Tournament: Fullerton | Round: 5 | Opponent: Puget Sound MS | Judge: Herndon
1NC
Effective NNSA workforce is critical to maintaining the reliability of the nuclear deterrent – it’s on the brink and not easily replaced
GAO – April 12, MODERNIZING THE NUCLEAR SECURITY ENTERPRISE, http://www.gao.gov/assets/600/590488.pdf
The National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA)—a separately organized agency within the Department
AND
leaving little or no redundancy in certain critical skills within the contractor workforce.

Aff causes brain drain – there’s a limited pool of scientists who can do nuclear simulations and monitoring
Andrew C. Klein - Professor of Nuclear Engineering and Radiation Health Physics at Oregon
State University, fmr. Director of Educational Partnerships at the Idaho National Laboratory - February 2012, Required Infrastructure for the Future of Nuclear Energy, http://www.fas.org/pubs/_docs/Nuclear_Energy_Report-lowres.pdf
One potential limiting capability will be the development of the people who are educated and
AND
difference emphasizes the need for continuous education and training of the nuclear workforce.

NNSA workforce is essential for deterrence – also turns prolif
D’Anne E. Spence, Major, USAF - Fall 2011, Zero Nuclear Weapons and Nuclear Security Enterprise Modernization, Strategic Studies Quarterly, http://www.au.af.mil/au/ssq/2011/fall/spence.pdf
Every president since Franklin D. Roosevelt has authorized the production of nuclear weapons,
AND
understand the weapon-aging issues and develop LEPs to address these concerns.

Effective deterrence checks all conflict escalation
Robinson, ‘1
Paul, President and Director, Sandia National Laboratory, "White Paper: Pursuing a New Nuclear Weapons Policy for the 21st Century" March 22, 2001, http://www.sandia.gov/media/whitepaper/2001-04-Robinson.htm

Let me first stress that nuclear arms must never be thought of as a single
AND
, as well as bring these conflicts to a swift and certain end.
Impact – Deterrence – Taiwan 2NC

U.S. nulear superiority is key to maintain the credibility of U.S. commitment to defend Taiwan
Payne ‘1
(Keith B.-, China Brief, “Post-Cold War Deterrence and a Taiwan Crisis”, Vol. 1 #5, http://www.jamestown.org/
programs/chinabrief/single/?tx_ttnewstt_news=3746andtx_ttnewsbackPid=191andno_cache=1; Jacob)

To establish a deterrence policy suited to these circumstances, the United States would have
AND
subduing Taiwan before U.S. forces could be brought to bear.
Perhaps the most limiting factor for Washington in this regard is the obvious fact that
AND
limit its own prospective losses to a level compatible with the stakes involved.
In sum, a U.S. deterrence policy for this case would focus
AND
balance with the prospective costs and risks involved in a conflict with China.

Extinction
Strait Times ‘00
(June 25, “Regional Fallout: No one gains in war over Taiwan”, Lexis; Jacob)

THE high-intensity scenario postulates a cross-strait war escalating into a full-scale war between the US and China. If Washington were to conclude that splitting China would better serve its national interests, then a full-scale war becomes unavoidable.
Conflict on such a scale would embroil other countries far and near and -- horror of horrors -- raise the possibility of a nuclear war.
Beijing has already told the US and Japan privately that it considers any country providing bases and logistics support to any US forces attacking China as belligerent parties open to its retaliation.
In the region, this means South Korea, Japan, the Philippines and, to a lesser extent, Singapore.
If China were to retaliate, east Asia will be set on fire.
And the conflagration may not end there as opportunistic powers elsewhere may try to overturn the existing world order.
With the US distracted, Russia may seek to redefine Europe's political landscape. The balance of power in the Middle East may be similarly upset by the likes of Iraq.
In south Asia, hostilities between India and Pakistan, each armed with its own nuclear arsenal, could enter a new and dangerous phase.
Will a full-scale Sino-US war lead to a nuclear war?
According to General Matthew Ridgeway, commander of the US Eighth Army which fought against the Chinese in the Korean War, the US had at the time thought of using nuclear weapons against China to save the US from military defeat.
In his book The Korean War, a personal account of the military and political aspects of the conflict and its implications on future US foreign policy, Gen Ridgeway said that US was confronted with two choices in Korea -- truce or a broadened war, which could have led to the use of nuclear weapons.
If the US had to resort to nuclear weaponry to defeat China long before the latter acquired a similar capability, there is little hope of winning a war against China 50 years later, short of using nuclear weapons.
The US estimates that China possesses about 20 nuclear warheads that can destroy major American cities. Beijing also seems prepared to go for the nuclear option.
A Chinese military officer disclosed recently that Beijing was considering a review of its "non first use" principle regarding nuclear weapons.
Major-General Pan Zhangqiang, president of the military-funded Institute for Strategic Studies, told a gathering at the Woodrow Wilson International Centre for Scholars in Washington that although the government still abided by that principle, there were strong pressures from the military to drop it.
He said military leaders considered the use of nuclear weapons mandatory if the country risked dismemberment as a result of foreign intervention.
Gen Ridgeway said that should that come to pass, we would see the destruction of civilization.
There would be no victors in such a war. While the prospect of a nuclear Armageddon over Taiwan might seem inconceivable, it cannot be ruled out entirely, for China puts sovereignty above everything else.

Turn Cyber
Deterrence is key to prevent cyberwarfare
Grossman Editor-in-Chief Inside the Air Force ‘9
(Elaine M.-, May 12, Global Security Newswire, “U.S. General Reserves Right to Use Force, Even Nuclear, in Response to Cyber Attack”, http://www.globalsecuritynewswire.org/gsn/nw_20090512_4977.php; Jacob)

The top U.S. commander for strategic combat said last week that the White House retains the option to respond with physical force -- potentially even using nuclear weapons -- if a foreign entity conducts a disabling cyber attack against U.S. computer networks (see GSN, Nov. 7, 2008).
While a nuclear response appears highly unlikely, it might be counted among a full range of options offered to the president following a major computer attack, suggested Gen. Kevin Chilton, who heads U.S. Strategic Command. However, the general noted, it might be no easy task to identify with certainty the origin of a cyber strike.
"I think you don't take any response options off the table from an attack on the United States of America," he told reporters during a Defense Writers Group breakfast on Thursday. "Why would we constrain ourselves on how we respond?"
Hackers located in China are believed to have carried out a growing number of computer intrusions, most recently accessing large amounts of data on the Defense Department's $300 billion Joint Strike Fighter program, the Wall Street Journal reported last month. Earlier reported incidents include cyber break-ins of the U.S. electrical power grid, where suspected Chinese and Russian hackers left behind software that could be activated later to disrupt service.
Should the breaches evolve into more serious computer attacks against the United States, Chilton said he could not rule out the possibility of a military salvo against a nation like China, even though Beijing has nuclear arms. He rejected the idea that such a conflict would necessarily risk going nuclear.
"I don't think that's true," Chilton said.
At the same time, the general insisted that all strike options, including nuclear, would remain available to the commander in chief in defending the nation from cyber strikes.
Turns Case – Prolif
DA is a bigger internal link to prolif – US nuclear assurance reduces the benefit of proliferation – supply is not the issue
Ruhle, ‘9, Michael, Head of Policy Planning, NATO International Staff, “NATO and Extended Deterrence in a Multinucelar World” NATO Summit 2009, Comparative Strategy, 28:1January 1, 2009, p 10-16 

Developments since the 1980s show that the widespread assumption, that past non-proliferation
AND
exactly in those regions where doubts about the US commitment are most serious. 

