes litigation challenges

Miller and Morton 7 “Alternative Energy: Challenges at the Local, State and Federal Levels”, by Girard Miller and Laura Morton, Co-Chair of the Firm’s global Alternative Energy Practice Group and is a partner in Fulbright, Senior Counsel at Fulbright Jaworski, Senior Litigation Counsel at U.S. Department of Justice, 2007, http://www.fulbright.com/images/publications/energytrendsreport2007.pdf

the President’s National Energy … cases likely to arise in the renewable energy area is set forth below.

Litigation costs trade off with private investment in philanthropy

Marcus 4 Bernard Marcus, founder of Home Depot and the Marcus Foundation which donates 20 million a year to philanthropic organizations, 2004 http://www.philanthropyroundtable.org/topic/excellence_in_philanthropy/solutions_for_the_litigation_crisis

PHILANTHROPY: The link between …. we have to charities.

Solves extinction- prevents conflict, fosters rule of law, democratic spillover

Baldwin 2 (Fmr Director-United Way, http://www.redlandsfortnightly.org/papers/baldwin02.htm)

In the angry, poverty …. helps to ensure our own survival.

Prior involvement key

Mee 97 (Siobhan Mee, 1997, Executive Director of the Boston College Environmental Affairs Law Review, “Negotiated rulemaking and combined sewer overflows (CSOs): Consensus saves ossification?” Fall, Boston College Environmental Affairs Law Review, p. 231- 2

Benefits that accrue to negotiated … and avoid ossification.145

The perm inserts agency decision-making powers, killing genuine negotiations.

Funk 97 (Funk, professor of law @ Clark Law School, April 1997, William, Duke Law Journal, lexis

This is not, however, the role …. abide by the consensus. n161

At best, the perm is the traditional mode- tanks solvency

Hater 97 (Phillip J. Harter, expert in administrative law at Univ. of Vermont, April 1997, 46 Duke L.J. 1389

The traditional model for … or the health and safety of workers. 85

Reg Neg saves time

Coglianese 97 (Cary Coglianese, Assistant Professor of Public Policy, Harvard University, John F. Kennedy School of Government, and Affiliated Scholar at Harvard Law School.,  4-97, Duke Law Journal, Lexis

One advantage formal negotiated … to be potential time-savers.  n109

Core implementation education

Balla 5 (Steven J., Department of Political Science, The George Washington University, “Between Commenting and Negotiation: The Contours of Public Participation in Agency Rulemaking” , I/S: A JOURNAL OF LAW AND POLICY, http://www.is- journal.org/V01I01/I-S,%20V01-I01-P059,%20Balla.pdf) 

Rulemaking is one …. in a democratic political system.

True in the context of energy

Nolan 11 Sean Nolan, Associate Professor of Law and Dispute Resolution Program Director. Vermont Law School 2011 Negotiating the Wind: A Framework to Engage Citizens in Siting Wind Turbines, http://cojcr.org/vol12no2/327-372.pdf

Despite demonstrated need and …. aimed at improving¶ wind turbine siting.

Strong literature base

Applegate 98 John S. Applegate¶ Indiana University Maurer School of Law, “Beyond the Usual Suspects: The Use of Citizens¶ Advisory Boards in Environmental¶ Decisionmaking,” Indiana Law Journal, July 1, 1998, http:~/~/www.repository.law.indiana.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1939andcontext=cgi?article=1939andcontext=ilj(%%), accessed 10-5-2012.

62. There is substantial literature … IN CITIZEN PARTICIPATION, supra, at 239.

CP isn’t normal means

Freeman and Langbein 1 (“REGULATORY NEGOTIATION AND THE LEGITIMACY BENEFIT”, JODY FREEMAN, Professor of Law, University of California, LAURA I. LANGBEIN, Professor, School of Public Affairs, American University, 2001, http://www.law.harvard.edu/faculty/freeman/legitimacy%20benefit.pdf

Notwithstanding that only …. fundamentally undemocratic.2

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
Prizes create incentives for innovation.
Adler 11—Jonathan H. Adler  is Professor of Law and Director of the Center for Business Law and Regulation @ Case Western Reserve University School of Law. “Eyes on a Climate Prize: Rewarding Energy Innovation to Achieve Climate Stabilization” http://www.law.harvard.edu/students/orgs/elr/vol35_1/HLE101.pdf  accessed date: 7-28-12 y2k

Richard Branson and other private …-friendly technological innovation is a national priority.

Prizes solve—subsidized government intervention fails.
Adler 11—Jonathan H. Adler is Professor of Law and Director of the Center for Business Law and Regulation, Case Western Reserve University School of Law. “No Need to Pick Winners and Losers” July 23, 2011. http://energy.nationaljournal.com/2011/06/what-are-the-next-steps-in-sub.php accessed date: 7-28-12 y2k

The recent Senate vote in favor …. not a legislative chamber.

Empirics Prove
Newell and Wilson 5— Richard G. Newell is a Senior Fellow at Resources for the Future, Washington, DC, and Nathan E. Wilson is an economist at the Energy Information Administration, U.S. Department of Energy. “Technology Prizes for Climate Change Mitigation” http://www.rff.org/rff/documents/RFF-DP-05-33.pdf Accessed date: 8-19-12 y2k

There is considerable evidence that …. would be clearly desirable. 

Prizes solve- fosters decentralization
Adler, 11—Jonathan H. Adler  is Professor of Law and Director of the Center for Business Law and Regulation @ Case Western Reserve University School of Law. “Eyes on a Climate Prize: Rewarding Energy Innovation to Achieve Climate Stabilization” http://www.law.harvard.edu/students/orgs/elr/vol35_1/HLE101.pdf  accessed date: 7-28-12 y2k

One virtue of the patent system that prizes …, or ingratiate oneself with grant-making authorities

Private sector investments are better than direct federal expenditure- supports risk taking
Adler, 11—Jonathan H. Adler  is Professor of Law and Director of the Center for Business Law and Regulation @ Case Western Reserve University School of Law. “Eyes on a Climate Prize: Rewarding Energy Innovation to Achieve Climate Stabilization” http://www.law.harvard.edu/students/orgs/elr/vol35_1/HLE101.pdf  accessed date: 7-28-12 y2k

Direct federal investment …. energies in the wrong direction. Indeed, as noted above, it is the unexpected nature of many innovations that makes them so valuable. 

Free market is comparatively better—CP is still superior even if they win a solvency deficit.
Murphy 11—Robert Murphy is an adjunct scholar of the Mises Institute “Why Free Market in Energy?” http://www.instituteforenergyresearch.org/2011/07/08/why-free-market-in-energy/ accessed date: 7-28-12 y2k

The general superiority of the … than good, even from the perspective of the interventionists.

Federal incentives cannot solve
Lovins 10 AMORY B. LOVINS is Chair and Chief Scientist of Rocky Mountain Institute "Nuclear Socialism" Weekly Standard, VOL. 16, NO. 06 Oct 25  www.weeklystandard.com/articles/nuclear-socialism_508830.html?page=1

With such juicy incentives, why won’t …. years, capacity for two.

Energy subsidies unpopular
Harder 11 What Are the Next Steps in Subsidized Energy? By Amy Harder energy and environment reporter, National Journal, June 20, 2011, http://energy.nationaljournal.com/2011/06/what-are-the-next-steps-in-sub.php

After the Senate's rebuke of ethanol …. subsidies stand a chance at passage?

ARPA-E has broad bipartisan support—deflects political backlash—avoids politics.
Gold 12—David Gold is the lead Partner for Clean Technology investments. He was a National Science Foundation Fellow while earning Masters Degrees in both Aerospace Engineering and Technology Policy from M.I.T. “A Shining Star of Bipartisan Cleantech Support” February 8, 2012 http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/rea/blog/post/2012/02/a-shining-star-of-bipartisan-cleantech-support accessed date: 7-28-12 y2k

Amid all the negative publicity …g-term shining star in the Administration’s cleantech efforts. 

Prizes solve energy—subsidies and grants produce political scandals and wasteful funding.
Adler 12— Jonathan H. Adler is Professor of Law and Director of the Center for Business Law and Regulation, Case Western Reserve University School of Law. “Focus Should Be On How Funds Are Spent” http://energy.nationaljournal.com/2012/02/where-can-government-energy-rd.php#2166383 Accessed date: 8-19-12 y2k

If ARPA-E’s efforts are to have the …, it should make greater use of prizes than traditional research grants.

Prizes bring private sector investments- encourage innovation
Newell 8—Richard G. Newell, Richard G. Newell is the Gendell Associate Professor of Energy and Environmental Economics, Nicholas School of the Environment @ Duke University. He is a Research Associate of the National Bureau of Economic Research and a University Fellow of Resources for the Future. He has served as the Senior Economist for energy and environment on the President’s Council of Economic Advisers. He has been a member of several National Academy of Sciences expert committees, including the Committee on Energy Externalities, Committee on Energy RandD, Committee on Innovation Inducement Prizes, and Committee on Energy Efficiency Measurement Approaches. He has served as an independent expert reviewer and advisor for many governmental, non-governmental, international, and private institutions including the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, National Commission on Energy Policy, OECD, U.S. Department of Energy, and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Professor Newell received his Ph.D. from Harvard University, M.P.A. from Princeton University’s Woodrow Wilson School, and B.S. and B.A. from Rutgers University “A U.S. Innovation Strategy for Climate Change Mitigation” http://dspace.cigilibrary.org/jspui/bitstream/123456789/25395/1/A%20US%20Innovation%20Strategy%20for%20Climate%20Change%20Mitigation.pdf?1 Accessed date: 8-19-12 y2k

Inducement prizes have ….model requiring advance commitments for RandD effort.

Solves extinction
Corillon and Mahaffy 11—Carol Corillon is Director of the Committee on Human Rights (CHR) of the US National Academy of Sciences and Peter Mahaffy is King's University College chemistry professor. “Scientific Relations Between Academia and Industry: Building on a New Era of Interactions for the Benefit of Society” Report from an International Workshop on Academia-Industry Relations, Sigtuna, Sweden, 22-25 November 2011 http://www.icsu.org/publications/cfrs/scientific-relations-between-academia-and-industry-building-on-a-new-era-of-interactions-for-the-benefit-of-society/download-report Accessed date: 8-9-12 y2k

Clearly, science, technology, innovation, …. distinct roles and responsibilities.

Prizes are key to democratic civil engagement and philanthropy.
Case 12—Jean Case is CEO of the Case Foundation. “Unleashing Innovation and Deepening Democracy Through Prizes” June 12, 2012  http://www.whitehouse.gov/blog/2012/06/12/unleashing-innovation-deepening-democracy-through-prizes Accessed date: 8-9-12 y2k

Prizes have a long history of … tool is here to stay.

Solves extinction.
Small 6—Jonathan Small is former Americorps VISTA for the Human Services Coalition,  “Moving Forward,” The Journal for Civic Commitment,  Spring, http://www.mc.maricopa.edu/other/engagement/Journal/Issue7/Small.jsp

What will be the challenges of the new millennium? And how should we equip young people to face these challenges? While we cannot be sure of the exact nature of the challenges, we can say unequivocally that humankind will face them together. If the end of the twentieth …. In the rest of this paper, we will look at the beginning stages of a project that seeks to do just that.   

Perm fails—Government action crowds out private investment
Loris 12—Nicolas Loris is the Herbert and Joyce Morgan Fellow in the Thomas A. Roe Institute for Economic Policy Studies at The Heritage Foundation. “Department of Energy Budget Cuts: Time to End the Hidden Green Stimulus” March 23, 2012 http://www.heritage.org/research/reports/2012/03/department-of-energy-budget-cuts-time-to-end-the-hidden-green-stimulus accessed date: 7-27-12 y2k

Policymakers frequently create a …d well beyond the scope of basic research.

You should prioritize questions of epistemology- in the context of economics the knowledge-production process is more important than the outcomes
Anderson 89 Thomas, Libertarian Alliance, "Economics and Knowledge" Economic Notes No. 21 www.libertarian.co.uk/lapubs/econn/econn021.pdf

Before there can be a substantial …. In all of your writ- ings or speeches, whether highly sublime and original, or merely popularizations, remember to trace back, isolate, present and check your fundamental premises.

Fatal conceit causes extinction
Rockwell 3—Llewellyn H. Rockwell Jr is the prresident of the Mises Institute. “The Hayek Moment” http://mises.org/freemarket_detail.aspx?control=439 Accessed date: 8-5-12 y2k

The relevance of Hayek in our times extends … of civilization."

Energy planning ensures error replication and market failure
Taylor 8 Jerry, CATO, Powering the Future, 8/22, http://www.cato.org/pub_display.php?pub_id=9609 

Before you confidently hold forth about the future of energy markets, you really ought to pick up a copy of Vaclav Smil's 2005 book, "Energy at the Crossroads," and direct your attention to Chapter 4. There you will find a thorough review of the most …. than would-be central planners. 

Outweighs extinction
Caplan 5 (Bryan Caplan, Dept. Econ. And Center for Study of Public Choice – George Mason U., “The Totalitarian Threat”, October, 2005, http://www.gmu.edu/departments/economics/bcaplan/total4.doc

Finally, it is tempting to minimize the harm ….  All competing pleasures will be destroyed. (1983: 220)

Energy policy is premised on unsound economics- causes error replication
Gordon 8 “The Case against Government Intervention in Energy Markets Revisited Once Again”, Richard L. Gordon, professor emeritus of mineral economics at the Pennsylvania State University, December 1, 2008, http://www.cato.org/pubs/pas/pa-628.pdf

Many politicians and pundits are panicked … to be theoretically warranted.

