Tournament: Pflaum - | Round: 4 | Opponent: JCCC NP | Judge: Edwards, Caleb
Contention 1: Proliferation
Inevitable expansion of nuclear power spurs proliferation
Bernstein and Gerami 12
(Paul Bernstein, Senior Research Fellow in the Center for the Study of Weapons of Mass Destruction (CSWMD) at the National Defense University, and Nina Gerami, Research Fellow in CSWMD, June 2012, "Proliferation Risks of Civilian Nuclear Power Programs" http://wmdcenter.dodlive.mil/files/2012/06/CSWMD-Proceedings-3-FINAL.pdf)
The dual-use nature of the nuclear fuel cycle..
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which grants the agency expanded inspection rights.
New proliferators will develop offensive postures that increase the risk of conventional and nuclear conflict
Horowitz, professor of poli sci, 9 —Professor of Political Science at University of Pennsylvania (Michael Horowitz, "The Spread of Nuclear Weapons and International Conflict: Does Experience Matter?" Journal of Conflict Resolution, Volume 53 Number 2, April 2009 pg. 234-257)
Learning as states gain experience with nuclear weapons is complicated..
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that an adversary will not reciprocate.
Proliferation sparks wars that escalate to great power nuclear conflict
Below 08
Tim D.Q., Wing Commander, RAF; MA in Defence Studies, King’s College London; "Options for US nuclear disarmament: exemplary leadership or extraordinary lunacy?," June 2008, Thesis for School of Advanced Air and Space Studies, Air University Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama
Proliferation. Roger Molander, of RAND Corporation,..
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by its allies or their opponents.54..
SMR provides prolif resistance
King et al 11
Marcus, LaVar Huntzinger • Thoi Nguyen, CNA, March, "Feasibility of Nuclear Power on U.S. Military Installations" https://cna.org/sites/default/files/research/Nuclear%20Power%20on%20Military%20Installations%20D0023932%20A5.pdf-https://cna.org/sites/default/files/research/Nuclear Power on Military Installations D0023932 A5.pdf
Many SMR designs and advanced..
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systems and human machine interfaces
SMR’s are key to negotiation pressure for nonproliferation - they are more desirable than other nuclear systems
Sanders, Associate Director Savannah National Lab, ’12
Tom Sanders, Associate Laboratory Director for Clean Energy Initiatives at the Savannah River National Laboratory, Department of Energy, Former President of the American Nuclear Society, "Tom Sanders: Great expectations for small modular reactors," Nuclear News, July 2012, pg. 48-49
That’s a good question. One of ..
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doesn’t make any sense if you can’t afford it.
US leadership on SMRs is key to global nonproliferation efforts
Loudermilk 11
(Micah Loudermilk, Research Associate for the Energy %26 Environmental Security Policy program with the Institute for National Strategic Studies at National Defense University, 5/31/11, "Small Nuclear Reactors and US Energy Security: Concepts, Capabilities, and Costs" http://www.ensec.org/index.php?option=com_content%26view=article%26id=314:small-nuclear-reactors-and-us-energy-security-concepts-capabilities-and-costs%26catid=116:content0411%26Itemid=375)
Reactor safety itself notwithstanding..
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distribution of nuclear fuel allayed.
DOD leadership prevents foreign dominance of nuclear energy and nonproliferation
Andres and Breetz 11
(Richard Andres, Senior Fellow and Energy and Environment Security and Policy Chair at INSS, and Hanna Breetz, Ph.D. candidate in Political Science at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, February 2011, "Small Nuclear Reactors for Military Installations: Capabilities, Costs, and Technological Implications" http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?Location=U2%26doc=GetTRDoc.pdf%26AD=ADA545712-http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?Location=U2%26doc=GetTRDoc.pdf%26AD=ADA545712)
Domestic Nuclear Expertise. From the perspective of larger national security issues...
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performance, and proliferation resistance.
Contention 2: Hegemony
US pursuit of hegemony inevitable—it’s only a question of whether those actions will be successful
Michael C. Horowitz, assistant professor of Political Science at The University of Pennsylvania, as well as an FPRI scholar, and Dan A. Shalmon, Senior Analyst at Lincoln Group, LLC, “The Future of War and American Military Strategy,” 2/23/2009, Orbis, Vol. 53, Iss. 2, ScienceDirect
It is important to recognize at the outset two key ..