Turns Case – Terror

Deterrence solves nuclear terror
Talmadge PhD Candidate Security Studies MIT ‘7
(Caitlin-, Spring, The Washington Quarterly, “Deterring a Nuclear 9/11”, Vol. 30 #2, http://www.twq.com/07spring/ docs/07spring_talmadge.pdf; Jacob)

Because terrorists lack return addresses, analysts have dismissed even more firmly the possibility of
AND
may be able to reduce the likelihood of a terrorist attack substantially.13
Nowhere is this approach more plausible than in the case of nuclear terrorism.14
AND
own nuclear material and had to attempt to buy it from Russia.16
As such, it is extremely likely that states or substate military organizations would have
AND
It could turn a blind eye to terrorist activities occurring on its territory.
In all of these cases, the United States does have a target against which
AND
work actively to get rid of elements that might bring Turns Case – Cyber
UQ
NNSA workforce strong now
GAO-12-468, Apr 26, 2012, St rategies and Challenges in Sustaining Critical Skills in Federal and Contractor Workforces, http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-12-468

The National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA) and its MandO contractors have
AND
identify new scientists and engineers to build a pipeline of critically skilled candidates.

NNSA is making corrections to shortages – it’s on the brink
GAO – February 2011, DOE's Contract Management for the National Nuclear Security Administration and Office of Environmental Management, http://www.gao.gov/highrisk/risks/federal-contracting/doe.php
DOE has continued to take many steps to address contract and project management weaknesses including
AND
needs and are in the process of developing plans to address the shortfalls.

Link – SMR 

(Note that the Klein ev is about small reactors)
SMRs generate huge demand for nuclear engineers and operators
US Department of Commerce, 11
("The Commercial Outlook for U.S. Small Modular Nuclear Reactors," 2-17-11, trade.gov/mas/ian/build/groups/public/@tg_ian/@nuclear/documents/webcontent/tg_ian_003185.pdf, accessed 9-15-12,)
Impact of SMRs on U.S. Job Creation A serious obstacle to the
AND
as opposed to the localization that is typically necessary for building larger reactors.

SMR’s are uniquely draining
PR Chari - Research Professor, IPCS - 11 May 2010, MODULAR NUCLEAR REACTORS AND BREEDER TECHNOLOGY, http://www.ipcs.org/seminar/nuclear/modular-nuclear-reactors-and-breeder-technology-842.html
The other technological challenge is small modular reactors (SMR) which is being promoted
AND
qualified persons to remote places, which makes it difficult to recruit them.
Link – Military 

DOD would hire massive numbers of new personnel
King, Associate Director of Research and Associate Research Professor of International Affairs at George Washington, 11
(March, Feasibility of Nuclear Power on U.S. Military Installations, http://www.cna.org/research/2011/feasibility-nuclear-power-us-military)

The most basic licensing issue relates to whether NRC will have jurisdiction over potential nuclear
AND
power plant based on an SMR is shown in figure 5 46.
A2: DOD Retraining

You can’t train someone to be a nuclear scientist – it takes years – that’s GAO – means the aff hires people in the short term or doesn’t solve

DOD would hire massive numbers of new personnel
King, Associate Director of Research and Associate Research Professor of International Affairs at George Washington, 11
(March, Feasibility of Nuclear Power on U.S. Military Installations, http://www.cna.org/research/2011/feasibility-nuclear-power-us-military)

The most basic licensing issue relates to whether NRC will have jurisdiction over potential nuclear
AND
power plant based on an SMR is shown in figure 5 46.

DOD doesn’t retrain- it contracts- see Blackwater 

Tournament: Fullerton | Round: 6 | Opponent: Puget Sound MS | Judge: Herndon
SMRs a part of a larger techno-utopian social narrative – they combine euphoric nuclear discourse about “inherently safe reactors” and energy “too cheap to meter” with green euphoric discourse about “local energy” – this narrative blocks public engagement, driving towards environmental destruction and nuclear extinction
Byrne and Toly 6
(Josh, director of the Center for Energy and Environmental Policy and distinguished professor of energy and climate policy at the University of Delaware, Noah, Associate Professor of Urban Studies and Politics and International Relations, Director of Urban Studies Program at Wheaton, “Energy as a Social Project: Recovering a Discourse”, pgs. 1-32 in Transforming Power: Energy, Environment, and Society in Conflict, eds. Josh Byrne, Noah Toly, and Leigh Glover)

 With environmental crisis, social inequality, and military conflict among the significant problems
AND
thoughtful exploration of the broader contours of energy-environment-society relations.

Text: The judge should vote negative to affirm a nuclear public sphere
Linking techno-utopianism to the military ensures extinction – removes any democratic checks on the trajectory of scientific development and ensures massive global arms races
Beljac ‘8
(Marko has a PhD from Monash University, “Mission Statement”, http://scisec.net/?page_id=5)

But it cannot be stated that the mere existence of a faculty of scientific cognition
AND
of science would also remove the public subsidy that undergirds the Pentagon system.  

Tournament: Fullerton | Round: 5 | Opponent: Puget Sound MS | Judge: Herndon
Text: the United States federal government should phase out subsidies for the storage of spent fuel from nuclear power plants and substantially increase investment in smart microgrid technology for domestic military bases via a diverse portfolio tailored to individual installation circumstances, including non-nuclear renewable energies for on-site generation, increased backup generation capacity, improvements in energy efficiency and energy storage, intelligent local energy management, and accelerated implementation of the SPIDERS project.

A market without federal storage subsidies picks thorium- existing cores can be cheaply retrofitted
Jack Lifton, Resource Investor (publication) 22 Feb 2007, Thorium: An Alternative to Uranium, 2007 Update, http://www.resourceinvestor.com/pebble.asp?relid=29249andphrase=thorium
Thorium Power, Inc. has told me that they already have the technology to
AND
of storing and transporting materials from which weapons grade materials can be extracted.

Microgrids solve islanding and cyber-security
Robert K. Ackerman, SIGNAL Magazine - February 2012, Military Energy Enters SPIDERS Web, http://www.afcea.org/content/?q=node/2877  
No man may be an island, but each U.S. military base
AND
existing assets. Johnson emphasizes that SPIDERS will be energy-source agnostic.