Alt is a pre-requisite- Economic literacy is key to good decision making
Zilberman and Heiman 4 David Zilberman (professor at UCLA) and Amir Heiman (Assistant Professor at the Hebrew University, Jerusalem) “The Value of Economics Research” in What’s Economics Worth? Valuing Policy Research eds. Philip J. Pardey and Vincent H. Smith. Johns Hopkins University Press p. 302-304 

Implicitly, Krueger's account of the import …choices are made

Economics is the best heuristic to explain social reality
Hulsmann 8 (Jörg Guido Hülsmann - senior fellow of the Mises Institute.  Teaches in France, at UniversitÉ d'Angers - 2/4/2008 “The Epistemological Case for Capitalism” excerpt from chapter 21 of  Mises: The Last Knight of Liberalism)

In the early 1950s, Mises's NYU seminar …. speculations (many of which, as Mises would show, were incoherent).

Sound economic epistemology comes first- the ballot should be a decision of who best utilizes knowledge
Williams 99 (“HAYEK’S CRITIQUE OF CONSTRUCTIVISM: A LIBERTARIAN APPRAISAL”, GARETH WILLIAMS, MA Student – York U, Economic Notes No. 85, 1999

Hayek’s epistemology is crucial to his … which science can overcome”.

Central planning causes extinction
Kirzner 98—Israel Kirzner is Professor emeritus of economics at NYU. “The Nature and Significance of Economic Education Economists Should Pursue Their Science with Objectivity, Detachment, and Passion” http://www.thefreemanonline.org/featured/the-nature-and-significance-of-economic-education/ accessed date: 3-14-12 y2k

For many years I have been fascinated by what at first glance …. and scientific detachment must be recognized and respected. 

If we don’t take advantage of economic knowledge we risk stamping out civilization- public discourse of economics solves
Kirzner 6 (“The Anatomy of Economic Advice, Part I” August 2006 • Volume: 56 • Issue: 6, Israel M. Kirzner. professor emeritus of economics at New York University and the author of many books about Austrian economics. http://www.thefreemanonline.org/featured/the-anatomy-of-economic-advice-part-i/

Ludwig von Mises and the Importance of Economics …. to advise (and even to exhort) the man in the street as to what are his best (and worst!) courses of action. 

Proper understanding of the world requires application of economic theory– the aff makes unending violence inevitable
Rockwell 8 Jr., president of the Ludwig von Mises Institute, 5/19/2008 (Llewellyn, “Everything You Love You Owe to Capitalism,” http://mises.org/story/2982)

Not even an event as spectacular as the spontaneous ….. and destructive policies. 

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge: 

Unique Link—Water resources stable now—greater production risks collapse.

DWT 12—Davis Wright Tremaine is a national business and litigation law firm. “Water and Energy: A Zero Sum Game?” May 29th, 2012, http://www.energyenvironmentallaw.com/2012/05/29/water-and-energy-a-zero-sum-game/Water and Energy: A Zero Sum Game?, Accessed date: 9-9-12 y2k

Energy production from …. regulatory problems. But that’s the subject of a future blog.

Extinction

Voinov and Cardwell 9—Alexey is Fellow @ Institute for Water Resources, US Army Corps of Engineers. Hal Cardwell , International Institute for Geo-information Science and Earth Observation (ITC). “The Energy-Water Nexus: Why Should We Care?” Journal of Contemporary Water Research and Education, Issue 143, pages 17-29, December 2009. http:~/~/www.uvm.edu/giee/publications/Voinov_Energy_2009.pdf accessed date: 7-22-12 y2k

Water and energy …., if the market is allowed to work

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge: 

Declines in U.S. consumption tank prices- link is prior to effects of the plan

Yetiv and Feld 7 (Steve and Lowell, Professor of political science at Old Dominion University and senior international oil markets analyst at the U.S. Energy Information Administration until March 2006, “America's Oil Market Power: The Unused Weapon Against Iran,” World Policy Journal, p. proquest

As is typical of world oil markets, this … threats to supply or actual disruptions.

Even if they win the plan is insufficient- speculation triggers the link

Brannon 12 (“Domestic Oil Policies Do Impact Oil Prices”, Ike Brannon, March 29, 2012, Director of Economic Policy at the American Action Forum, http://www.nationalreview.com/corner/294768/domestic-oil-policies-do-impact-oil-prices-ike-brannon

The argument that the market for oil is a … reduce current prices.

Perception determines pricing

Shiller 4 (Robert Shiller, 11/8/2004. Prof. Econ @ Yale, The Edge Malaysia, “The perception of declining prices triggers a massive sell-off and price collapse”, 11-8, L/N.

But what matters for oil prices … bubble: a collapse in prices.

Business community watches Obama’s energy decisions

Kemp 9 (John Kemp, Reuters, Obama’s investment horizon for clean energy, January 28, 2009, http:~/~/blogs.reuters.com/great-debate/2009/01/28/obamas-investment-horizon-for-clean-energy/http://blogs.reuters.com/great-debate/2009/01/28/obamas-investment-horizon-for-clean-energy/(%%), Accessed 8/6/2012

Like a Byzantine emperor, a U.S. president’s …“planning horizon” for corporations and investors.

Reductions in demand cause a collapse of prices.

Bayer 12 Alexei Bayer 7-26-2012; Alexei Bayer is head of KAFAN FX Information Services. His monthly "Global Economy" column in Research has received an excellence award from the New York State Society of Certified Public Accountants for the past six years, 2004-2009 "Pop That Bubble Policies should aim at pushing oil prices down" http:~/~/www.advisorone.com/2012/07/26/pop-that-bubble?page=3url:http://www.advisorone.com/2012/07/26/pop-that-bubble?page=3, mcmc, 9/15/12

Oil prices are set by futures markets … equilibrium price range of around $20-40 per barrel.

Increased oil production drops prices instantly

Hargreaves 12 (“The oil industry's plan to lower gas prices”, By Steve Hargreaves @CNNMoney March 23, 2012, http://money.cnn.com/2012/03/23/news/economy/oil-industry-gas-prices/index.htm

The oil industry recently laid out … calling for.

Increased oil production lowers price in the short term

Merline 12 (“Obama Plans Won't Cut Oil Prices For Decades, If Ever”, JOHN MERLINE, INVESTOR'S BUSINESS DAILY, 03/22/2012, http://news.investors.com/article/605201/201203220802/will-obama-energy-policies-cut-prices.htm?p=full

In the end, reducing dependence on …outflow of U.S. dollars."

Only substantial increase links

Tully 12 (“The 3 biggest benefits of producing more oil”, By Shawn Tully, senior editor-at-large, May 3, 2012, http://finance.fortune.cnn.com/2012/05/03/the-3-biggest-benefits-of-producing-more-oil/

In fact, tapping the potential gusher …. talking about a decline of between $4.70 to $7.10 a barrel, based on today's prices.

Development of alternative energy causes prices to drop

DeCiantis 8 (Devin, March 25, Masters candidate in Public Policy at Harvard’s JFK School of Government, specializing in development economics and international trade, http://www.freedom24.org/rationalpost/2008/03/25/speculations-on-a-25-oil-tariff/)

In the mid-term, as industries and …. global oil reserves remain relatively plentiful.

Imports of PV solves oil dependence

Allcot 11 Dawn Allcot 9-8-2011; frequently covers energy efficiency, green living, and topics like LED lighting and whole home control systems for a number of technology trade magazines. Solar Power Reduces Our Dependency on Oil http://www.ecooutfitters.net/blog/2011/09/solar-power-reduces-our-dependency-on-oil/

Oil and the Middle East Unfortunately, …. for solar power keeps getting brighter and brighter.

Nuclear production will lower the price of oil

Wald and Keyes 12 (“Perry: Gingrich Can Lower Oil Prices Just By Talking About It”, By Alex Seitz-Wald and Scott Keyes on Feb 23, 2012, http://thinkprogress.org/climate/2012/02/23/431246/perry-gingrich-magic-gas-prices/?mobile=nc

PERRY: As a matter of fact, perception …. energy prices as well.

Nuclear power decreases oil prices- hydrogen and electric transportation methods

ANS 12 American Nuclear Society, Top 10 Myths about Nuclear Energy, http:~/~/www.new.ans.org/pi/resources/myths/http://www.new.ans.org/pi/resources/myths/, Accessed 9/16/12, mcmc

Myth # 10: Nuclear energy … and synthetic liquid fuels.

Mini-reactors, as with their larger .. of deadly nuclear waste.

Nuclear reduces dependence – electric transportation methods

American Nuclear Society 8 June, “Nuclear Power: A Leading Strategy to Reduce Oil Imports,” http://www.new.ans.org/pi/ps/docs/ps82.pdf

The long-term threats to energy sustainability, …., sustainable energy future for the nation.

U.S. Demand outweighs alt causes

Zakaria 4 (PhD in political science from Harvard and former managing editor of Foreign Affairs, Fareed, “Don’t Blame the Saudis,” 9/6, http:~/~/www.fareedzakaria.com/ARTICLES/newsweek/090604.html(%%))

The largest ingredient in current …. They violate all energy-efficiency standards because of an absurd loophole in the law that allows them to be classified as trucks.

U.S. is most relevant to the oil market

Roberts 4 (Paul, Journalist, The End of Oil, p. 95.)

Within the oil world, no decision …. its mind whether to be bearish or bullish.”

Policies that reduce demand are especially important in reducing oil prices

Murray 12 (“Interested in solutions not blame”, Brian Murray, Director for Economic Analysis, Nicholas Institute for Environmental Policy Solutions,Duke University, MARCH 21, 2012, http:~/~/energy.nationaljournal.com/2012/03/php

As for US policy, the short run price is not easily …), or a combination of the two.

Demand outweighs other price factors

News Room 12 (“Demand Destruction, Euro Zone Debt Push Crude Price Down”, Feb. 6, 2012, http://newsroom.aaa.com/2012/02/demand-destruction-euro-zone-debt-push-crude-price-down/

The price of West Texas Intermediate (WTI) …. otherwise pressure prices higher.

Demand primarily drives oil prices

Green 12 (Kenneth P., staff writer for The American, The Online Magazine of the American Enterprise Institute, March 11, “Why Are Gasoline Prices High (And What Can Be Done About It)?,” http://american.com/archive/2012/march/why-are-gasoline-prices-high-and-what-can-be-done-about-it/)

Setting aside conspiracy theories about oil …. promoting confidence in oil consumer markets.

Even small reduction in demand drops prices

Carey 3 (“Taming the Oil Beast”, John Carey, February 23, 2003, http://www.businessweek.com/stories/2003-02-23/taming-the-oil-beast

Yet reducing oil use has to be done …. to expand supplies or mandating big fuel efficiency gains, could do harm.

US action to decrease oil consumption would cause modeling.

Yetiv and Feld ‘7 (Steve A. Yetiv and Lowell Feld, Fall 2007. Professor of political science at Old Dominion University and senior international oil markets analyst at the U.S. Energy Information Administration until March 2006. “America's Oil Market Power: The Unused Weapon Against Iran,” World Policy Journal, http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_hb6669/is_3_24/ai_n29403801/ ,

As world oil demand is projected to ….likely decrease oil prices.

OPEC will lower the cost of oil to prevent the infrastructure necessary to develop and distribute alternative energy- takes out the aff

Grigas 11 (6/30/11, Don, “Lewd Crude”, Quoting Dr. Lawrence Hill, professor of economics and chairman of the Economics Department at Lewis University

http://www.mysuburbanlife.com/bolingbrook/features/x1721559811/Lewd-crude)

While gasoline prices can be … of energy to replace oil.”

Saudi Arabia wants lower prices so the U.S. doesn’t develop alternatives- turns case

IBT 11 (“Why lower Saudi oil prices kill alternative energy”, May 30, 2011, International Business Times http://www.ibtimes.com/articles/154524/20110530/saudi-arabia-oil.htm

The biggest obstacle to …. alternative energy sources.

High prices allow alternative energies to be competitive

Hoium 12 (“Rising Oil Prices Aren't All Bad”, By Travis Hoium, owns shares of First Solar and manages an account that owns shares of Seadrill, 02/28/12, http://www.dailyfinance.com/2012/02/28/rising-oil-prices-arent-all-bad/

A new focus on alternatives  Whether … with oil-based alternatives.

High price key to Venezuelan economy

Alvarez and Hanson 9 (Cesar J. Alvarez – Council on Foreign Relations and Stephanie Hanson – covers economic and political development in Africa and Latin America for the Council on Foreign Relations, “Venezuela's Oil-Based Economy,” 2/9/09, http://www.cfr.org/economics/venezuelas-oil-based-economy/p12089

Though Venezuela has …. raise world oil prices and slow the economic growth of the United States.

Triggers regional instability

Litle 8 (Justice Litle, editor of Outstanding Investments, “South America and the Petrocrat Problem,” March 8th, 2008, From the Taipan Publishing Team, http://www.taipanpublishinggroup.com/TPG/archives/Daily_030408a.html.

For obvious reasons, tied to political …. off a small-scale hot war, for example.)

Causes global war

Rochlin 94 (James Francis Rochlin, professor of Political Science at Okanagan University, Discovering the Americas: the evolution of Canadian foreign policy towards Latin America, p. 130-131, published in 1994

While there were economic motivations for ….a, as will be discussed in the next chapter.