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given America's role in the global order.24
DoD oil dependence is unsustainable Parthemore and Nagl '10(Christine Fellow (CNAS), where she directed the Natural Security Program and the Natural Security Blog Adjunct Professor in Johns Hopkins University's Global Security Studies Program, and serves on the Council of Advisors for U-Mass Boston's Collaborative Institute for Oceans, Climate and Security and John,PhD, Oxford University, Master of the Military Arts and Sciences Degree from the U.S. Army Command and General Staff College, CNAS Senior Fellow, Minerva Research Fellow U.S. Naval Academy "Fueling the Future Force Preparing the Department of Defense for a Post-Petroleum Era" Sept 2010, Center for a New American Security http://www.cnas.org/files/documents/publications/CNAS_Fueling%20the%20Future%20Force_NaglParthemore.pdf.AD 9/13/12
DOD cannot be assured of continued access to the energy ...
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ratio will increase, and likely at a faster pace.
Dependence weakens hegemony in two ways—first, forward basin --Fuel dependence restricts military effectiveness
Hourihan and Stepp’11 (Matt, MA in Public Policy with a focus on science and technology policy, previous Jan Schori Fellow at the Business Council for Sustainable Energy; Matt, former Fellow at the Breakthrough Institute, a California energy policy think tank, MS in Science, Tech, and Public Policy. ITIF - Information Technology and Innovation Foundation, DC think tank exploring innovation policy. "Lean, Mean and Clean: Energy Innovation and the Department of Defense," March 2011. www.itif.org/files/2011-lean-mean-clean.pdf AD 9/8/12)
But the aggregate dollar amount also doesn’t tell the whole story...
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establishment to “unleash us from this fuel tether.”24
This dependence will decimate future military operations—conventional fuel supplies are insufficient for future theatres
Schlossberg 11(Andrew Scholssberg, Department of Political Science College of Arts and Sciences University of Pennsylvania, 4/8/11, “The Military Dimensions of Post-Cold War U.S. Oil Policy: Access to Oil and Consequences for Geostrategy” http://repository.upenn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1173andcontext=curej)
To OEPP planners, future wars will likely ..
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imposing high costs in blood, treasure, and combat effectiveness.
Only SMRs can solve
Andres and Breetz 11—(national security professor @ National War College and Senior fellow/Energy and Environmental Security chair @ CSRRichard and Andrea, “Small Nuclear Reactors for Military Installations: Capabilities, Costs, and Technological Implications” http://www.ndu.edu/inss/docuploaded/SF%20262%20Andres.pdf February)
Operational Vulnerability. Operational energy use represents ..
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has the potential to save hundreds or thousands of U.S. lives.
Second, military response abilities—-reliance on oil prevents military respond to crises in hot spots
Bender 7 (Bryan, Boston Globe, "Pentago study says oil reliance strains military," 5 /1/07, citing LMI study and Milton R. Copulos, president of the National Defense Council Foundation, advisor on energy to the Secretary of Defense for the Defense Industrial Base Initiative and the principal consultant to the Department of Defense on the Defense Environment Initiative, member of the National Petroleum Council, former director of energy studies for the conservative Heritage Foundation, Senior Fellow at the Institute for the Analysis of Global Security, www.boston.com/news/nation/washington/articles/2007/05/01/pentagon_study_says_oil_reliance_strains_military/?page=1)
WASHINGTON -- A new study ordered by the Pentagon ..
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which will result in increased energy consumption."
An energy transition increases DoD flexibility and mobility
Crowley et al 7
Thomas D., "Transforming the Way DOD Looks at Energy: An Approach to Establishing An Energy Strategy," Thomas D. Crowley, President, L. E. Peabody %26 Associates, Inc, Tanya D. Corrie David B. Diamond Stuart D. Funk Wilhelm A. Hansen Andrea D. Stenhoff Daniel C. Swift Policy consultants for LMI is a governmental consulting organization April 2007 http://www.lmi.org/News—-Publications/publications/publication-detail.aspx?id=210 AD 9/13/12
An energy transformation that leverages process ..
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while acting in concert with national environmental goals.
Mobility key to demonstrate strength and respond to international incidents
Crowley et al 7
Thomas D., "Transforming the Way DOD Looks at Energy: An Approach to Establishing An Energy Strategy," Thomas D. Crowley, President, L. E. Peabody %26 Associates, Inc, Tanya D. Corrie David B. Diamond Stuart D. Funk Wilhelm A. Hansen Andrea D. Stenhoff Daniel C. Swift Policy consultants for LMI is a governmental consulting organization April 2007 http://www.lmi.org/News—-Publications/publications/publication-detail.aspx?id=210 AD 9/13/12
Recent experience indicates that the nature of the threat ..