Tournament: Fullerton | Round: 5 | Opponent: Puget Sound MS | Judge: Herndon
Grid 1NC
Aff wouldn’t island
King, Associate Director of Research and Associate Research Professor of International Affairs at George Washington, 11
(March, Feasibility of Nuclear Power on U.S. Military Installations, http://www.cna.org/research/2011/feasibility-nuclear-power-us-military)
There are several alternatives for the customer base served by a DoD
nuclear power plant. The plant could be built for:
• DoD as the exclusive user
• Commercial users, but with DoD a priority user
• Commercial users, including DoD
Having DoD as the exclusive user is not practical for almost all DoD installations because
AND
would almost certainly require additional distribution infrastructure and more advanced electrical network control.
DoD can already get its power from domestic sources – and nuke power doesn’t help
King, Associate Director of Research and Associate Research Professor of International Affairs at George Washington, 11
(March, Feasibility of Nuclear Power on U.S. Military Installations, http://www.cna.org/research/2011/feasibility-nuclear-power-us-military)

Figure 4 shows feedstock used for domestic electricity generation from 1996 to 2009. In
AND
DoD to significantly increase nuclear power within the mix of electricity generating options.
Reid evidence says Cyberattacks can already be deterred – Panetta statement – prefer statements by military heads then military analysts
Doesn’t improve military operations – nuclear waste and inaccessibility issues
Matthew Baker – American Security Project – 6/22/12, Do Small Modular Reactors Present a Serious Option for the Military’s Energy Needs?, http://americansecurityproject.org/blog/2012/do-small-modular-reactors-present-a-serious-option-for-the-militarys-energy-needs/

Unfortunately all the hype surrounding SMRs seems to have made the proponents of SMR technology
AND
that the negative impacts of nuclear technology are more costly than its benefits.

Their Andres scenario is egregious- nowhere does the author attempt to claim nuclear accidents would result, just that the USSR and US thought so- the US wouldn’t irrationally strike states with nuclear weapons if its military were down and no one is trying to pre-emptively nuke us

Grid 2NC
T/F
DoD won’t use is “mission-critical” exception to get around the NRC
King, Associate Director of Research and Associate Research Professor of International Affairs at George Washington, 11
(March, Feasibility of Nuclear Power on U.S. Military Installations, http://www.cna.org/research/2011/feasibility-nuclear-power-us-military)

The most basic licensing issue relates to whether NRC will have jurisdiction over potential nuclear
AND
power plant based on an SMR is shown in figure 5 46.
That means nothing happens until 2020
King, Associate Director of Research and Associate Research Professor of International Affairs at George Washington, 11
(March, Feasibility of Nuclear Power on U.S. Military Installations, http://www.cna.org/research/2011/feasibility-nuclear-power-us-military)

Safety is always a concern for nuclear power. That is why the NRC was
AND
decade and that a plant could be built and operating by about 2020.

No Internal

Nuclear backup capacity fails- other energy sources solve without cost and technical hurdles
Ryan, Masters in Mech. Engineering, 2011
Dylan, Masters in Mechanical Engineering, expertise in energy, sustainability, Computer Aided Engineering, renewables technology; PhD in solar energy systems, “Part 10 – Small modular reactors and mass production options,” http://daryanenergyblog.wordpress.com/ca/part-10-smallreactors-mass-prod/-http://daryanenergyblog.wordpress.com/ca/part-10-smallreactors-mass-prod/
One of the other advantages of small or micro sized reactors, the ability to
AND
of running or refuelling a nuclear reactor while under fire from incoming artillery!

No Impact
No impact to cyber-attacks or blackouts
Birch, former AP correspondent, 2012,
10-1, Douglas, former foreign correspondent for the Associated Press and the Baltimore Sun who has written extensively on technology and public policy. “Forget Revolution,” http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/10/01/forget_revolution?page=full

But the scenarios sketched out above are not solely the realm of fantasy. This
AND
the situation now. But this is not the end of the world."

Too difficult to launch a cyber-attack and economic, military factors check full-scale attacks
Birch, former AP correspondent, 2012,
10-1, Douglas, former foreign correspondent for the Associated Press and the Baltimore Sun who has written extensively on technology and public policy. “Forget Revolution,” http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/10/01/forget_revolution?page=full

But pulling off a cyber assault on that scale is no easy feat. Weiss
AND
even terror groups have to factor in potential retaliation when planning their operations.

Russia 1NC
Donohue only says Thorium is good not that Russia adopts it- if they want to cut corners in their nuclear management program they wouldn’t bother purchasing from the US
Tech isn’t ready – AT BEST tech is developed in 10 years
Howarth, Managing Director, UK National Nuclear Laboratory, 2010
August 2010, Paul, Managing director of the UK National Nuclear Laboratory, “The Thorium Fuel Cycle: An independent assessment by the UK National Nuclear Laboratory,” UK National Nuclear Laboratory, http://ripassetseu.s3.amazonaws.com/www.nnl.co.uk/_files/documents/aug_11/NNL__1314092891_Thorium_Cycle_Position_Paper.pdf
In the event of thorium fuel cycles being adopted commercially in existing LWRs, the
AND
be feasible in the following ten years if the market conditions are conducive.
No evidence that thorium reactors can used to reprocess plutonium
Easy chemical processes can turn Thorium byproducts into fissile uranium – turns prolif
Ashley et al - Department of Engineering, Cambridge – 12/6/12
Stephen F. Ashley (research associate in nuclear engineering in the Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge), Geoffrey T. Parks (senior lecturer in nuclear engineering in the Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge), William J. Nuttall (professor of energy in the Department of Design, Development, Environment and Materials, The Open University), Colin Boxall (director of Energy Lancaster, Engineering Department, Lancaster University), and Robin W. Grimes (director of the Centre for Nuclear Engineering, Imperial College London) - Nuclear energy: Thorium fuel has risks, Nature 492, 31–33 (06 December 2012), http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v492/n7427/full/492031a.html#/affil-auth
Thorium is being touted as a potential wonder fuel. Proponents believe that this element
AND
three points should be included in debates on the proliferation attributes of thorium.
Their evidence only indicts Russia’s current, insecure nuclear stockpiles- those exist in the interim before Russia adopts all-Thorium reactors and prolif-useful waste is still mismanaged post-plan
Terrorist networks are weak – Bin Laden’s death, Abbottabad intelligence, no safe haven
WILLIAM MCCANTS - Center for Strategic Studies / Johns Hopkins – Sept/Oct 2011, Al Qaeda's Challenge, Foreign Affairs, http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/68160/william-mccants/al-qaedas-challenge?page=show
Al Qaeda now stands at a precipice. The Arab Spring and the success of
AND
, are willing and able to engage in the messy business of politics.
Russia won’t buy our SMR’s – don’t want to look dependent on the SMR’s

Russia 2NC
No threat of nuclear terrorism – bin Laden documents prove terrorists have no money
John Mueller- Prof poli sci, Ohio State, August 2, 2011, The Truth About al Qaeda, Foreign Affairs, http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/68012/john-mueller/the-truth-about-al-qaeda?page=show
The chief lesson of 9/11 should have been that small bands of terrorists
AND
terrorism is the wave of the future. No elephants there, either.