High oil prices key to Russian economy

Kramer 12 (New York Times writer and editor (ANDREW E. “Higher Oil Prices to Pay for Campaign Promises” New York Times March 16, 2012 http://www.nytimes.com/2012/03/17/business/global/vladimir-putins-big-promises-need-fueling-by-high-oil-prices.html?_r=2?pagewanted=print Putin Needs, Accessed 8/5/2012 )

MOSCOW — In American … Mr. Putin’s stump speech.

Decline goes nuclear

Cohen 1 (Stephen Cohen, Prof of Russian Studies at NYU, June 7, 2001, http:~/~/www.thenation.com/article/russian-nuclear-roulette?page=com/article/russian-nuclear-roulette?page=full

The bad news is this: Because …. on its fragile nuclear controls.

High oil prices key to Saudi Arabian social spending – checks broader Middle East instability

Peel and Blas 11 Michael Peel, Javier Blas, writers, “Saudi budget could require high oil price”, 3/31/11, Financial Times, http:~/~/www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/87d60044-5bbb-11e0-b8e7-00144feab49a.html#html#axzz20zLPp2yl, Accessed 9/16/12, mcmc

Saudi Arabia could need the …that the package did not include reforms.

Saudi Stability is key to economy, regional stability, checks Iran, terrorism, and Arab/Israeli peace

Cordesman 11 (Anthony Cordesman - Arleigh A. Burke Chair in Strategy at CSIS, national security analyst for ABC News, served as director of intelligence assessment in the Office of the Secretary of Defense and as civilian assistant to the deputy secretary of defense, "Understanding Saudi Stability and Instability – Cordesman" Saudi-US Relations Information Service, March 1, 2011www.susris.com/2011/03/01/understanding-saudi-stability-and-instability-cordesman/ Accessed 9/17/12, mcmc )

History scarcely means we … having a friendly and moderate regime.

Iranian influence goes nuclear

Ben-Meir ‘7 (“Ending Iran's defiance”, ALON BEN-MEIR, Feb. 6, 2007, professor of international relations at the Center for Global Affairs at NYU, http://www.upi.com/Security_Industry/2007/02/06/Realpolitik-Ending-Irans-defiance/UPI-69491170778058/

Feeling emboldened … of not halting its nuclear program.

Nuclear terrorism ensures great power conflict

Ayson ‘10 (Professor of Strategic Studies and Director of the Centre for Strategic Studies: New Zealand at the Victoria University of Wellington (Robert, July. “After a Terrorist Nuclear Attack: Envisaging Catalytic Effects.” Studies in Conflict and Terrorism, Vol. 33, Issue 7. InformaWorld.)

But these two nuclear worlds—a non-state … or unwilling to provide.

Middle Eastern instability causes nuclear, chemical, and biological war.

Blake 11 Hedi Blake, 2/2/11 Telegraph, Wikileaks: tension in the Middle East and Asia has direct potential to lead to nuclear war,” http:~/~/www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/wikileaks/8298427/html,  Accessed 9/17/12, mcmc

Tension in the Middle East …. through the skin.

Producing states are on the brink- low prices causes state collapse and global war

Hulbert 12 (Matthew Hulbert, B.A. in history and politics from Durham University and an Mphil in international relations from Cambridge University, Senior Researcher at the Clingendael International Energy Programme (CIEP) in The Hague, The Netherlands. He studies political risk in upstream oil and gas markets, previously a Senior Research Fellow at the Center for Security Studies, ETH Zurich, leading its work on energy security and political risk. Before that, he worked in the City of London as Senior Energy Analyst at Datamonitor, and headed up the Global Issues Desk at Control Risks Group in London and Washington, D.C. “The political perils of low oil prices,” July 9 2012, http://www.europeanenergyreview.eu/site/pagina.php?id=3796#artikel_3796, Accessed 9/15/12, mcmc

Oil prices have rapidly dropped in recent months… Corpses would litter the entire energy stage.

Impact is linear- any increase in failed states risks collapsing global stability

Demkiv 12 Political Instability in Petrostates: The Myth or Reality of Oil Revenue as Petrostate Stabilizer, Anita Demkiv, Dissertation submitted Graduate Program in the Division of Global Affairs, May 2012

A proliferation of failed states …. fragile or failing states status.

Failed states causes prolif, terrorism, poverty and U.S. draw in- comparatively outweighs inter-state conflict

Yoo 10 (“Fixing Failed States”, John Yoo, Professor of Law, University of California Berkeley Law School, Visiting Scholar, American Enterprise Institute. February 13, 2010, UC Berkeley Public Law Research Paper No. 1552395

Failed states pose one of the …. restore failed states.

The international system has changed- inter-state conflict is declining- the major threat is failed states

Record 00 FAILED STATES AND CASUALTY PHOBIA, Implications for Force Structure and Technology Choices, Jeffrey Record, September 2000, Professor of International Security Studies at the Air War College and former professional staff member of the Senate Armed Services Committee. The author of over 250 books, monographs, and articles, including Hollow Victory, A Contrary View of the Gulf War (1993) and The Wrong War, Why We Lost in Vietnam (1998), Dr. Record served as a civilian advisor in the Mekong Delta during the Vietnam War, and subsequently as research associate at the Brookings Institution, legislative assistant to Senator Sam Nunn, and senior fellow at the Institute for Foreign Policy Analysis, Hudson Institute, and the BDM International Corporation. He received his BA from Occidental College, and MA and Ph.D. from the Johns Hopkins School of Advanced International Studies, http://www.au.af.mil/au/awc/awcgate/cst/occppr18.htm

Since 1945, the international … a number that has more than quadrupled since then.

Turns the economy

Sachs 1 The Strategic Significance of Global Inequality, Jeffrey D. Sachs is director of the Center for International Development and Galen L. Stone Professor of International Trade in the Department of Economics at Harvard, SUMMER 2001, http://earth.columbia.edu/sitefiles/file/about/director/documents/WQ2432001.pdf

ECONOMIC LOSSES¶ Adam Smith … as the cause of the poor economic circumstances.”10

Turns the environment

Sachs 1 The Strategic Significance of Global Inequality, Jeffrey D. Sachs is director of the Center for International Development and Galen L. Stone Professor of International Trade in the Department of Economics at Harvard, SUMMER 2001, http://earth.columbia.edu/sitefiles/file/about/director/documents/WQ2432001.pdf

Economic collapse and state failure are … under severe economic stres, if not outright failure.11

Failed States cause great power war

Grygiel 9 (“Vacuum Wars”, July/August 2009, JAKUB GRYGIEL, George H. W. Bush Associate Professor of International Relations at the Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies at the Johns Hopkins, http://www.the-american-interest.com/article.cfm?piece=622

Mention “failed states” in an academic … largely accepted uncritically.

Failed states cause extinction- accesses every impact

Brown 9 (Lester R, President of the Earth Policy Institute, Masters degrees in agricultural economics from the University of Maryland, founded the Worldwatch Institute, the first research institute devoted to the analysis of global environmental issues, formerly worked at the USDA Foreign Agricultural Service as an international analyst, later appointed Administrator of the department's International Agricultural Development Service, author or coauthor of over 50 books, recipient of many prizes and awards, including 25 honorary degrees, a MacArthur Fellowship, the 1987 United Nations' Environment Prize, the 1989 World Wide Fund for Nature Gold Medal, and the 1994 Blue Planet Prize for his "exceptional contributions to solving global environmental problems, “Could Food Shortages Bring Down Civilization?” May 2009, http://biomass.age.uiuc.edu/images/c/cd/FoodShortageBrown.pdf, published by Scientific American

For many years I have studied global …. grain to ethanol-fuel distilleries.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge: 

Unique internal link- Obama PC makes quick fiscal fix possible- open the way for CIR

Daly 11/7 Biden: Dems ready to compromise on 'fiscal cliff', MATTHEW DALY, Associated Press, http://www.wral.com/biden-dems-ready-to-compromise-on-fiscal-cliff-/11749905/

Vice President Joe Biden said Wednesday that …. Democrats than during the past two years.

Energy policy causes massive partisan gridlock

McEntee 12 Science, Politics and Public Opinion, Christine McEntee, Executive Director and CEO, American Geophysical Union, AUGUST 15, 2012, http://energy.nationaljournal.com/2012/08/finding-the-sweet-spot-biparti.php

As convenient as it would be ….significant legislation on these issues.

CIR solves terrorism

Castaneda et al 5 NYU Politics and Latin American Studies professor, Jorge, “NORTH AMERICAN COOPERATION ON THE BORDER”, HEARING BEFORE THE COMMITTEE ON FOREIGN RELATIONS UNITED STATES SENATE ONE HUNDRED NINTH CONGRESS FIRST SESSION, 7-12-2005, http:~/~/ftp.resource.org/gpo.gov/hearings/109s/28131.txt

I think that attitudes in Mexico have ….effort to educate Mexican society about these issues.

Extinction

Sid-Ahmed 4 Mohamed Sid-Ahmed, Al-Ahram Weekly political analyst, 2004, Al-Ahram Weekly, "Extinction!" 8/26, no. 705,  http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2004/705/op5.htm

What would be the consequences of a …we will all be losers.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge: 

The debate over nuclear energy is a debate about memory – the nuclear industry relies on a narrative that calls on us to forget the trauma of the past in favor of the bright future

Hayase 12 (Nozomi Hayase,” Fukushima to #Ajisai Revolution; The Mosaic of Recollection”  JOURNALING BETWEEN WORLDS Global Citizen Blogging July 18, 2012, http:~/~/nozomimagine.com/2012/07/18/http://nozomimagine.com/2012/07/18/

The shock and aftermath of the tsunami …. forgetting our past.

The task of your ballot should be to join in the struggle of memory against forgetting – your ballot can contribute to the discursive mosaic of resistance surrounding the memory of nuclear violence.

Hayase 12 Nozomi Hayase,” Fukushima to #Ajisai Revolution; The Mosaic of Recollection”  JOURNALING BETWEEN WORLDS Global Citizen Blogging July 18, 2012, http:~/~/nozomimagine.com/2012/07/18/http://nozomimagine.com/2012/07/18/

This mosaic is our collective recollection. …. disaster, our remembering has just begun. 

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge: 

Calls for energy production are predicated upon dualist objectification- the alternative is to reject the aff to re-examine our ontological position.

Goodman 11 (Benny Goodman is a professor at Plymouth University Transformation for health and sustainability: Dualism and Anthropocentrism. plymouth.academia.edu/bennygoodman /Papers/677349/ Transformation_for_health_and_sustainability_Dualism_and_Anthropocentrism

This ontological position of our …. world fit for….buying stuff.

Causes extinction and ontological destruction. 

Gottlieb 94 (Roger S. Gottlieb, professor of humanities at Worcester Polytechnic Institute, 1994, “ETHICS AND TRAUMA: LEVINAS, FEMINISM, AND DEEP ECOLOGY”, http://www.crosscurrents.org/feministecology.htm

Perhaps there is in progress another, even more en…., but we have only one earth mother. 

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge: 

The cultural turn evoked by “post-strategies” attempts to break part any material analysis through the use of discursive analysis – despite their attempts to incorporate materialism it remains culturalist and stuck within the paradigm of capitalism.

Ebert and Zavarzadeh in 2008(Teresa L., English, State University of New York, Albany, Mas’ud, prolific writer and expert on class ideology, “Class in Culture”, p. 27-29)

On the theoretical level, the attacks on …. to look "outside."

Resisting capitalism’s reliance on economic evaluation is the ultimate ethical responsibility – the current social order guarantees social exclusion on a global scale

Zizek and Daly 2k4 (Slavoj and Glyn, Conversations with Zizek page 14-16)

For Zizek it is imperative that we cut …. in an otherwise sound matrix.

The alternative is to reject the aff in favor of historical materialism – historical materialism links social praxis to a decisive judgment on capitalist oppression.

Lukacs in 67 (George, Hungarian Marxist philosopher and literary critic. He is a founder of the tradition of Western Marxism. He contributed the ideas of reification and class consciousness to Marxist philosophy and theory, and his literary criticism was influential in thinking about realism and about the novel as a literary genre. He served briefly as Hungary's Minister of Culture as part of the government of the short-lived Hungarian Soviet Republic, History and Class Consciousness) 224-225

Historical materialism has, …. this knowledge, it could act accordingly. 

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
States historically incentivize the nuclear industry
MarketWatch 7 “States Maneuver to Lure New Nuclear Power Plants,” 5/21, http://energyjustice.net/pipermail/nukenet_energyjustice.net/2007-May/002037.html

In a positive shift for U.S. power companies planning a new fleet
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costs to their customers, while Georgia regulators are considering a similar move. 