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across all aspects of military operations.
Transition solves—reducing petroleum dependence sends a global signal of US strength and doesn’t sacrifice readiness
Parthemore and Nagl 10
Christine Fellow (CNAS), where she directed the Natural Security Program and the Natural Security Blog Adjunct Professor in Johns Hopkins University’s Global Security Studies Program, and serves on the Council of Advisors for U-Mass Boston’s Collaborative Institute for Oceans, Climate and Security and John,PhD, Oxford University, Master of the Military Arts and Sciences Degree from the U.S. Army Command and General Staff College, CNAS Senior Fellow, Minerva Research Fellow U.S. Naval Academy "Fueling the Future Force Preparing the Department of Defense for a Post-Petroleum Era" Sept 2010, Center for a New American Security http://www.cnas.org/files/documents/publications/CNAS_Fueling%20the%20Future%20Force_NaglParthemore.pdf.AD 9/13/12
A successful transition away from petroleum ..
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to accomplish their missions in the years and decades to come.
Forward deployment ensures international stability—effectiveness key to carry out future missions and ensure deterrence and contain conflict
Davidson and Flournoy 12
Michèle Flournoy, former distinguished research professor at the Institute for National Strategic Studies at the National Defense University, former UnderSecretary of Defense for Policy, President of the Center for a New American Security, former Senior Adviser at the CSIS; Janine Davidson, PhD in International Studies, Assistant Professor in the School of Public Policy at GMU, previous Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense for Plans, “"Obama's new global posture: the logic of U.S. foreign deployments." Foreign Affairs, July-August 12, Academic OneFile, AD
The United States' network of alliances and partnerships..
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the militaries work together more effectively in the field.
Decline in military dominance will cause the US to become uncooperative and desperate. Hegemonic wars will ensue
Goldstein 7
- Professor of Global Politics and International Relations @ University of Pennsylvania Avery Goldstein, “Power transitions, institutions, and China's rise in East Asia: Theoretical expectations and evidence,” Journal of Strategic Studies, Volume 30, Issue 4 and 5 August 2007, pages 639 – 682
Two closely related, though distinct, theoretical arguments ..
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the period prior to the possible crossover.
Decline destabilizes all global hotspots -
Russian aggression, Taiwan war, Korea war, Afghanistan war, Indo-Pak war, Pakistan war, Central Asia War, Israel war/strikes, Allied Prolif
Brzezinski '12 - Professor of Foreign Policy at SAIS
Zbigniew, PhD in government, scholar at CSIS, former National Security Advisor, "8 Geopolitically Endangered Species," Foreign Policy Jan/Feb '12, www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/01/03/8_geopolitically_endangered_species?page=full AD 9/16/12
With the decline of America’s global preeminence..
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vulnerability of America’s Persian Gulf allies
Conflict in the Middle East or between India and Pakistan escalates to global nuclear war
Daily Mail 11
Daily Mail, 2-2-2011, “U.S. warned atomic arms race in Middle East and Asia could lead to nuclear war,” http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1352901/WikiLeaks-Atomic-arms-race-Middle-East-Asia-lead-nuclear-war.html
An atomic arms race in the Middle East and Asia..
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weapons to the state, according to the leaked cables.
Asian conflicts escalate to nuclear war
Fisher 11
Max Fisher is an associate editor at The Atlantic, 5 Most Likely Ways the U.S. and China Could Spark Accidental Nuclear War 10/31/11 http://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2011/10/5-most-likely-ways-the-us-and-china-could-spark-accidental-nuclear-war/247616/
The U.S. has the world's second-largest nuclear ..
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-- is exactly what makes them so dangerous.
Contention 3: Space
First, space colonization is not inevitable – nuclear power advances are crucial to tech development for long term space
Lee Rannals (staff) 9/3/2012
"Space Colonies Will Need State Of The Art LEDs For Success" online @ http://www.redorbit.com/news/space/1112686173/lunar-colony-led-lighting-090312/, loghry
Bruce Dorminey, a science journalist writing for Forbes, predicts that..
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they first need to establish technologies.