Iran 1NC
If Iran wants to prolif- they wouldn’t buy reactors that prevent that goal- they don’t trust the US after we tried to shut them down with Stuxnet
Fear of retaliation solves Iranian nuclear attacks
Kahl, associate professor @ Georgetown, 2012,
June. Dr. Colin H. Kahl is a Senior Fellow at the Center for a New American Security and an associate professor in the Security Studies Program at Georgetown University’s Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service. Melissa G. Dalton is a Visiting Fellow at the Center for a New American Security. Matthew Irvine is a Research Associate at the Center for a New American Security. “Risk and Rivalry Iran, Israel and the Bomb,” http://www.cnas.org/files/documents/publications/CNAS_RiskandRivalry_Kahl_0.pdf 

Israel’s presumed mix of nuclear forces provides a viable second-strike capability, giving
AND
gain little and risk everything, dissuading it from launching such an attack. 

The US has export restrictions on Iran- we wouldn’t sell them nuclear technology when we’re leading the sanctions regime against them

Iran won’t go beyond threshold capability
Kahl, associate professor @ Georgetown, 2012,
June. Dr. Colin H. Kahl is a Senior Fellow at the Center for a New American Security and an associate professor in the Security Studies Program at Georgetown University’s Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service. Melissa G. Dalton is a Visiting Fellow at the Center for a New American Security. Matthew Irvine is a Research Associate at the Center for a New American Security. “Risk and Rivalry Iran, Israel and the Bomb,” http://www.cnas.org/files/documents/publications/CNAS_RiskandRivalry_Kahl_0.pdf 

A threshold capability might be enough for Iran. Khamenei might conclude that acquiring the
AND
short of a threshold capability without being compelled or persuaded to do so. 

Iran 2NC
Prefer our ev- your authors don’t understand Iranian politics
Johan Bergenas- Research Associate at the Henry L. Stimson Center- August 31, 2010, Dismantling Worst-Case Proliferation Scenarios, Foreign Affairs, http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/66738/johan-bergenas/the-nuclear-domino-myth
Such mistaken beliefs are due in part to the West's poor understanding of Iran.
AND
rounds of UN sanctions against the Islamic Republic in the last few years.

Iran won’t build a nuke
Duss, author @ Think Progress, 5-11-12,
Matt, Think Progress, “Deconstructing Krauthammer’s Misinformation On Iran And Israel,” http://thinkprogress.org/security/2012/05/11/482470/deconstructing-krauthammer-iran/ 

First, with regard to an Iranian nuclear weapon, while Iran still has yet
AND
“and I don’t think he will want to go the extra mile.” 

Iranian prolif would take a year and wouldn’t produce a large arsenal
Kahl, associate professor @ Georgetown, 2012,
June. Dr. Colin H. Kahl is a Senior Fellow at the Center for a New American Security and an associate professor in the Security Studies Program at Georgetown University’s Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service. Melissa G. Dalton is a Visiting Fellow at the Center for a New American Security. Matthew Irvine is a Research Associate at the Center for a New American Security. “Risk and Rivalry Iran, Israel and the Bomb,” http://www.cnas.org/files/documents/publications/CNAS_RiskandRivalry_Kahl_0.pdf 

Credible estimates, based on data from the U.N. International Atomic Energy
AND
device that could be used effectively against Iran’s adversaries would likely take longer. 

Iranian nukes won’t cause Israel first strike
Kahl, associate professor @ Georgetown, 2012,
June. Dr. Colin H. Kahl is a Senior Fellow at the Center for a New American Security and an associate professor in the Security Studies Program at Georgetown University’s Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service. Melissa G. Dalton is a Visiting Fellow at the Center for a New American Security. Matthew Irvine is a Research Associate at the Center for a New American Security. “Risk and Rivalry Iran, Israel and the Bomb,” http://www.cnas.org/files/documents/publications/CNAS_RiskandRivalry_Kahl_0.pdf 

Despite an apparent logic encouraging each side to strike first in such situations, several
AND
its incentive to launch one in a crisis – will decline even further. 

Israel won’t freak out
Duss, author @ Think Progress, 5-11-12,
Matt, Think Progress, “Deconstructing Krauthammer’s Misinformation On Iran And Israel,” http://thinkprogress.org/security/2012/05/11/482470/deconstructing-krauthammer-iran/ 

 Finally, Krauthammer’s rendering of Israel standing alone against a gathering threat is simply
AND
and must be made carefully, out of historic responsibility but without hysteria.” 

Tournament: Fullerton | Round: 4 | Opponent: USC OP | Judge: Nick Miller
1NC
The aff’s market-based approach to sustainability exacerbates social inequality and drives environmental destruction – they block criticism of the market by making it the solution to environmental problems, backdoor sanctioning excessive consumption by blaming market distortion for a failure to produce green energy technologies
Gunder 6
(Michael, senior lecturer in the School of Architecture and Planning at the University of Auckland, New Zealand, President of the New Zealand Planning Institute, “Sustainability: Planning’s Saving Grace or Road to Perdition?”, Journal of Planning Education and Research 2006; 26; 208)

This article begins by tracing sustainability’s rise to prominence in planning education and its emergence
AND
carrying capacities of the planet largely are overlooked, if not outright negated.  
Consumption practices ensure extinction – cause overshoot and collapse of the environment, only re-organizing society can solve
Smith 11
(Gar, Editor Emeritus of Earth Island Journal, “NUCLEAR¶ ROULETTE¶ THE CASE AGAINST A¶ “NUCLEAR RENAISSANCE” Pgs. 46)

Even if all of the world’s current energy output could be produced by renewables,
AND
.¶ would require the resources of 16 planets—eight planets each. 225
Our alternative is to reject the politics of technological production
Rather than focusing on production of technology, we should embrace our ability to shape and transform our subjectivity as consumers, embracing voluntary simplicity – this debate offers a crucial moment to produce alternative knowledge about everyday living practices
Alexander ‘11
(Samuel, University of Melbourne; Office for Environmental Programs/Simplicity Institute, “
Voluntary Simplicity as an Aesthetics of Existence”, Social Sciences Research Network, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1941087) 

The  aim  of  this  paper,  however,  is  not  to  present  a  thorough  analysis  
AND
might  open  up  space  to  ‘think  differently,’18  to  think  otherwise.