Funding plank solves
McNichol et al 9 Raising State Income Taxes on High-Income Taxpayers, By Elizabeth McNichol, Senior Fellow at the Center on Budget and Policy Priorities, Andrew Nicholas and Jon Shure, November 11, 2009, http://www.cbpp.org/cms/index.cfm?fa=viewandid=2792

As states face increasingly difficult choices for closing the gap between available resources and the
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the bottom fifth grow significantly faster than the top fifth. 4

Federalism high in energy
Hanger 12 Federalism Is Proving Renewable Energy's Greatest Strength, NOVEMBER 21, 2012, John Hanger, expert on energy, environment, green economy, competitive electric markets, and utility regulation with unique experience in and out of government. Special Counsel at Eckert Seamans and a Democratic candidate for Governor of PA. I have been both the Secretary of the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection and Commissioner of the Pennsylvania Public Utility Commission.. I am a 1984 graduate of the University of Pennsylvania and 1979 graduate of Duke University. http://johnhanger.blogspot.com/2012/11/federalism-is-proving-renewable-energys.html

While Congressional .... Constitution are smiling

Federal energy policy undermines federalism
Maharrey 12 Ohio group: Tenth Amendment key to energy independence, Mike Maharrey, Communications Director for the Tenth Amendment Center, August 24, 2012 http://blog.tenthamendmentcenter.com/2012/08/ohio-group-tenth-amendment-key-to-energy-independence/

“Energy policy and initiatives that originate from the federal government, including the Environmental
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. The states will once again control their own destiny,” he said.

Federalism ensures global modeling and solves conflict
Calabresi 95—Stephen, Associate Professor, Northwestern University School of Law. B.A. 1980, J.D. 1983, Yale, “Reflections on United States v. Lopez: "A GOVERNMENT OF LIMITED AND ENUMERATED POWERS": IN DEFENSE OF UNITED STATES v. LOPEZ,” 94 Mich. L. Rev. 752, Michigan Law Review, December, 1995

First, the rules of constitutional federalism should be enforced because federalism is a good
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legal academy would wake up to the importance of what is at stake.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
CIR will pass- PC key
Weber, Fox News National Politics Reporter, 1-1, 2013,
(Joseph, "Guns, immigration, fiscal issues emerge as top priorities for Obama, new Congress", Fox News, PAS) www.foxnews.com/politics/2013/01/01/gun-control-immigration-reform-fiscal-issues-emerge-as-top-issues-for-new/ 1-2-13 

After an election year in which legislative business practically ground to a halt, Congress
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will be their priorities and what will they be forced to deal with?"

Energy policy saps political capital
McEntee 12 Science, Politics and Public Opinion, Christine McEntee, Executive Director and CEO, American Geophysical Union, AUGUST 15, 2012, http://energy.nationaljournal.com/2012/08/finding-the-sweet-spot-biparti.php

As convenient as it would be to say that a single change could alleviate the
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energy disaster to get sufficient voter support for significant legislation on these issues.

CIR solves terrorism
Castaneda et al 5 NYU Politics and Latin American Studies professor, Jorge, “NORTH AMERICAN COOPERATION ON THE BORDER”, HEARING BEFORE THE COMMITTEE ON FOREIGN RELATIONS UNITED STATES SENATE ONE HUNDRED NINTH CONGRESS FIRST SESSION, 7-12-2005, http://ftp.resource.org/gpo.gov/hearings/109s/28131.txt

I think that attitudes in Mexico have changed in relation to drugs and I think
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President Fox has made an effort to educate Mexican society about these issues.

Extinction
Sid-Ahmed 4 Mohamed Sid-Ahmed, Al-Ahram Weekly political analyst, 2004, Al-Ahram Weekly, "Extinction!" 8/26, no. 705,  http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2004/705/op5.htm

What would be the consequences of a nuclear attack by terrorists? Even if it
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When nuclear pollution infects the whole planet, we will all be losers.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
Resisting capitalism’s reliance on economic evaluation is the ultimate ethical responsibility – the current social order guarantees social exclusion on a global scale
Zizek and Daly 2k4 (Slavoj and Glyn, Conversations with Zizek page 14-16)
For Zizek it is imperative that we cut through this Gordian … of a ‘glitch’ in an otherwise sound matrix. 

The alternative is to reject the aff in favor of historical materialism – historical materialism links social praxis to a decisive judgment on capitalist oppression.
Lukacs in 67 (George, Hungarian Marxist philosopher and literary critic. He is a founder of the tradition of Western Marxism. He contributed the ideas of reification and class consciousness to Marxist philosophy and theory, and his literary criticism was influential in thinking about realism and about the novel as a literary genre. He served briefly as Hungary's Minister of Culture as part of the government of the short-lived Hungarian Soviet Republic, History and Class Consciousness) 224-225
Historical … knowledge, it could act accordingly. 

Post-modern identity politics collapse into competition between proliferating identity groups—the struggle against the institutional basis of oppression, such as class, is discarded in favor of political fragmentation—turns the aff.
Smith 10—Jeremy is a member of the Democratic Socialist Perspective in the Australian Socialist Alliance and a lecturer in social sciences at the University of Ballarat. “The rise and malaise of postmodernism” http://links.org.au/node/32 accessed date: 6-14-12 y2k

What kind of politics can this … by philosophers are themselves held in contempt.

The aff’s move to historicize cultural difference precludes ontological and ideological critique of capital.
Vighi and Feldner 2007 (Fabio Vighi and Heiko Feldner, Cardiff University.  Zizek: Beyond Foucault.  Pages 25-28)

There can be no doubt that …. discursive fiction, and to change it.

Individualism denies the totality of production – it is incompatible with historical materialism
Lukacs in 67 (George, Hungarian Marxist philosopher and literary critic. He is a founder of the tradition of Western Marxism. He contributed the ideas of reification and class consciousness to Marxist philosophy and theory, and his literary criticism was influential in thinking about realism and about the novel as a literary genre. He served briefly as Hungary's Minister of Culture as part of the government of the short-lived Hungarian Soviet Republic, History and Class Consciousness 27-28)
It is not the primacy of … this corrective proved even more salutary and decisive. 

Post-modern epistemology results in extinction—engaging with the material reality is necessary for survival.
Morris, Emeritus professor of anthropology at Goldsmiths College at the University of London, 1997
Brian, “In Defence of Realism and Truth Critical reflections on the anthropological followers of Heidegger” Critique of Anthropology September 1997 vol. 17 no. 3 313-340, SAGEpub, accesed date: 4-28-12 y2k

Post-modernist scholars exclaim with some … ’dialogue’ with the material world. 

The racial discourse of the 1AC exists completely inside the domain of capitalism.
Young 6 Robert, Chair at New York University, “Putting Materialism Back into Race Theory: Towards a Transformative Theory of Race”, Redcritique.org

Here, then, is one of the primary effects of the …. for the free development of all" (Marx 31). 

Embracing “experience ignores the mediated nature of experience—it ignores the historical continuity of class domination in favor of a ‘local’ understanding of oppression.
Young 6 Robert, Red Critique, Winter/Spring, “Putting Materialism back into Race Theory”, http://www.redcritique.org/WinterSpring2006/puttingmaterialismbackintoracetheory.htm

Bourgeois philosophical assumptions haunt the Afrocentric … has come under attack by black (humanist) scholars through the invocation of the black (transcendental) subject.

Class is the primary cause of all other forms of oppression
Kovel 2 Alger Hiss Professor of Social Studies at Bard College, awarded Fellowship at the John Guggenheim Foundation, (Joel, The Enemy of Nature, pages 123-124)

If, however, we ask the question of efficacy, … of another cannot be conjured away.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge: 

Courts can invalidate restrictions on energy production

Simon 7 Christopher A. Simon - Director, Master of Public Administration, Political Science Department, University of Utah, Professor, Political Science, “Alternative Energy: Political, Economic, and Social Feasibility”

The institutional power of the federal courts … in- terpretation and national policy priorities.

Tournament: Northwestern | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
Sequester compromise now- PC key
Lewis 2/6 Sorry, the GOP doesn’t have the upper hand on the sequester, 2/06/2013, Matt K. Lewis, http://dailycaller.com/2013/02/06/sorry-the-gop-doesnt-have-the-upper-hand-on-the-sequester/

Sorry, the GOP doesn’t have the upper hand on the sequester¶ Over at
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were tantamount to Y2K concerns.¶ But that would take courage and unity…

DOD SMRs cause massive fights in Congress
Parthemore and Rogers 10 Christine Parthemore and Will Rogers, Christine Parthemore is the Bacevich fellow at the Center for a New American Security. Will Rogers is a CNAS researcher. This piece is based on a recently released CNAS report on climate change, energy and the Department of Defense available, Nuclear Reactors on Military Bases May Be Risky, May 20, 2010http:www.rollcall.com/news/-46456-1.html

Are small nuclear reactors a smart choice for increasing energy security and reducing greenhouse gas
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report on climate change, energy and the Department of Defense available here.

Sequestration cuts NIH- undermines disease prevention, econ, heg
Gabbe 12 Sequestration cuts would be a disaster for U.S. medical research, Dr. Steven G. Gabbe, December 24, 2012, senior vice president for health sciences at Ohio State University and chief executive officer at OSU’s Wexner Medical Center, http://www.dispatch.com/content/stories/editorials/2012/12/24/sequestration-cuts-would-be-a-disaster-for-u-s~-~-medical-research.html

Physicians at the nation’s medical schools and teaching hospitals see the hope every day that
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our regional economy and remain a global economic force, sequestration cannot happen.

Disease causes extinction
Keating 9 Foreign Policy web editor, Joshua, “The End of the World”, 11-13-09, http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2009/11/13/the_end_of_the_world?page=full,

How it could happen: Throughout history, plagues have brought civilizations to their knees
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. Biological weapons experimentation has added a new and just as troubling complication.

Science leadership is on the brink- sequestration collapses
Templeton and Jackson 2/5 A crucial role in innovation, Richard Templeton is chairman, president and CEO of Texas Instruments, Shirley Ann Jackson, Ph.D., is president of Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 2/5/13, http://www.politico.com/story/2013/02/governments-crucial-role-in-innovation-87219.html

The United States is at an important crossroads in science. The direction we take
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must manage for the future. Discovery and innovation is the pathway there.

Science leadership fosters diplomacy- solves all major impacts
Federoff 8 Dr. Federoff 2008, Nina, Science and Technology Adviser to the Secretary of State and the Administrator of USAID “Testimony Before The House Science Subcommittee On Research And Science Education,” pg online @ http://gop.science.house.gov/Media/Hearings/research08/April2/fedoroff.pdf 

Chairman Baird, Ranking Member Ehlers, and distinguished members of the Subcommittee, thank
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a means to enhance security, increase global partnerships, and create sustainability.

Tournament: Districts  | Round: 5 | Opponent: JMU BL | Judge: Kallmyer

Energy production is predicated upon a particular ontological position of domination and calculation- the alternative is to reject the aff to re-examine our ontological position.

Goodman 11 Benny Goodman is a professor at Plymouth University Transformation for health and sustainability: Dualism and Anthropocentrism. plymouth.academia.edu/bennygoodman /Papers/677349/ Transformation_for_health_and_sustainability_Dualism_and_Anthropocentrism

This ontological position of our ‘being’ in the world may devalue the physical world

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, we have created a brave new world fit for….buying stuff.

The alternative is to affirm global suicide as a moral act- the thought experiment solves

Kochi 8 Tarik is a lecturer in the school of Law, Queen’s University, Belfast, Northern Ireland, “An Argument for the Global Suicide of Humanity,” December 2008, Vol. 7 No. 3, www.borderlands.net,au, http://www.borderlands.net.au/vol7no3_2008/kochiordan_argument.pdf

While we are not interested in the discussion of the ‘method’ of the  global

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no matter  how hard we try to forget, suppress or repress it.  

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
Financial incentives” require disbursement of public funds
Webb 93 (Dr. Kernaghan, Associate Professor of Law and Business – Ryerson University's Ted Rogers School of Management, Adjunct Research Professor – School of Public Policy and Administration and Department of Law –Carleton University, “Thumbs, Fingers, and Pushing on String: Legal Accountability in the Use of Federal Financial Incentives,” Alta Law Review, 31 Alta L. Rev 501-535, Hein Online, p.505-6)

In this paper, "financial incentives" are taken to mean disbursements of
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loan guarantees, grants, contributions, allowances, deductions and so on. 

The plan is indirect and not a financial incentive
WFC, World Future Council, 2007,
(“Feed-In Tariffs – A guide to one of the world’s best environmental policies Boosting Energy for our Future", Pg. 6, PAS) :www.worldfuturecouncil.org/fileadmin/user_upload/Maja/Feed-in_Tariffs_WFC.pdf 3-25-13

How does a FIT ….noticeable level.

FITS is indirect incentive
Williamson and Sayer 12 (assistant attorneys general in the Water and Natural Resources Division of the Wyoming Attorney General’s Office)¶ Jeremiah and Matthias Natural Resources and Environment Vol 27, No. 1 http://www.americanbar.org/publications/ natural_resources_environment/2011_12/summer_2012/federalism_renewable_energy_policy.html

Indirect Incentives¶ Indirect incentives have taken a variety of forms and continue to evolve
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the whole, carbon pricing efforts have seen relatively little acceptance and implementation.

For is a term of exclusion – requiring direct action upon
US CUSTOMS COURT 39 AMERICAN COLORTYPE CO. v. UNITED STATES C. D
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imported with the intention to use the same in industry for manufacturing purposes.

FITS is distinct from direct incentives for energy production
Doris 12 – National Renewable Energy Laboratory (Elizabeth, “Policy Building Blocks: Helping Policymakers Determine Policy Staging for the Development of Distributed PV Markets,” Paper to be presented at the 2012 World Renewable Energy Forum, 5/13-5/17, http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy12osti/54801.pdf)

Feed-in-Tariffs. This incentive type reduces investment risk by providing fixed payments for projects based on the levelized cost of renewable energy generation. This (among other design characteristics) distinguishes feed-in-tariffs from production-based incentives, which are based on monetizing the value of the electricity to the grid or the value to the electricity purchaser.