Modular nuclear tech is key to long term colonies
Tina M. Casey; August 29th, 2011; (http://idealab.talkingpointsmemo.com/2011/08/nasa-testing-suitcase-sized-nukes-to-power-colonies-on-remote-planets.php) Specializes in military and corporate sustainability, advanced technology, emerging materials, biofuels, and water and wastewater issues. Professional background includes three years as Deputy Director of Public Affairs for the New York City Department of Environmental Protection, and two years as a researcher for the city’s Department of Consumer Affairs
The small size of the reactor is enabled in part ..
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almost 200 years old, the Stirling engine.
Low level power generation means no risk of meltdown in space
Fox News (staff) 8/29/2011
“Miniature Nuclear Reactor to Power Mars and Moon Colonies” online @ http://www.foxnews.com/scitech/2011/08/29/miniature-nuclear-reactor-to-power-mars-and-moon-colonies/, loghry
Nuclear power has been a bit of a controversial ..
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the reactor itself would just shut down."
The impact is try or die – humanity is on death row – global extinction is inevitable without space
George Dvorsky (Author, Staff @ io9) 8/30/2012
"How Self-Sustaining Space Habitats Could Save Humanity from Extinction" online @ http://io9.com/5939232/how-self+sustaining-space-habitats-could-save-humanity-from-extinction, loghry
This planet can't protect us forever. Sooner ..
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we may very well have no choice but to leave the cradle.
Fast time frame – extinction by 2030 without space
USA Today (staff) 10/14/2010
“Second earth will soon be needed, warns WWF” online @ http://content.usatoday.com/communities/greenhouse/post/2010/10/wwf-second-earth-needed/1, loghry
The over-use and pollution of Earth's ..
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everyone used as many resources as the average American.
Plan: The United States Department of Defense should increase procurement contracts for small modular nuclear reactors.
Contention 4: Solvency
Incentives provided but they don’t solve
Lovering et al 9/7
(Jessica Lovering, policy analyst @ Breakthrough Institute, Ted Nordhaus, chairman of the Breakthrough Institute, and Michael Shellenberger, president of the Breakthrough Institute, 9/7/12, "Out of the Nuclear Closet" http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/09/07/out_of_the_nuclear_closet)
Nuclear has enjoyed bipartisan support in Congress ..
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to review and approve new commercial designs.
DoD key to SMR industry
Andres and Breetz 11
(Richard Andres, Senior Fellow and Energy and Environment Security and Policy Chair at INSS, and Hanna Breetz, Ph.D. candidate in Political Science at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, February 2011, "Small Nuclear Reactors for Military Installations: Capabilities, Costs, and Technological Implications" http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?Location=U2%26doc=GetTRDoc.pdf%26AD=ADA545712-http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?Location=U2%26doc=GetTRDoc.pdf%26AD=ADA545712)
The “Valley of Death.” Given the promise that small reactors ..
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new technologies, and demonstrating technical viability.32
Current energy sources aren’t suited for space applications – investment in SMRs can be leveraged for space expansion
Michael B. Donley and (Secretary of the USAF) Norton A. Schwartz (General, USAF and Chief of Staff) 1/31/2012 “Energy Horizons” United States Air Force Energy SandT Vision, online @ http://www.af.mil/shared/media/document/AFD-120209-060.pdf, loghry
Recently, there has been progress in developing ..
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their utility on board space based assets increases
SMRs are cheap and can provide easy power to the US
Spencer and Loris 11
(Jack Spencer, esearch Fellow in Nuclear Energy in the Thomas A. Roe Institute for Economic Policy Studies at the Heritage Foundation, and Nicolas Loris, Research Associate in the Roe Institute, at The Heritage Foundation, 2/2/11, "A Big Future for Small Nuclear Reactors?" http://www.heritage.org/research/reports/2011/02/a-big-future-for-small-nuclear-reactors)
Indeed, should the promise of small modular reactors be realized..
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engineering, and uranium enrichment capabilities—all in the United States.
SMRs allow mass production – reduces costs
Szondy 12
(David Szondy, freelance writer, 2/16/12, "Feature: Small modular nuclear reactors - the future of energy?" http://www.gizmag.com/small-modular-nuclear-reactors/20860/)
SMRs have a number of advantages over conventional reactors..
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where it isn't possible to site conventional reactors.
DOD has enormous procurement power - Best Way to develop
Fitzpatrick 11
Use the Procurement Process to Promote Innovative Energy Technologies ..
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Even if these procurements come with higher upfront costs