Resource Extraction Impact/AT Stability Impacts
Solar tech relies on rare earth mineral extraction that causes massive global instability and collapses democracy and trade – it relies on corruption and social inequality to maintain economic production
Bringezu and Bleischwitz ‘11
(Stefan, director of material flows and resource management at the Wuppertal Institute, Germany, and a member of the International Panel for Sustainable Resource Management, Raimund, co-director of material flows and resource management at the Wuppertal Institute and professor at the College of Europe, Bruges, Belgium, “Preventing a resource curse fuelled by the green economy”, Global Corruption Report: Climate Change, pg. 199-201 http://www.transparency.org/publications/gcr/gcr_climate_change2)

Mining, a second activity necessary to support the green economy, carries significant opportunities
AND
Public Officials, while China and Russia have ratified only the former.23

2NC Consumption Framework
The aff’s calls for pragmatism and specificity are a farce – their change in energy strategy represents conscious adoption of larger institutional logics, not an incremental change in existing policy – only radical analysis of the energy system takes the aff’s change seriously and avoids error replication
Byrne and Toly 6
(Josh, director of the Center for Energy and Environmental Policy and distinguished professor of energy and climate policy at the University of Delaware, Noah, Associate Professor of Urban Studies and Politics and International Relations, Director of Urban Studies Program at Wheaton, “Energy as a Social Project: Recovering a Discourse”, pgs. 1-32 in Transforming Power: Energy, Environment, and Society in Conflict, eds. Josh Byrne, Noah Toly, and Leigh Glover)

When measured in social and political-economic terms, the current energy discourse appears
AND
, leave modernism undisturbed (except, perhaps, for its environmental performance).
AT Util

Utilitarianism is prejudiced – it excludes environmental damage from ethical calculations and treats it as a victimless crime – a shift towards techniques of the self prompts individual responsibility for ecological damage and acknowledges the existing social system as a product of our behavior and knowledge production
Alexander ‘11
(Samuel, University of Melbourne; Office for Environmental Programs/Simplicity Institute, “
Voluntary Simplicity as an Aesthetics of Existence”, Social Sciences Research Network, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1941087) 

Undoubtedly there is, and Foucault never denied this. Nietzsche occasionally seemed to conflate
AND
are less likely to become entrenched in any one, particular narrative.42

Solar Link
Solar energy mystifies existing consumption practices, greening them to remove guilt for our unsustainable ecological footprint
Byrne and Toly 6
(Josh, director of the Center for Energy and Environmental Policy and distinguished professor of energy and climate policy at the University of Delaware, Noah, Associate Professor of Urban Studies and Politics and International Relations, Director of Urban Studies Program at Wheaton, “Energy as a Social Project: Recovering a Discourse”, pgs. 1-32 in Transforming Power: Energy, Environment, and Society in Conflict, eds. Josh Byrne, Noah Toly, and Leigh Glover)

In this regard, ironically, Small-is-Beautiful Solar shares with Big
AND
in a way that would seamlessly tie it to the modernization project.20
Renewables Link
Renewables reproduce neoliberal social relations – they’re driven by a desire to maintain status quo consumption, and emanate from profit-motivated corporations
Byrne and Toly 6
(Josh, director of the Center for Energy and Environmental Policy and distinguished professor of energy and climate policy at the University of Delaware, Noah, Associate Professor of Urban Studies and Politics and International Relations, Director of Urban Studies Program at Wheaton, “Energy as a Social Project: Recovering a Discourse”, pgs. 1-32 in Transforming Power: Energy, Environment, and Society in Conflict, eds. Josh Byrne, Noah Toly, and Leigh Glover)

Where the power to govern is not vested in experts, it is given over
AND
victories or diminish the central role of ‘energy’ in the movement’s quest?

AT Perm/Link Turn

Sequencing DA – centering consumption as a subject of ethical concern is a pre-requisite to the aff – their “production-focused” change to energy policy only marginalizes consumption practices by treating them as a given outside of politics
Alexander ‘11
(Samuel, University of Melbourne; Office for Environmental Programs/Simplicity Institute, “
Voluntary Simplicity as an Aesthetics of Existence”, Social Sciences Research Network, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1941087)

For present purposes, the third and final point about how neoclassicism marginalizes consumption concerns
AND
above was intended to suggest that consumption might be one such blind spot.

Tournament: Fullerton  | Round: 4 | Opponent: USC OC | Judge: Nick Miller
The government of the state of California should provide cash grants equivalent to a federal Section 1603 Cash Grant to nontaxable entities for community and residential solar power.
California is a leader in expanding solar energy --- it should expand production even more
Madsen, et. al, 11 --- Policy Analyst at the Frontier Group (November 2011, Travis Madsen, Frontier Group, Michelle Kinman and Bernadette Del Chiaro, Environment California Research and Policy Center, “Building a Brighter Future: California’s Progress Toward a Million Solar Roofs,” http://www.environmentcalifornia.org/sites/environment/files/reports/Building%20a%20Brighter%20Future.pdf)
California’s Million Solar Roofs Initiative is succeeding. Thanks in large part to this visionary
AND
and lay the groundwork for further expansion of solar energy in the future.
California modeled by nation and other countries
NRDC, 6 (5/23/2006, National Resources Defense Council, “CALIFORNIA LEADS THE WORLD: PIONEERING SOLUTIONS TO ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS,” http://www.e2.org/ext/doc/CALeadershipfactsheet.pdf;jsessionid=7316837D6515320EB6B13427B89C8FFE)

California has long led the nation and the world in ground-breaking environmental solutions
AND
most serious environmental problems, and lead the fight to stop global warming.

Tournament: Fullerton  | Round: 4 | Opponent: USC OC | Judge: Nick Miller
Grid 1NC
No impact to cyber-attacks or blackouts
Birch, former AP correspondent, 2012,
10-1, Douglas, former foreign correspondent for the Associated Press and the Baltimore Sun who has written extensively on technology and public policy. “Forget Revolution,” http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/10/01/forget_revolution?page=full

But the scenarios sketched out above are not solely the realm of fantasy. This
AND
the situation now. But this is not the end of the world."
Too difficult to launch a cyber-attack and economic, military factors check full-scale attacks
Birch, former AP correspondent, 2012,
10-1, Douglas, former foreign correspondent for the Associated Press and the Baltimore Sun who has written extensively on technology and public policy. “Forget Revolution,” http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/10/01/forget_revolution?page=full

But pulling off a cyber assault on that scale is no easy feat. Weiss
AND
even terror groups have to factor in potential retaliation when planning their operations.
Global economy is resilient – integration solves war
Zakaria Editor Newsweek ‘9
(Fareed-, Dec. 12, Newsweek, “The Secrets of Stability”, http://www.newsweek.com/id/226425/page/1; Jacob)