Limits- this opens the floodgates on indirect mechanisms that could affect production.
Dyson et al 3 International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (Megan, Flow: The Essentials of Environmental Flows, p. 67-68

Understanding of the term ‘incentives’ varies and economists have produced numerous typologies. A
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these incentives within the realm of economic and fiscal policy is practically limitless.

Constraints are more conducive to creative thinking
Gibbert et al. 7 Michael Gibbert, Assistant Professor of Management at Bocconi University (Italy), et al., with Martin Hoeglis, Professor of Leadership and Human Resource Management at WHU—Otto Beisheim School of Management (Germany), and Lifsa Valikangas, Professor of Innovation Management at the Helsinki School of Economics (Finland) and Director of the Woodside Institute, 2007, “In Praise of Resource Constraints,” MIT Sloan Management Review, Spring, Available Online at https://umdrive.memphis.edu/gdeitz/public/The%20Moneyball%20Hypothesis/Gibbert%20et%20al.%20-%20SMR%20(2007)%20Praise%20Resource%20Constraints.pdf, p. 15-16

Resource constraints can also fuel innovative team performance directly. In the spirit of the
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analogies and combinations that would otherwise be hidden under a glut of resources.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
Oil up-
AP 3/28 Oil prices move slightly higher as Cyprus reopens banks; natural gas steady after topping $4, Associated Press, 3/28, http://www.washingtonpost.com/business/oil-prices-move-marginally-higher-as-bailed-out-cyprus-braces-for-a-reopening-of-its-banks/2013/03/28/ef6f24e0-9766-11e2-b5b4-b63027b499de_story.html

NEW YORK — The price of oil was little changed Thursday, while natural gas
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crisis of confidence in banking across the 17 countries that use the euro.

Plan kills it
Allcot 11 Solar Power Reduces Our Dependency on Oil”, September 8th, 2011, Dawn Allcot
A full-time freelance writer, Dawn frequently covers energy efficiency, green living, and topics like LED lighting and whole home control systems for a number of blogs and technology trade magazines. http://www.ecooutfitters.net/blog/2011/09/solar-power-reduces-our-dependency-on-oil/

Little Changes Make a Big Difference But there’s good news. The fact that our
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these factors, the case for solar power keeps getting brighter and brighter.

New alt energy will case saudi market flood- turns case
Energy Tech Stocks 8 “Petro-politics Expert Marcel: Saudis Have Oil But Not Enough; OPEC May Flood Market To Hurt New Techs,” 1/27/2008, http://energytechstocks.com.previewmysite.com/wp/?cat=15andpaged=2. 

Saudi Arabia still has a lot of oil; nevertheless, the world doesn’t have
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industry, the world keeps asking, “Why should we trust them?

Producing states are on the brink- low prices cause state collapse and extinction
Hulbert 12 Matthew Hulbert, B.A. in history and politics from Durham University and an Mphil in international relations from Cambridge University, Senior Researcher at the Clingendael International Energy Programme (CIEP) in The Hague, The Netherlands. He studies political risk in upstream oil and gas markets, previously a Senior Research Fellow at the Center for Security Studies, ETH Zurich, leading its work on energy security and political risk. Before that, he worked in the City of London as Senior Energy Analyst at Datamonitor, and headed up the Global Issues Desk at Control Risks Group in London and Washington, D.C. “The political perils of low oil prices,” July 9 2012, http://www.europeanenergyreview.eu/site/pagina.php?id=3796#artikel_3796, Accessed 9/15/12, mcmc

Oil prices have rapidly dropped in recent months, and some analysts predict a further
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those squeamish about collateral damage. Corpses would litter the entire energy stage.

2NC

Turns Econ
Turns the economy
Sachs 1 The Strategic Significance of Global Inequality, Jeffrey D. Sachs is director of the Center for International Development and Galen L. Stone Professor of International Trade in the Department of Economics at Harvard, SUMMER 2001, http://earth.columbia.edu/sitefiles/file/about/director/documents/WQ2432001.pdf

ECONOMIC LOSSES¶ Adam Smith noted more than two centuries ago in Wealth of Nations
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because they are seen as the cause of the poor economic circumstances.”10
Turns Heg
Turns Heg
Baker 7 Fixing Failing States: The New Security Agenda, Pauline H. Baker, president of The Fund for Peace, an independent educational and research organization based in Washington DC. She is also a professorial lecturer at The Johns Hopkins School of Advanced International Studies, The Whitehead Journal of Diplomacy and International Relations, Winter/Spring 2007

Some observers have argued that the problem of weak and failing states is not all
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goals, particularly since the US-led invasion of Iraq in 2003.

Turns Environment
Turns the environment
Sachs 1 The Strategic Significance of Global Inequality, Jeffrey D. Sachs is director of the Center for International Development and Galen L. Stone Professor of International Trade in the Department of Economics at Harvard, SUMMER 2001, http://earth.columbia.edu/sitefiles/file/about/director/documents/WQ2432001.pdf

Economic collapse and state failure are major contributors to environmental degradation of strategic concern to
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Venezuela, suffering under severe economic stres, if not outright failure.11

Obama sending mixed signals in energy policy
Bradley 12 Robert Bradley Jr., 4/09/2012, A Consumerist, Not "All of the Above" Energy Policy, founder and CEO of the Institute for Energy Research, adjunct scholar of the Cato Institute and of the Competitive Enterprise Institute; visiting fellow of the Institute of Economic Affairs in London; and honorary senior research fellow at the Center for Energy Economics. I hold a BA and MA in economics and a PhD in political economy. http://www.forbes.com/sites/robertbradley/2012/04/09/a-consumerist-not-all-of-the-above-energy-policy/

A White House that high-handedly rejects a major energy project one day,
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, which accounts for more domestic electricity generation than any other energy source.

Alternative energies trade off with drilling
Humbaugh et al 10 Matt, Michael and Avinash, Sr. Directors at Wikiinvest, http://www.wikinvest.com/industry/Oil_%26_Gas_Drilling_%26_Exploration 

For exploration and production companies, Gould’s outlook illustrates the mixed outlook facing oil companies
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those sources may subtract investment from oil exploration and deepwater drilling.18
Electrical generation triggers the link
Styles 11 Managing Director of GSW Strategy Group, 11, Geoffrey, January 19, “Displacing More Oil from Power Generation” http://energyoutlook.blogspot.com/2011/01/displacing-more-oil-from-power.html

That situation isn't representative of the world as a whole, however, with oil
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hanging fruit for redeployment, and as a significant emissions-reduction opportunity.

Nuclear power causes a transportation switch to natural gas
Wald 5 Matthew L. Wald 5-9-2005; When It Comes to Replacing Oil Imports, Nuclear Is No Easy Option, Experts Say  http://www.nytimes.com/2005/05/09/politics/09energy.html?_r=1andpagewanted=all

The electric system consumes another fuel that nuclear power could replace: natural gas.
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nuclear reactors. "You can run cars on natural gas," he said

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
Immigration reform pass now- PC key
Epstein, Politico Staff Writer, 3-27, 2013, ¶ (Jennifer, "Obama renews push on immigration reform", Politico, PAS) www.politico.com/politico44/2013/03/obama-renews-push-on-immigration-reform-160372.html 3-28-13 

President Obama sought to refocus the political conversation on immigration reform Wednesday in interviews with
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it’ll be good for these families. That’s my number-one priority.”

FIT’s unpopular.
Dong 12¶ (Baofeng, Department of Planning, Public Policy and Management, School of Architecture and Allied Arts, of the University of Oregon, June, http://www.oregonrenewables.com/Publications/Dong_Thesis_Solar_FIT_Final.pdf, Date Accessed: 2/7/13, MSN)

Though FIT programs have experienced significant growth and great success in Germany, solar PV
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renewal of federal investment tax credit and other incentives has faced significant opposition.

Reform is key to ag workforce
Miller 2/28 Agriculture Needs New Guestworker Program, February 28, 2013, Johnna Miller, Director of Media Development, American Farm Bureau Federation, http://www.fb.org/index.php?action=newsroom.newsclipandid=69793

Miller: In a hearing before the House Judiciary Subcommittee on Immigration and Border Security
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economic dislocation in the agricultural sector while we transition to a new program.

Kills small farms
Gual 10 10/17/2010 ¶ Frank, Internet Marketer and Yahoo Contributor, Farm job, anyone?, Associated Content, p. http://www.associatedcontent.com/article/5877166/farm_job_anyone.htmljap

A shortage of farm labor will cause food prices to rise at a time when
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bought by large conglomerates whose management is far removed from the local community.

Extinction
Boyce 4 James K., Director, Program on Development, Peacebuilding, and the Environment, Political Economy Research Institute, and Professor, Department of Economics, University of Massachusetts, Amherst. “A Future for Small Farms?”
http://www.peri.umass.edu/fileadmin/pdf/Boyce_paper_griffin_conference.pdfjap

There is a future for small farms. Or more precisely, there can be
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the spotted owls found in the ancient forests of the northwestern United States.

Politics
MPX
Small farms solve extinction---key to shift away from industrial farming---solves genetic diversity and sustainable agriculture.

CIR solves competitiveness and economy
Llorenz, Rutgers Communication School Senior Fellow, 3-26, 2013,
(Jason A., LIN@R Innovation Policy Director, "How the Technology Sector Will Help Achieve Comprehensive Immigration Reform", Huffington Post, PAS) www.huffingtonpost.com/jason-a-llorenz/technology-sector-comprehensive-immigration-reform_b_2924746.html 3-27-13

"Tech lobbyists say immigration reform is needed desperately," reports a recent Politico story
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to join venture capital firms or found start-ups of their own.

Solves Latin American relations
Shifter 12 (Michael Shifter is the President of Inter-American Dialogue. “Remaking the Relationship: The United States and Latin America,” April, IAD Policy Report, 2012 http://www.thedialogue.org/PublicationFiles/IAD2012PolicyReportFINAL.pdf date accessed: 2/21/13) TM

Some …other nations.

Solves Warming
Cardenas et al 8 Director of the Commission; Senior Fellow and Director, Latin America Initiative, Brookings, Members of the Partnership for the Americas Commission Re-Thinking U.S.-Latin American Relations: A Hemispheric Partnership for a Turbulent World, November 2008, http://www.brookings.edu/research/reports/2008/11/24-latin-america-partnership

Today, four changes in the region have made a hemispheric partnership both possible and
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adapting to ecological shocks—all require sustained cooperation among the hemisphere’s countries.

UQ
Will pass- consensus now- assumes status quo bumps
Sink and Mali, The Hill Staff Writers, 3-25, 2013, ¶ (Justin and Meghashyam, "Obama: 'The time has come' to move immigration reform in Congress, The Hill, PAS) thehill.com/blogs/blog-briefing-room/news/290129-obama-the-time-has-come-to-move-immigration-reform 3-25-13¶
President Obama used a naturalization ceremony at the White House on Monday to declare “
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but their work has already received general support from leaders in both parties.

Top GOP leaders express optimism
Sherman, Politico Staff Writer, 3-28, 2013, ¶ (Jake, "Eric Cantor: Immigration deal tough but doable", Politico, PAS) www.politico.com/story/2013/03/eric-cantor-immigration-89423.html 3-28-13 

The No. 2 House Republican said Thursday that comprehensive immigration reform would be a
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, I think that we can come to some agreement,” Cantor said.

Link Shield
Presidents tied to agency action- independently the process tanks PC- empirics prove
Ponder 12 prof @ Drury University, Daniel, Presidential Quarterly vol 42 issue 2 p 300-323, Presidential Leverage and the Politics of Policy Formulation, June 2012

Staff as Director.Politically charged issues are likely to be centralized, and staff
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high levels of leverage will centralize less, and I explain why below. 

Obama only receives blame- winners lose- long time too regenerate
Nicholas and Hook 10 Peter and Janet, Staff Writers – LA Times, “Obama the Velcro president”, LA Times, 7-30, http://articles.latimes.com/2010/jul/30/nation/la-na-velcro-presidency-20100730/3

If Ronald Reagan was the classic Teflon president, Barack Obama is made of Velcro
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a very important agenda, but it hasn't translated into dinner table conversations."

Link
The plan costs political capital
Dorsi, Harvard Law JD, 2012,
(Michael, Phillips and Cohen LLP Fellow, "Article: Clean Energy Pricing and Federalism: Legal Obstacles and Options for Feed-in Tariffs", Environs: Environmental Law and Policy Journal, 35 Environs Envtl. L. and Pol'y J. 173, Spring, PAS) Accessed on LexisNexis 3-25-13

Although potentially challenging in the current Congress, establishing legislative authorization for a feed-
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exploring the options for states to act if the federal government stands still.

No political support for FITs -
Stokes 13 (Leah C., Department of Urban Studies and Planning, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, “The Politics of Renewable Energy Policies: The Case of Feed-in-Tariffs in Ontario Canada”) Energy Policy
However, there are also clear drawbacks associated with using FIT policies, many of
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other energy subsidies, however they are highly visible and may be disproportionately targeted

FITs lead to utility and fossil fuel lobby backlash
Lynch, 12 -- Salem Financial CEO, Principal Solar, Inc advisor
J. Peter, 35 years as a Wall Street security analyst, "Why Not? The Case for an American Feed-In Tariff," 10-10-12, www.slideshare.net/rborry/why-not-the-case-for-an-american-feedin-tariff, accessed 2-7-13, mss

Opposition to FITs: Opposition is Talk, FITs are Fact The number one opponent
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welfare of the country and the long-term health of the planet.

Solar cost PC- republican backlash
Shahan 12 JUNE 13, 12, GOP Leaders’ Current Tactic: Call the Majority of Americans Extremists
JUNE 13, 2012, ZACHARY SHAHAN, http://cleantechnica.com/2012/06/13/gop-leaders-current-tactic-call-the-majority-of-americans-extremists/

The thing is, GOP leaders (which AFP is one of) have gone
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down, or kill solar energy policies while protecting fossil fuel subsidies vehemently.
Obama Push
Obama pushing immigration reform now
Slack, Politico Reporter, 3-25, 2013, ¶ (Donovan, "Obama pushes Congress on immigration reform", Politico, PAS) www.politico.com/politico44/2013/03/obama-pushes-congress-on-immigration-reform-160143.html 3-2-513 

President Barack Obama praised lawmakers on Monday for the progress that has been made on
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offer, then we need to do a better job of welcoming them."

PC key- Obama is performing a high-wire act
Sink, The Hill Staff Writer, 3-26, 2013, ¶ (Justin, "After taking hit in the polls, Obama pivots back to immigration reform", The Hill, PAS) thehill.com/homenews/administration/290249-after-taking-hit-in-the-polls-obama-pivots-back-to-immigration 3-26-13 

Yet, the assault weapons ban doesn't have the votes to pass the Senate,
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bad blood among the House GOP that direct presidential involvement drives away support.”

FIT
PC is true and finite
Beckmann and Kumar 11 Department of Political Science, University of California, Irvine, CA, Matthew and Vimal, How presidents push, when presidents win: A model of positive presidential power in US lawmaking, Journal of Theoretical Politics 2011 23: 3

As with all lobbyists, presidents looking to push legislation must do so indirectly by
AND
is to explicate those margins and show how presidents may systematically influence them.

Distribution
We just need to win that more production results in LOWER food prices---that solves
John Vidal 12 is the Guardian's environment editor. He joined the paper in 1995 after working for Agence France Presse, North Wales Newspapers and the Cumberland News. He is the author of McLibel: Burger Culture on Trial (1998) and has contributed chapters to books on topics such as the Gulf war, new Europe and development, “UN warns of looming worldwide food crisis in 2013,” The Observer, Saturday 13 October 2012, http://www.guardian.co.uk/global-development/2012/oct/14/un-global-food-crisis-warning, Accessed Date: 3-6-13 y2k

World grain reserves are so dangerously low that severe weather in the United States or
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population growth, spreading water shortages and rising food prices," Brown says.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
The United States Supreme Court should rule the Federal Energy Regulatory Committees ruling that mandates electricity from solar power be purchased at an avoided cost unconstitutional.

Courts solve
Simon 7 Christopher A. Simon - Director, Master of Public Administration, Political Science Department, University of Utah, Professor, Political Science, “Alternative Energy: Political, Economic, and Social Feasibility”

The institutional power of the federal courts regarding energy policy is not ex- plicit
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goals not inconsistent with national constitutional in- terpretation and national policy priorities.

Key to Dynamic federalism---solves environment
Engel and Adelman 7 Arizona Legal Studies, Discussion Paper No. 07-23, Adaptive Federalism: The Case Against Reallocating Environmental Regulatory Authority, David E. Adelman and Kirsten H. Engel The University of Arizona James E. Rogers College of Law, September 2007

The simplicity of the matching principle, in this light, is bought at a
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and we will argue are essential to sustaining innovative and responsive environmental policymaking. 

A2: Agent CP Bad
Critical to Policy Education- determines best option
Geri and McNabb 11 Laurance Geri and David McNabb 2011, Laurance (Larry) Geri is a member of the faculty of The Evergreen State College, where he teaches in the Masters Program in Public Administration; David E. McNabb is business administration professor emeritus at Pacific Lutheran University and currently a member of the adjunct faculty of Olympic College; Energy Policy in the U.S.: Politics, Challenges, and Prospects for Change, electronic copy of book

Producing an energy policy that meets security and environmental criteria begins with answering these questions
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, as they have in the aftermath of the financial crash of 2008.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
No impact to warming
Lindzen 9—Richard S. Lindzen is the Alfred P. Sloan Professor of Atmospheric Sciences at Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
“Resisting climate hysteria” 8-14-09 http://www.thepeoplesvoice.org/TPV3/Voices.php/2009/08/14/resisting-climate-hysteria Accessed date: 7-15-12 y2k

Climate alarmists respond that some of the hottest years on record have occurred during the
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history tells us that greater wealth and development can profoundly increase our resilience.

Warming inevitable
Mims 12 Christopher Mims, 3-26-2012, “Climate scientists: It’s basically too late to stop warming,” Grist, http://grist.org/list/climate-scientists-its-basically-too-late-to-stop-warming/

If you like cool weather and not having to club your neighbors as you battle
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unstable autocratic political system demands growth at all costs. That means coal.

Adaptation checks- plan prevents
Borick and Rabe 12 Christopher Borick, Prof @ Muhlenberg, and Barry G. Rabe, senior fellow @ Brookings, May 2012, “Americans Cool on Geoengineering Approaches to Addressing Climate Change,” Issues in Governance Studies, Iss. 47, http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/research/files/papers/2012/5/30%20geo%20engineering%20rabe%20borick/30%20geo%20engineering%20rabe%20borick.pdf

With expanding concern that climate change is already impacting environments around the planet there has
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attention away from trying to stop global warming and instead focus on adaptation.

Solar power is insufficient- land and capacity factors
Glennon, Arizona University Public Policy Professor, and Reeves, Arizona University J.D. Candidate, 10, (Robert and Andrew, "ARTICLE: SOLAR ENERGY'S CLOUDY FUTURE", Arizona Journal of Environmental Law and Policy, 1 Ariz. J. Envtl. L. and Pol'y 91, Fall, PAS) Accessed on LexisNexis 9-10-12  

It will be extremely challenging to find enough land on which to site projects able
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make an impact on energy needs. Table 4 helps illustrate these concerns.

Silicon shortages kill solvency
Wenzel 8 (Elsa, CNET News Staff Writer, 08 May 9, “Barriers to solar energy's blockbuster promise,” http://news.cnet.com/8301-11128_3-9939715-54.html, d/a 8-2-12, ads (assessed September 15,2012 IB

As 26 U.S states including California are requiring some renewable energy in utilities’
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intensive sources like coal. Both solar and wind depend on the weather.

Solar power is unreliable- FF backup
Jean-Paul Renaud, Times Staff Writer. 2004 “The State; Mainstream Warming Up to Solar Power; More institutions are turning to photovoltaic technology in an effort to reap long-term savings. Critics contend it's unreliable.”  The Los Angeles Times April 4, 2004, http://articles.latimes.com/2004/apr/04/local/me-solar4 (assessed September 15, 12 LMM

Still, some believe investing in solar technology is not cost-effective. They
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has come a long way, but there's still more progress to go."
Feed-in-Tariffs empirically go over-budget – leads to rebounding to fossil fuels from consumer costs
Kooten 11 G. Cornelis van Kooten, University of Victoria Professor of Economics, "Economic Analysis of Feed-in Tariffs for Generating Electricity from Renewable Energy Sources," may 11, web.uvic.ca/repa/publications/REPA%20working%20papers/WorkingPaper2011-02.pdfcd

If the government is unable to transfer the costs of FIT subsidies to ratepayers (
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CO2 emissions by 60% or more (Jenkins et al. 2011).

Adv1
Ext.- Inevitable
CO2 stays in the atmosphere- warming inevitable
Ramanathan and Ramanthan 11 Prof. Veerabhadran Ramanathan is a Distinguished Professor of Atmospheric and Climate Science at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography and the University of California at San Diego Dr Nithya Ramanathan is a Fellow at the Centre of Embedded Networked Sensing at the University of California at Los Angeles and Presiden Nexleaf Analytics, "An Unprecedented Opportunity", http://www.unep.org/ourplanet/2011/dec/en/article8.asp)

Rapid and meaningful progress on slowing global warming is achievable if world leaders and policy
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decades, because CO2 molecules live for a century or more once released.

Ext.- Alt cause
Alt cause- Deforestation
Howden 7 Daniel, 5/14/2007, The Independent, “Deforestation: The hidden cause of global warming”, http://www.independent.co.uk/environment/climate-change/deforestation-the-hidden-cause-of-global-warming-448734.html

The accelerating destruction of the rainforests that form a precious cooling band around the Earth's
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the standing forest, it's obvious that the forest will take the hit."  

Ext.- Nuc War Turns
Nuclear war causes warming
Mason 3 Colin, SEATO Adviser – Thai Government and Deputy Senate Leader – Australian Federal Parliament, The 2030 Spike, p. 4

There is considerable evidence for the 2030 spike — the combined effect of at least
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way — all these will tend to aggravate the effect of the drivers.

A2: Conflicts

Mono-causal explanation is wrong—there are risk factors for conflicts other than climate change—the study on correlation is limited.
Evans 10—Alex, Head of Program, Resource Scarcity, Climate Change and Multilateralism, Center on International Cooperation, New York University, 9-9-10, “WORLD DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2011 BACKGROUND PAPER: RESOURCE SCARCITY, CLIMATE CHANGE AND THE RISK OF VIOLENT CONFLICT” http://oneworldtrust.org/climategovernance/sites/-default/files/publications/ebaines/Resource%20scarcity,%20climate%20change%20and%20conflict.pdf accessed date: 6-1-12, y2k

However, while climate change and resource scarcity do pose risks – especially for poor
AND
them more susceptible to conflict risk arising from climate change and resource scarcity.
A 2007 report from International Alert, for example, found that 46 countries,
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non-linear nature of future impacts of climate change, as discussed earlier

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
Heg resilient
Lieber 9 Department of Government, Georgetown University, Robert, Persistent primacy and the future of the American era, International Politics (2009) 46, 119–139

In general, effective alternatives to the role played by the United States tend to
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and the fortunes of a global liberal democratic order – depend on it.

Heg doesn’t solve war
Maher 10 Richard Maher, Ph.D. in Political Science at Brown University, November 12, 2010,“The Paradox of American Unipolarity: Why the United States May Be Better Off in a Post-Unipolar World”, http://dl2af5jf3e.scholar.serialssolutions.com.proxy.lib.umich.edu/?sid=googleandauinit=Randaulast=Maherandatitle=The+paradox+of+American+unipolarity:+Why+the+United+States+may+be+better+off+in+a+post-unipolar+worldandid=doi:10.1016/j.orbis.2010.10.003andtitle=Orbis+(Philadelphia)andvolume=55andissue=1anddate=2011andspage=53andissn=0030-4387

The other way to think about power is the ability to realize one's own preferences
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, or seek to decrease their reliance or dependence on American security guarantees.

Competitiveness not key to heg
Brooks and Wohlforth 8 Stephen G. Brooks is Assistant Professor and William C. Wohlforth is Professor in the Department of Government at Dartmouth College, “World out of Balance, International Relations and the Challenge of American Primacy,” p. 32-35

American primacy is also rooted in the county's position as the world's leading technological power
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until the distribution of capabilities changes fundamentally. The next section explains why.

Subsidies steal jobs other sectors of the economy.
Alvarez, Rey Juan Carlos Universidad Research Director, 9,
(Gabriel Calzada, Raquel Merino Jara and Juan Ramon Rallo Julian, Researchers, Jose Ignacio Garcia Bielsa, "Study of the effects on employment of public aid to renewable energy sources", Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, March, Pg. 27, PAS) docs.wind-watch.org/Calzada-Spain-jobs-renewables.pdf 8-6-12

Public investment in renewable energy has job creation as one of its explicit goals,   
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appx. $37 billion USD), and   sustains 50,200 jobs. 

US trade war induced tariffs are killing small solar
Gallucci 12 (Maria, clean economy reporter, “Small U.S. Solar Businesses Suffering from Tariffs on Imported Chinese Panels”, Jul 19, 2012, http://www.realclearenergy.org/2012/07/20/tariffs_are_killing_small_solar_businesses_247903.html, Date Accessed September 19, 2012 1:28AM) IB

The retroactive tariffs stem from a May 17 decision by the U.S.
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Commerce imposed on solar panels in March to counter illegal Chinese government subsidies.

No manufacturing impact
Hudak 12 Brookings Governance Studies fellow John, "Providence for Manufacturing: The Cicilline Plan," 8-14-12, www.brookings.edu//media/Research/Files/Papers/2012/8/14%20manufacturing%20hudak/0814_manufacturing%20hudak.pdf

The Problem: A Decade of Manufacturing Losses¶ Between 2001 and 2010, net
AND
in 2001 and 2003, manufacturing was singularly responsible for net job losses.

Adv2
Ext.- No war
Studies prove
Miller 00 Morris, economist, adjunct professor in the University of Ottawa’s Faculty of Administration, consultant on international development issues, former Executive Director and Senior Economist at the World Bank, Winter, Interdisciplinary Science Reviews, Vol. 25, Iss. 4, “Poverty as a cause of wars?” p. Proquest

The question may be reformulated. Do wars spring from a popular reaction to a
AND
by increasing repression (thereby using one form of violence to abort another).

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
No econ impact
Jervis 11 Robert Jervis, Professor in the Department of Political Science and School of International and Public Affairs at Columbia University, December 2011, “Force in Our Times,” Survival, Vol. 25, No. 4, p. 403-425

Even if war is still seen as evil, the security community could be dissolved
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times bring about greater economic conflict, it will not make war thinkable.