One year ago, the world seemed as if it might be coming apart.
AND
Most have been there, done that. And they know the price.
If not, Eurozone makes collapse inevitable
Gulf News 10/9/12 (“Eurozone is dragging down world economy” http://gulfnews.com/opinions/editorials/eurozone-is-dragging-down-world-economy-1.1087112)
While the international financial crisis has affected all states that are part of global trade
AND
tackle the economic crisis that will be with us for the foreseeable future.
Failed states not a global threat – no terrorism, crime, or disease risk
Traub, Foreign Policy, ’11 (James, July/August, “Think Again: Failed States” http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2011/06/20/think_again_failed_states)
"Failed States Are a Threat to U.S. National Security." Only
AND
and Pakistan, whose freewheeling urban centers provide jihadists with a home base.
No spillover from state collapse
Patrick, Program on International Institutions and Global Governance at CFR, ’11 (Stewart, May, “Weak Links Fragile States, Global Threats, and International Security” Excerpt from forthcoming book, http://www.cfr.org/international-peace-and-security/weak-links/p24311?excerpt=1)
IMPLICATIONS The book’s Conclusion makes three main points. First, the relationship between state
AND
citizens and the international community, rather than an inherent lack of capability.
No conflict from economic decline – recession proves
Barnett, 09 – Senior Managing Director of Enterra Solutions LLC, Contributing Editor and Online Columnist for Esquire (Thomas P.M, “The New Rules: Security Remains Stable Amid Financial Crisis,” Aprodex, Asset Protection Index, 8/25/09 http://www.aprodex.com/the-new-rules~-~-security-remains-stable-amid-financial-crisis-398-bl.aspx)
When the global financial crisis struck roughly a year ago, the blogosphere was ablaze
AND
fear-mongering to proceed apace. That's what the Internet is for.
Grid 2NC
Grid is resilent – Katrina proves
James Andrew Lewis – senior fellow and director of the Technology and Public Policy Program @ CSIS - March 2010, The Electrical Grid as a Target for Cyber Attack, http://csis.org/files/publication/100322_ElectricalGridAsATargetforCyberAttack.pdf
This conclusion is different from the strategic consequences on a cyber attack on the power
AND
economic performance. Is there any cyber attack that could match the hurricane?
The United States is a very large collection of targets with many different pieces making
AND
in aerial bombing: impressive damage is quickly rectified by a determined opponent.
Blackouts inevitable – we cope
Earthquake Solutions, 2007, (last cite) (Power Grid – Why Worry? http://www.earthquakesolutions.com/id62.html-http://www.earthquakesolutions.com/id62.html)

Power failure is a frequent secondary effect of earthquakes, fires and other emergencies.
AND
, indicated a failure in those particular lines could impact all of California.¶
In July and August 2006 an extended and excessive heat wave caused energy demand to
AND
fail more often, and potentially with more serious failures of longer duration.
Prices 1NC
No credible evidence for speculation in renewable markets – the aff advantage ITSELF is unfounded speculation
GED 12 Green Energy Development
(The Renewable Energy Advisor, www.greenenergydevelopment.org/press/Bubble.pdf)
Wall Street, investors and other critics have suggested that renewable energy or "green
AND
tend to perpetuate this investor sentiment and create a self-fulfilling prophecy.
The renewable energy market cannot result in a bubble
GED 12 Green Energy Development
(The Renewable Energy Advisor, www.greenenergydevelopment.org/press/Bubble.pdf)
In the recent past, investors and the public at large have experienced a number
AND
that has also led us to our current scenario with regards to energy.
No excessive energy speculation
Kilian, Professor @ University of Michigan, 2012,
April 12, Lutz, Professor of Economics, University of Michigan; and Research Fellow at CEPR. “Speculation in oil markets? What have we learned?” http://www.voxeu.org/index.php?q=node/7892
Another argument has been based on the relative size of the oil futures market and
AND
between the Working index of speculation and daily price changes is near zero.
Growing demand causes rising prices- outweighs speculation
Fattouh et al., Oxford Institute for Energy Studies, 2012,
March, Bassam Fattouh, Oxford Institute for Energy Studies and SOAS. Lutz Kilian, University of Michigan and CEPR. Lavan Mahadeva, Oxford Institute for Energy Studies. “THE ROLE OF SPECULATION IN OIL MARKETS: WHAT HAVE WE LEARNED SO FAR?” http://www.voxeu.org/sites/default/files/file/DP8916.pdf
The same point has been illustrated by a large number of papers. Brunetti and
AND
raises demand for hedging, which in turn ¶ drives up open interest.   
Speculative price hikes are self-repairing
Krugman, Nobel Prize in Economics, 2008,
May, Paul, holder of the Nobel Prize in Economics. professor of Economics and International Affairs at Princeton University. Mr. Krugman received his B.A. from Yale University in 1974 and his Ph.D. from MIT in 1977. He has taught at Yale, MIT and Stanford. At MIT he became the Ford International Professor of Economics. “The Oil Nonbubble,” http://www.nytimes.com/2008/05/12/opinion/12krugman.html?ex=1368244800anden=c899176fff63fce4andei=5124andpartner=permalinkandexprod=permalink
Now, speculators do sometimes push commodity prices far above the level justified by fundamentals
AND
few years had to happen to keep demand growth from exceeding supply growth.
Manufacturing decline inevitable and it’s not key
MGI 12, Mckinsey Global Institute – research branch of the Mckinsey management consulting company, “Trading myths: Addressing misconceptions about trade, jobs, and competitiveness”, May, http://www.mckinsey.com/insights/mgi/research/productivity_competitiveness_and_growth/six_myths_about_trade

Myth: Mature economies are losing out to emerging markets in trade and thus face
AND
the 5.8 million US manufacturing jobs eliminated between 2000 and 2010.
No scientific data to support scarcity-induced conflict theory
Buhaug et al, Professor Centre for the Study of Civil War at Peace Research Institute Oslo, ’12 (Halvard, Winter, “Climate Wars? Assessing the Claim That Drought Breeds Conflict” International Security, Vol 36 No 3, ProjectMuse)
In his acceptance lecture on the occasion of the Nobel Peace Prize award, President
AND
state plays in ending or fueling these conflicts. End Page 106
No arms races
Waltz Poli Sci Cal‘3
(Kenneth, Adjunct Senior Research Scholar at Columbia University, The Spread of Nuclear Weapons: A Debate Renewed, p. 29-30)
One may believe that old American and Soviet military doctrines set the pattern that new
AND
are likely to decrease, rather than to increase, their military spending.
First, nuclear weapons alter the dynamics of arms races. In a competition of
AND
ranges neither side need respond to increases in the other side's military capabilities.

Prolif doesn’t cause conflict- it induces caution
Knopf National Security Affairs Naval Postgraduate School ‘2
(Jeffrey W., October,  “Recasting the proliferation optimism-pessimism debate,” Security Studies, Vol. 12, No. 1, p. 45-46)
The dread of suffering nuclear devastation has two implications. First, states “have
AND
conventional war either becomes impossible or at minimum its likelihood is greatly reduced.
As a second broad assertion underpinning their case, optimists contend that meeting the three
AND
in the optimist view, a little uncertainty goes a very long way.