Economy is resilient
Zumbrun and Varghese 12 Authors for Bloomberg, Joshua and Romy, “Fed’s Plosser Says U.S. Economy Proving Resilient To Shocks”, Bloomberg, 5/9, http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2012-05-09/fed-s-plosser-says-u-s-economy-proving-resilient-to-shocks.html

Philadelphia Federal Reserve Bank President Charles Plosser said the U.S. economy has
AND
dean of the graduate school of business administration at the University of Rochester.

Economy is up and housing sector is up
Rugaber 2/3Christopher S. Rugaber, The Associated Press, February 3, 2013, “U.S. economy gets lift from housing, other tailwinds”, Pittsburgh Post- Gazette, http://www.post-gazette.com/stories/news/us/us-economy-gets-lift-from-housing-other-tailwinds-673153/ (assessed February 19, 2013 LMM

¶ WASHINGTON -- The U.S. economy is a study in contrasts.¶
AND
are simultaneously driving growth, which means the strength is more broadly based:

Adv 3
Ext.- Resilient 

Decline is impossible to predict and slow
Wohlforth 7 Olin Fellow in International Security Studies at Yale University, William, Unipolar Stability: The Rules of Power Analysis, A Tilted Balance, Vol. 29 (1) - Spring 2007

Perceptions of rapid polarity shifts of this sort are not unusual. In the early
AND
. Unfortunately, arguments for multipolarity’s rapid return usually run afoul of them.
Ext.- Not solve war

Constraints make heg ineffective
Talmadge 6 Staff Writer for the Harvard International Review, Caitlin, Ph.D. candidate in political science at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, "The Restrained Hegemon," 5-6-06, Harvard International Review, http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:http://hir.harvard.edu/intelligence/the-restrained-hegemon

First, the domestic politics of the United States limit its international freedom of action
AND
to remain the sole superpower, the United States avoids acting like one.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
Subsides fail
MasterResourse 12 July 20, 2012, “Italy’s Solar Bust: Just Another Data Point” MasterResource, http://www.masterresource.org/2012/07/italy-solar-bust/ (assessed September 18, 12, Date Accessed September 19, 2012 1:28AM) IB

“Perfect Storm” for Malinvestment Italy’s perfect storm of so little electricity at so
AND
, and 2.3% was an estimate for the imbalances costs.

FITs fails – and causes SLOWER growth in the industry
Cooler Planet 9 (Feed-in-Tariffs, Solar Boon or Boondoggle”) http://blog.coolerplanet.com/2009/07/28/feed-in-tariffs-solar-boon-or-boondoggle/

As report co-author Karlynn Cory notes, RPS policies set the goal and
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In short, FiTs, for all their dynamism, may not fit.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
Should refers to a future action
Remo Foresi v. The Hudson Coal Co, SUPERIOR COURT OF PENNSYLVANIA, 106 Pa. Super. 307; 161 A. 910; 1932 Pa. Super. LEXIS 239 July 14, 1932

As regards the mandatory character of the rule, the word 'should' is not only
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the welfare of thousands who are engaged in the hazardous occupation of mining.

Prefer the precision of this interpretation
AHD 00 American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language in ‘00¶ (4th Edition, p. 1612)

Usage Note   Like the rules governing the use of shall and will on which they
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of by writers who have mistaken the source of the spoken contraction should’ve.

“Resolved” implies a legislative decision- means about a future policy- it asks whether something SHOULD BE done not whether something should HAVE BEEN done.
Jeff Parcher, former debate coach at Georgetown, Feb 2001 http://www.ndtceda.com/archives/200102/0790.html

Pardon me if I turn to a source besides Bill. American Heritage Dictionary:
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very terms 'affirmative' and 'negative' support my view. One affirms a resolution. 

Decision Making- Limited topic of discussion is key to decision-making and advocacy skills- this still provides room for creativity
Steinberg and Freeley 8 Austin J. Freeley is a Boston based attorney who focuses on criminal, personal injury and civil rights law, AND David L. Steinberg , Lecturer of Communication Studies @ U Miami, Argumentation and Debate: Critical Thinking for Reasoned Decision Making pp45-

Debate is a means of settling differences, so there must be a difference of
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particular point of difference, which will be outlined in the following discussion.

Historical analysis divorced from present policy choices is bankrupt --- connecting the two in an academic environment is essential for meaningful politics and averting extinction
Susan Graseck 8, director of the Choices for the 21st Century Education Program at Brown University and a Senior Fellow at Brown’s Watson Institute for International Studies, “Explore the Past to Understand the Present and Shape the Future,” Social Education 72(7), pp 367–370

In Robert Heilbroner’s prophetic book, An Inquiry into the Human Prospect, published in
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the future,” it is this very continuum that we have in mind.

Predictable limits and ground- they allow anything to become an aff, which negates our ability to effectively research and creates an aff bias- prevents rigorous testing
Zappen 4 James, Prof. Language and Literature – Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, “The Rebirth of Dialogue: Bakhtin, Socrates, and the Rhetorical Tradition”, p. 35-36

Finally, Bakhtin describes the Socratic dialogue as a carnivalesque debate between opposing points of
AND
in Soocrates' successive refutations and humiliations of Gorgias, Polus, and Callicles. 

Fairness comes first
Speice and Lyle 3 Patrick Speice, Debater at Wake Forest University, and Jim Lyle, Director of Debate at Clarion University, 2003. “Traditional Policy Debate: Now More Than Ever,” Debater’s Research Guide, http://groups.wfu.edu/debate/ MiscSites/DRGArticles/SpeiceLyle2003htm.html

As with any game or sport, creating a level playing field that affords each
AND
field that makes the game of debate fun and educational for all participants.

Ground- Counter-factuals allow the aff to skew the debate away from questions of uniqueness which take out all of our disad ground. Also ignores the current political situation, which gets rid of all politics disads and process counterplans. 

This turns the case- understanding process is key to transformative politics,
Stoddard 97 ¶ (Professor of law at New York University, 72 New York University Law Review 967)

Many of my colleagues seeking social justice have deliberately avoided legislatures in recent decades,
AND
may, in the end, be as important as what it says.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
The 1AC’s method of counterfactual analysis employs historical contingency to show how the past could have been otherwise than it is – this historicist approach can only remain trapped within an ideologically charged status-quo by failing to intervene into the present with totalizing analysis.
Vighi and Feldner 7 (Fabio Vighi and Heiko Feldner, Cardiff University.  Zizek: Beyond Foucault.  Pages 25-28)

There can be no doubt that Foucauldian historicism achieved a great deal. It thoroughly
AND
of what seems to be mere discursive fiction, and to change it.

Resisting capitalism is the ultimate ethical responsibility
Zizek and Daly 4 Slavoj and Glyn, Conversations with Zizek page 14-16

For Zizek it is imperative that we cut through this Gordian knot of postmodern protocol
AND
abject Other to that of a ‘glitch’ in an otherwise sound matrix. 

The alternative is to reject the aff in favor of historical materialism – this links social praxis to a decisive judgment on capitalism
Lukacs 67 George, Hungarian Marxist philosopher and literary critic. He is a founder of the tradition of Western Marxism. He contributed the ideas of reification and class consciousness to Marxist philosophy and theory, and his literary criticism was influential in thinking about realism and about the novel as a literary genre. He served briefly as Hungary's Minister of Culture as part of the government of the short-lived Hungarian Soviet Republic, History and Class Consciousness) 224-225

Historical materialism has, therefore, a much greater value for the proletariat than that
AND
and so that, armed with this knowledge, it could act accordingly. 

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
Oil up- Germany and Middle East tensions
Afanasieva 2/22 Oil price jumps as German business morale brightens, DASHA AFANASIEVA, FEBRUARY 22 2013, http://www.bdlive.co.za/markets/2013/02/22/oil-price-jumps-as-german-business-morale-brightens

LONDON — Oil rose on Friday as evidence of improving business morale in Germany helped
AND
European Central Bank (ECB) from handling business from the Iranian government.

Oil production lowers prices
Merline 12 Obama Plans Won't Cut Oil Prices For Decades, If Ever”, JOHN MERLINE, INVESTOR'S BUSINESS DAILY, 03/22/2012, http://news.investors.com/article/605201/201203220802/will-obama-energy-policies-cut-prices.htm?p=full

In the end, reducing dependence on foreign oil and lowering prices in the near
AND
on foreign oil and the huge outflow of U.S. dollars."

Producing states are on the brink- low prices cause state collapse and extinction
Hulbert 12 Matthew Hulbert, B.A. in history and politics from Durham University and an Mphil in international relations from Cambridge University, Senior Researcher at the Clingendael International Energy Programme (CIEP) in The Hague, The Netherlands. He studies political risk in upstream oil and gas markets, previously a Senior Research Fellow at the Center for Security Studies, ETH Zurich, leading its work on energy security and political risk. Before that, he worked in the City of London as Senior Energy Analyst at Datamonitor, and headed up the Global Issues Desk at Control Risks Group in London and Washington, D.C. “The political perils of low oil prices,” July 9 2012, http://www.europeanenergyreview.eu/site/pagina.php?id=3796#artikel_3796, Accessed 9/15/12, mcmc

Oil prices have rapidly dropped in recent months, and some analysts predict a further
AND
those squeamish about collateral damage. Corpses would litter the entire energy stage.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
Immigration reform pass now- PC key
Epstein, Politico Staff Writer, 3-27, 2013, ¶ (Jennifer, "Obama renews push on immigration reform", Politico, PAS) www.politico.com/politico44/2013/03/obama-renews-push-on-immigration-reform-160372.html 3-28-13 

President Obama sought to refocus the political conversation on immigration reform Wednesday in interviews with
AND
it’ll be good for these families. That’s my number-one priority.”

Massive disagreement over energy policy
Banks 12 Common Ground in Energy Policy, John Banks, nonresident fellow in foreign policy at the Brookings Institution's Energy Security Initiative; and adjunct professor for electricity markets at the Johns Hopkins School of Advanced International Studies, August 14th 2012, http://energy.nationaljournal.com/2012/08/finding-the-sweet-spot-biparti.php

A divisive energy policy debate is playing an increasingly prominent role in the presidential election
AND
EPA regulations on coal-fired power generation are illustrative of this theme. 

Reform is key to ag workforce
Miller 2/28 Agriculture Needs New Guestworker Program, February 28, 2013, Johnna Miller, Director of Media Development, American Farm Bureau Federation, http://www.fb.org/index.php?action=newsroom.newsclipandid=69793

Miller: In a hearing before the House Judiciary Subcommittee on Immigration and Border Security
AND
economic dislocation in the agricultural sector while we transition to a new program.

Kills small farms
Gual 10 10/17/2010 ¶ Frank, Internet Marketer and Yahoo Contributor, Farm job, anyone?, Associated Content, p. http://www.associatedcontent.com/article/5877166/farm_job_anyone.htmljap

A shortage of farm labor will cause food prices to rise at a time when
AND
bought by large conglomerates whose management is far removed from the local community.

Extinction
Boyce 4 James K., Director, Program on Development, Peacebuilding, and the Environment, Political Economy Research Institute, and Professor, Department of Economics, University of Massachusetts, Amherst. “A Future for Small Farms?”
http://www.peri.umass.edu/fileadmin/pdf/Boyce_paper_griffin_conference.pdfjap

There is a future for small farms. Or more precisely, there can be
AND
the spotted owls found in the ancient forests of the northwestern United States.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
Discourse doesn’t shape reality—it’s the other way around.  
Fram-Cohen 85—Michelle Fram-Cohen is a freelance translator and interpreter between Hebrew and English that has published articles on literature, translation theory, and philosophy, “Reality, Language, Translation: What Makes Translation Possible,” 1985, Paper presented at the American Translators Association Conference, http://enlightenment.supersaturated.com/essays/text/michellefr-amcohen//possibilityoftranslation.html)

The idea that language is created inside one's mind independently of outside experience eliminates the
AND
not by itself provide a sufficient image of modern reality for modern users. 

Prefer our evidence—scientists are reluctant to acknowledge evidence contrary to anthropogenic warming theory.
Paterson, 11—Norman, a professor and Engineer and Consulting Geophysicist, Ph.D in geophysics, 60 years' experience in Mineral and Environmental, and elected Fellow to the Royal Society of Canada “Global warming: a critique of the anthropogenic model and its consequences” http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0QQS-/is_1_38/ai_n57783716/pg_3/?tag=content;col1 accessed date: 5-24-12 y2k

Politics also plays an important part in the controversy, and a high value is
AND
or offering different explanations appear to this writer to outnumber those in support.

Their predictions violate relevant forecasting procedures.
Armstong et al, 11—J. Scott,  Professor of Marketing at University
AND
and policy” EBSCO, Accessed date: 5-17-12 y2k

The validity of the manmade global warming alarm requires the support of scientific forecasts of
AND
the 23 interventions was effective and harm was caused by 20 of them.

Ethical policymaking must be grounded in consequences
Isaac 2 Jeffrey C. Isaac, James H. Rudy Professor of Political Science and director of the Center for the Study of Democracy and Public Life at Indiana University, Bloomington. He writes regularly for Dissent, and his most recent book is Democracy in Dark Times. “Ends, Means, and Politics” at http://www.dissentmagazine.org/article/?article=601   

As a result, the most important political questions are simply not asked. It
AND
not true believers. It promotes arrogance. And it undermines political effectiveness.

Util is inevitable
Greene 2 Joshua Greene, Department of Psychology, Princeton University. “A DISSERTATION PRESENTED TO THE FACULTY OF PRINCETON UNIVERSITY IN CANDIDACY FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY” NOVEMBER 2002. http://www.wjh.harvard.edu/~jgreene/GreeneWJH/Greene-Dissertation.pdf

Some people who talk of balancing rights may think there is an algorithm for deciding
AND
represents is either dogmatic in an esoteric sort of way or covertly consequentialist. 

Extinction outweighs
Bostrom 2 Nick Bostron, Department of Philosophy, Yale University, 2002, “Existential Risks: Analyzing Human Extinction Scenarios and Related Hazards,” http://www.transhumanist.com/volume9/risks.html 

Our approach to existential risks cannot be one of trial-and-error.
AND
on whether and how much we discount future benefits 15,16.

All lives are infinitely valuable.
Cummisky 96 David Cummisky, Professor of Philosophy @ Bates College. 1996. “Kantian Consequentialism.” 145-146. 

We must not obscure the issue by characterizing this type of case as the sacrifice
AND
then the rational solution to such a dilemma involves maximally promoting the lives…..

 and liberties of as many rational beings as possible (chapter 5). In
AND
equal consideration suggests that one may have to sacrifice some to save many.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
A2: Affirm topic as X
Decision-making skills and engagement with the state energy apparatus prevents energy technocracy and actualizes radical politics
Hager 92 professor of political science – Bryn Mawr College, Carol J., “Democratizing Technology: Citizen and State in West German Energy Politics, 1974-1990” Polity, Vol. 25, No. 1, p. 45-70

During this phase, the citizen initiative attempted to overcome its defensive posture and implement
AND
a space for a delibera-tive politics in modern technological society.61

A2: Not creative
Constraints are more conducive to creative thinking
Gibbert et al. 7 Michael Gibbert, Assistant Professor of Management at Bocconi University (Italy), et al., with Martin Hoeglis, Professor of Leadership and Human Resource Management at WHU—Otto Beisheim School of Management (Germany), and Lifsa Valikangas, Professor of Innovation Management at the Helsinki School of Economics (Finland) and Director of the Woodside Institute, 2007, “In Praise of Resource Constraints,” MIT Sloan Management Review, Spring, Available Online at https://umdrive.memphis.edu/gdeitz/public/The%20Moneyball%20Hypothesis/Gibbert%20et%20al.%20-%20SMR%20(2007)%20Praise%20Resource%20Constraints.pdf, p. 15-16

Resource constraints can also fuel innovative team performance directly. In the spirit of the
AND
analogies and combinations that would otherwise be hidden under a glut of resources.

Switch side mandates difference within debate
Sunstein 00 Cass Sunstein, Distinguished Professor of Jurisprudence and Professor of Political Science at University of Chicago October 2000, “Deliberative Trouble? Why Groups Go to Extremes,” Yale Law Journal, 110 Yale L.J. 71, Lexis

The central problem is that widespread error and social fragmentation are likely to result when
AND
situation in which like-minded people wall themselves off from alternative perspectives.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
Capitalism shields the environment
Norberg 3 MA in History¶ Johan Norberg, Fellow at Timbro, MA with a focus in economics and philosophy, In Defense of Global Capitalism, p. 225-237

All over the world, economic progress and growth are moving hand in hand with
AND
construction and heating of cattle pens for the purpose of native meat production.

Changing representational practices overlooks material structures
Tuathail 96 Gearoid, Department of Georgraphy at Virginia Polytechnic Institute, Political Geography, 15(6-7), p. 664, science direct

While theoretical debates at academic conferences  are important to academics, the discourse and concerns
AND
needs to always be open to the patterned mess that is human history.

Policy analysis should trump discourse- most effective way to challenge power
Taft-Kaufman 95 Jill, Speech prof @ CMU, Southern Comm. Journal, Spring, v. 60, Iss. 3, “Other Ways”, pq

The postmodern passwords of "polyvocality," "Otherness," and "difference," unsupported
AND
political agendas, institutions, agencies, and the budgets that fuel them. 

A focus on discourse substitutes material politics.
Taft-Kaufman 95 Professor, Department of Speech Communication And Dramatic Arts, Central Michigan University – 1995, Jill, “Other ways: Postmodernism and performance praxis,” The Southern Communication Journal, Vol.60, Iss. 3; pg. 222

In its elevation of language to the primary analysis of social life and its relegation
AND
a critical venue that divorces language from material objects and bodily subjects. 

Focus on discourse cant solve- guarantees domination by hegemonic forms of thought.
Kidner 00 professor of psychology at Nottingham Trent University and internationally renowned scholar on nature-culture relationships. 2000, nature and psyche p. 65-7

In addition, the deconstructive bent of discursive approaches limits their capacity to challenge the
AND
the “human from the “natural” and  abandons nature to industrialism.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge: 

Global capitalism threatens survival through depoliticization – only the alt is capable of opening up the political sphere to the contestation necessary to pull us back from the brink of extinction.

Zizek 99, Senior Researcher at the Institute for Social Studies, Ljubljana 1999 Slavoj, The Ticklish Subject, page 350-351

This already brings us to the second aspect of our critical distance towards risk society
AND
the environ¬ment, as well as the health of humankind itself?
Thus - despite all the talk about a ’second modernity’ which compels us to leave
AND
of how to develop and use productive capacities at the disposal of society wo

uld somehow be made by the entire collective of the people affected by such decisions
AND
by all parties and, as such, more and more depoliticized. 34

Environmental crisis cannot be understood absent alternative—-only alt solves.

Zizek 99 (Slavoj, "Interrogating the Real", pg 246,)
One should therefore renounce the usual formulas of the Hegelian ’concrete Universal’ as the
AND
sig-nifiers’, for the signifiers which stand for its positive content.

Capitalism ensures fast warming and extinction

Harriss-White 2006 Professor of Development Studies, Oxford,  Barbara Undermining Sustainable Capitalism
AND
capital polices its ecological limits : poor people tread with small ecological footprints.

Ethics is still a tie-braker—-Zizek evidence says that current economic system ensures exclusion by adopting policies that hurt the poor and allow for material inequalities—-the reason why scientistis are able to blame in the first place is because education inequality.

Politics of affect, difference, and desire preclude a class based analysis – Class itself becomes dispersed amongst a series of interpersonal relations and alienation becomes an internally produced phenomena. Under their framework, the social is created by affect making it impossible to enact change.

Ebert and Zavarzadeh in 2008(Teresa L., English, State University of New York, Albany, Mas’ud, prolific writer and expert on class ideology, "Class in Culture", p. 4-7)
Human freedom, however, is no longer thought of as depending on changing the
AND
those "familiar emotions" attributed to the proletariat-namely anger and outr

age (Which actually have always energized workers in their radical actions). Instead they
AND
the social life from private desires and substitute the singular for the collective.

The affirmative is complicit with the structures of capital through the commodification with the material where affective expressions become sources of value.

Noah De Lissovoy in 08 Capitalism Nature Socialism Volume 19, Issue 1, 2008  Capitalism Nature Socialism Volume 19, Issue 1, 2008,  Dialectic of Emergency/Emergency of the Dialectic
Capital cannot escape the necessity to expand and thus disrupt human and natural ecologies in
AND
previously public spaces and functions in accordance with the demands of capital.23 

Individualism denies the totality of production – it is incompatible with historical materialism

Lukacs in 67 (George, Hungarian Marxist philosopher and literary critic. He is
AND
lived Hungarian Soviet Republic, History and Class Consciousness 27-28)
It is not the primacy of economic motives in historical explanation that constitutes the decisive
AND
issue of’idealism’ versus ’materialism* this corrective proved even more salutary and decisive. 

Critical pedagogy effectively displaces anti-capitalist struggle with post-modern politics of inclusion—affirming the multiplicity of struggles undermines historical-material analysis.

McLaren, a Professor of Education at the Graduate School of Education and Information Studies, University of California, 2005
~Peter, "Critical Pedagogy and Class Struggle in the Age of Neoliberal Globalization: Notes from History’s Underside~1~" The International Journal of INCLUSIVE DEMOCRACY, Vol. 2, No. 1 http://www.inclusivedemocracy.org/journal/-vol2/vol2_no1_mcclaren_PRINTABLE.htm-http://www.inclusivedemocracy.org/journal/-vol2/vol2_no1_mcclaren_PRINTABLE.htm accessed date: 4-29-12 y2k~

Authoritative as the term may sound, ’critical pedagogy’ has been extraordinarily misunderstood and
AND
and the social relations of production at the basis of the capitalist state.

Their strategy of individual focus is mutually exclusive with our approach that is based on systemic struggle.

Bronner, Professor (Professor II) of Political Science at Rutgers, 2010
~Stephen Eric, Director of Global Relations: Center for the Study of Genocide and Human Rights at Rutgers University, The Senior Editor of Logos: A Journal of Modern Society and Cultur, his books include, Socialism Unbound, Of Critical Theory and Its Theorists, and Reclaiming the Enlightenment: Toward A Politics of Radical Engagement. "Capitalism, Identity, and Social Rights" http://www.logosjournal.com/capitalism-identity-and-social-rights.php-http://www.logosjournal.com/capitalism-identity-and-social-rights.php accessed date: 4-8-12 y2k~ 

Max Weber once said that ideology is not like a taxi-cab where the
AND
work of coordinating interests is perhaps the crucial political question facing progressive activists.

Focus DA—complete shift towards historical/material analysis is necessary—perm diverts attention away from class struggle.

McLaren, a Professor of Education at the Graduate School of Education and Information Studies, University of California, 2005
~Peter, "Critical Pedagogy and Class Struggle in the Age of Neoliberal Globalization: Notes from History’s Underside~1~" The International Journal of INCLUSIVE DEMOCRACY, Vol. 2, No. 1 http://www.inclusivedemocracy.org/journal/-vol2/vol2_no1_mcclaren_PRINTABLE.htm-http://www.inclusivedemocracy.org/journal/-vol2/vol2_no1_mcclaren_PRINTABLE.htm accessed date: 4-29-12 y2k~

The voguish academic brigandism of educational postmodernists that gives primacy to incommensurability as the touchstone
AND
, remains on understanding the contradictions within the capitalist system.  As Kanth notes
Marxism captures the real ontology of capitalism in all its various potentially transformative moments like no other system.  In this regard, any realist appreciation of capitalism must bend toward Marxian insights, almost involuntarily. Marxism at its best, therefore, is Realism, and the good Marxist is one who keeps reality in focus as the determining factor of theory, rather than the texts of Marx, which can easily be turned into the pseudo-ontology of the Word. 

AND-that means no solvency for permutation.

D’Annibale and McLaren, Professor at University of Windsor, Ontario and University of California 2004
~Valerie and Peter, "Class Dismissed? Historical materialism and the politics of ’difference’" Educational Philosophy and Theory, Vol. 36, No. 2, 2004
http://pages.gseis.ucla.edu/faculty/mclaren/class%20dismissed.pdf-http://pages.gseis.ucla.edu/faculty/mclaren/class dismissed.pdf accessed date: 4-8-12 y2k~

Ahmad’s provocative observations imply that substantive analyses of the carnage wrought by ’globalized’ class
AND
progressive educators and theorists must cease displacing class analysis with the politics of difference

Plan doesn’t go radical enough—anything short of complete rejection means link-turn fails.

McLaren, a Professor of Education at the Graduate School of Education and Information Studies, University of California, 2005
~Peter, "Critical Pedagogy and Class Struggle in the Age of Neoliberal Globalization: Notes from History’s Underside~1~" The International Journal of INCLUSIVE DEMOCRACY, Vol. 2, No. 1 http://www.inclusivedemocracy.org/journal/-vol2/vol2_no1_mcclaren_PRINTABLE.htm-http://www.inclusivedemocracy.org/journal/-vol2/vol2_no1_mcclaren_PRINTABLE.htm accessed date: 4-29-12 y2k~

Marxism, in the sense being employing here, is grounded in the contextual specificity
AND
by capitalism, acquired autonomy and can serve to criticize capitalism.~30~

AFF: EPA Fracking Regulation
1NC: T-Restriction, Oil DA, Immigration Politics DA, Courts CP, Environment K, Case
Block: T, Oil DA, Politics DA, Case
2NR: Oil DA, Politics DA, Case

AFF: Remove Restriction for Nuclear Reprocessing
1NC: T-Restriction, Oil DA, Politics DA, Courts CP, Russia K, Case
Block: Russia K, Politics DA, Case
2NR: Politics DA, Case

AFF: Envirojustice/Reserach Aff
1NC: Framework, Electricity Prices DA, Cap, Production PIC, Case
Block: Framework, Electricity Prices DA, Cap, Case
2NR: Electricity Prices DA, Framework, Case

AFF: Loan Guarantee for USEC Thorium Reprocessing
1NC: T-RandD, Oil DA, Politics DA, States CP, Market CP, Liberal Humanism K, Case
Block: Politics DA, States CP, Liberal Humanism K, Case
2NR: Liberal Humanism K

1NC: T, Courts CP, Immigration Politics, Oil DA, Case
Block: T, Oil, Immigration, Case
2NR: Politics, Case

1AC
Dystopia 1AC (Climate Denialism Bad)

1NC
Framework
Cap K
Oil DA
Politics
Case

2NC
Framework
Case

1NR
Cap K

2NR
Framework
Case