Prices 2NC

Speculation price hikes don’t last longer than a week
Jickling, specialist in Financial Economics, 2011,
September, Mark, Specialist in Financial Economics. Rena S. Miller Analyst in Financial Economics. Neelesh Nerurkar Specialist in Energy Policy. Congressional Research Service, “Speculation, Fundamentals, and Oil Prices,” http://www.relooney.info/0_New_11245.pdf
Service, “Speculation, Fundamentals, and Oil Prices,” http://www.relooney.info/0_New_11245.pdf 

 If money manager trades can be said to cause price movements (that is
AND
sell this week and ¶ what happens to prices over the next month. 

Speculators don’t cause energy price spikes
Green, UN expert reviewer, 5-16-12,
Kenneth P., has studied energy and energy-related environmental policy for nearly 20 years. Green has testified before regulatory and legislative bodies at the local, state and federal levels, including many times before the U.S. House of Representatives and the U.S. Senate. He was also a designated expert reviewer for two reports by the United Nations' Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change “Gasoline prices: Why so high and what to do?” http://www.aei.org/article/energy-and-the-environment/conventional-energy/gasoline-prices-why-so-high-and-what-to-do/
 

While speculation has been shown capable of causing short term-price spikes in the
AND
studies showed a decrease in commodity price volatility after trading markets were introduced.

Tournament: Fullerton | Round: 1 | Opponent: Kansas CG | Judge:
Comprehensive immigration reform is a top priority --- Obama will make an aggressive push to get it passed
Volsky, 12/30 (Igor, 12/30/2012, “Obama To Introduce Immigration Reform Bill In 2013,” http://thinkprogress.org/justice/2012/12/30/1379841/obama-to-introduce-immigration-reform-bill-in-2013/)
President Obama reiterated his call for comprehensive immigration reform during an interview on Meet The
AND
details of the proposal and Obama will to push for a broad bill.
Obama’s capital and bipartisan cooperation are key to effective reform
DMN, 1/2 (Dallas Morning News, “Editorial: Actions must match Obama’s immigration pledge,” 1/2/2013, http://www.dallasnews.com/opinion/editorials/20130102-editorial-actions-must-match-obamas-immigration-pledge.ece)
President Barack Obama said all the right things Sunday about immigration reform. The president
AND
fight this year for a comprehensive solution. Nothing but action will count.
Expanding solar power burns Obama’s political capital
NGI, 11/19 (Natural Gas Intelligence, 11/19/2012, “Obama Re-Election Puts Target on Energy, Say Execs,” Factiva)
*Barry Worthington is the USEA Executive Director
President Obama "got some political capital" from the election, but "whether he's willing to spend it on renewable energy is very difficult to say," said Worthington. "I do think that the whole notion of tax credits is very, very suspect. One element says take away tax credits for renewables, others say take them all away. It's possible that it could happen."
Reform is key to US competitiveness
Bush, McLarty and Alden, 09 – co-chairmen and director of a Council on Foreign Relations-sponsored Independent Task Force on U.S. Immigration Policy (7/21/09, Former Florida Gov. Jeb Bush and former White House Chief of Staff Thomas F. McLarty and Edward Alden, “Nation needs comprehensive, flexible immigration reform,” http://www.ajc.com/opinion/nation-needs-comprehensive-flexible-97393.html)
Our immigration system has been broken for too long, and the costs of that
AND
to foreign students and providing a faster track to permanent residency and citizenship.
Competiveness key to economy and hegemony
Segal, 04 – Senior Fellow in China Studies at the Council on Foreign Relations
(Adam, Foreign Affairs, “Is America Losing Its Edge?” November / December 2004, http://www.foreignaffairs.org/20041101facomment83601/adam-segal/is-america-losing-its-edge.html)
The United States' global primacy depends in large part on its ability to develop new
AND
, the United States must get better at fostering technological entrepreneurship at home.
Hegemonic decline causes great power wars – 1930’s prove                                                                                                                                         
Zhang and Shi, Researcher @ The Carnegie Endowment, ’11
Yuhan Zhang, Researcher at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, Lin Shi, Columbia University, Independent consultant for the Eurasia Group, Consultant for the World Bank, “America’s decline: A harbinger of conflict and rivalry,” January 22nd 2011, http://www.eastasiaforum.org/2011/01/22/americas-decline-a-harbinger-of-conflict-and-rivalry/
Over the past two decades, no other state has had the ability to seriously
AND
forecast in a future that will inevitably be devoid of unrivalled US primacy.

Tournament: Fullerton | Round: 6 | Opponent: Kansas CG | Judge:
The aff is a militarization of everyday life – they integrate the Army Core of Engineers into the background of urban space against vaguely defined threats of cyberterrorism and natural disasters – this pacifies the population to global militarism
Clement 12
(Matthew, doctoral candidate in sociology at the University of Oregon, “Neoliberalism, Imperialism, and the Militarization of Urban Spaces”, Monthly Review, Vol. 64, Issue 5, http://monthlyreview.org/2012/10/01/neoliberalism-imperialism-and-the-militarization-of-urban-spaces)
Meanwhile, the militarization of cities around the world, in both the core and
AND
of urban and social life, blending invisibly with it” (91).
The militarization of urban life collapses the public sphere, creates massive structural violence, and generates a culture of fear – that psychologically primes the population for war and escalation
Scheper-Hughes and Bourgois ‘4
(Prof of Anthropology @ Cal-Berkely; Prof of Anthropology @ UPenn)
(Nancy and Philippe, Introduction: Making Sense of Violence, in Violence in War and Peace, pg. 19-22)
This large and at first sight “messy” Part VII is central to this
AND
including the house gun and gated communities; and reversed feelings of victimization).
The alternative is to vote neg to use the public sphere as a vehicle for grid contingency planning
Only active construction of civic spaces and discourse of public life can act as a mechanism to counter the militarization of society
Giroux ‘12
(Henry A Giroux, Frequent author on pedagogy in the public sphere, Truthout, “Youth in Revolt: The Plague of State-Sponsored Violence,” March 14, 2012, http://truth-out.org/index.php?option=com_k2andview=itemandid=7249:youth-in-revolt-the-plague-of-statesponsored-violence)
All of these issues are important, but what must be addressed in the most
AND
by the forces of Jim Crow in the fifties and sixties.(15)

Tournament: Fullerton | Round: 1 | Opponent: Kansas CG | Judge:
Interpretation – Financial incentives reduce producer costs – that’s distinct from increasing demand
Benson 7 – J.D, University of Iowa (Christine C., Winter, “STUDENT NOTE: Putting Your Money Where Your Mouth Is: The Varied Success of Biofuel Incentive Policies in the United States and the European Union”, 16 Transnat'l L. and Contemp. Probs. 633, Lexis Law)

There are two…
States and the EU.

Violation – the Aff is a NON-financial incentive
Czinkota et al, 9 - Associate Professor at the McDonough School of Business at Georgetown University (Michael, Fundamentals of International Business, p. 69 – google books)

Incentives offered by policymakers to facilitate foreign investments are mainly of three types: fiscal
AND
import quotas, and local content requirements, and investments in infrastructure facilities.

Vote Neg:
Predictable Limits – We added a qualifier to the word “incentive” precisely because it was too broad – Including non-financial incentives explodes the topic by several new ways of doing every aff.  Prefer our interpretation because it creates a clear, predictable line between incentives that change production costs per unit and mandates that increase overall demand. 

Ground – Testing the “financial” in financial incentive is core neg CP and solvency ground – using a non-financial mechanism guts DA links too because the way voters and markets react to subsidies and tax breaks is substantially different than to a minor change in what the government decides to buy.  

Tournament: Fullerton | Round: 1 | Opponent: Kansas CG | Judge:
1NC
A. Interpretation –
Incentives are direct support for a specific activity
Doris, NREL researcher, 12
(Elizabeth Doris, researcher at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory, “Policy Building Blocks: Helping Policymakers Determine Policy Staging for the Development of Distributed PV Markets,” Paper to be presented at the 2012 World Renewable Energy Forum, 5/13-5/17, http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy12osti/54801.pdf)

3.3 Market Expansion
This stage of policy development targets the development of projects and includes both incentives that
AND
the design and implementation of effective market incentives. Specific policy types include:
• Incentives. In the context of this framework, incentives are defined as direct
AND
is prepared for project development. There are three primary types of incentives:
• Investment incentives directly alter the first cost of technologies. These incentives can take
AND
direct capital investment, but instead prioritizes reduction in pay-back period.
• Production incentives provide payment for electricity produced from the distributed electricity. These are
AND
incentives have the potential to be invested in projects that do not materialize).
• Feed-in-Tariffs. This incentive type reduces investment risk by providing fixed payments for projects based on the levelized cost of renewable energy generation. This (among other design characteristics) distinguishes feed-in-tariffs from production-based incentives, which are based on monetizing the value of the electricity to the grid or the value to the electricity purchaser.

“For” means the incentive must directly influence energy production
WORDS AND PHRASES 04
(Words and Phrases Permanent Edition, “For,” Volume 17, p. 338-343)
 W.D.Tenn. 1942. The Fair Labor Standards Act of
AND
which only “affects” a certain purpose which implies an indirect relation.

Energy production of solar power is the generation of electricity or direct use of thermal energy
US EIA (Energy Information Administration) - October 19, 2011, Annual Energy Review 2010, http://www.eia.gov/totalenergy/data/annual/pdf/aer.pdf

Primary Energy Production: Production of primary energy. The U.S. Energy
AND
wood-derived fuels consumption; biomass waste consumption; and biofuels feedstock.

B. Violation – The aff does not incentivize the process of transforming solar energy into electricity, it only supports the creation of equipment/facilities that MIGHT produce electricity LATER 

C. Vote Neg
Predictable Limits – There are hundreds of factors that influence whether solar power gets produced – Allowing affs to promote factors of production means they could incentivize students to go into STEM or subsidize RandD. Only requiring the aff’s incentive be CONTINGENT on production creates a predictable limit on aff mechanisms
Ground – Incentivizing capital instead of production means the aff doesn’t have to defend “production good.”  At best they are effectually topical which guts stable CP and DA ground and forces us to concede solvency to get back to square 1. 

2NC
More ev –
Energy.ca.gov – 2012, Glossary of Energy Terms, http://www.energy.ca.gov/glossary/glossary-s.html
SOLAR POWER - Electricity generated from solar radiation.

Prefer ev specific to solar power - “energy production” is specific to the type of fuel
EIA – no date (accessed 8/28/12), Glossary: production, http://www.eia.gov/tools/glossary/index.cfm
Energy production:  See production terms associated with specific energy types.

“For” means the incentive must have a direct relation to its object – energy production.  The aff’s incentive does not have a DIRECT RELATION to the conversion of the sun’s heat into electricity.  Incentives for facilities and equipment exist whether or not the energy is produced
Ogden et al, researchers at CAP, 8
(Peter Ogden, senior policy analyst at the Center for American Progress, John Podesta, president and CEO at the Center for American Progress, John Deutch, trustee at the Center for American Progress, Institute Professor at MIT, “Ending the Inertia on Energy Policy”, National Academy of Sciences Issues in Science and Technology Brief, http://www.issues.org/24.2/ogden.html)
It is important to note that different measures have different incentives. Production tax credits (such as those for wind power) and guaranteed purchases spend government money on projects that successfully produce some product, whereas loan guarantees are designed to provide protection for the investor even if the project fails.

Tournament: Fullerton | Round: 1 | Opponent: Kansas CG | Judge:
1NC
Text: The State of California should procure mobile solar power systems to provide for the California Emergency Management Agency’s training exercises and operations in response to emergencies in the United States.
The counterplan solves --- it is a California based company that is building mobile solar power systems to help with emergencies
Holloway, 12 (5/29/2012, James, “California start-up inks FEMA deal to provide disaster relief solar villages,” http://www.gizmag.com/green-horizon-quickhab/22719/)

Following five years of research and development, California start-up and provider of disaster relief technology Green Horizon has begun shipping a solar-powered services hub capable of providing electricity and clean water to disaster-hit communities. Combined with its QuickHab and SFH40 rapid-assembly prefabricated homes, Green Horizon has come up with a trio of rapid-response technologies that the company hopes will transform our responses to natural disasters by providing, essentially, rapid-assembly solar powered villages.
San Francisco builder James Pope was compelled to develop a practical relief shelter following Hurricane Katrina, when thousands of trailers provided to victims by FEMA were found to emit formaldehyde fumes. Five years after setting up Green Horizon, the result is the QuickHab prefabricated home designed for simple and rapid transport and construction.
Pope has compared the QuickHab to LEGO due to the ease with which the standardized panels ...
Pope has compared the QuickHab to LEGO due to the ease with which the standardized
AND
right foundations, Green Horizon says it can be deployed as permanent housing.
Though the QuickHab looks simple, functionally it offers more than mere shelter. Each unit is equipped with a water heater, shower, toilet and kitchenette. There are standardized connections for electricity, water and sewerage. It even comes with a lockable front door, which, despite the obvious practical advantages is a very human touch (imagine offering someone their own door key within hours of their losing their home).
It's well and good to have connections for essential services, but with nothing to connect them to, a shower or electric hob is useless. The supply of clean drinking water after natural disasters such as hurricanes is one of the most critical short-term responses. It's to this end that Green Horizon developed its Central Service Unit, which provides both power and clean water to disaster-hit communities.
Each CSU is equipped with a solar array with a capacity of 74 kW
Each CSU is equipped with a solar array with a capacity of 74 kW.
AND
that one CSU provides all incoming services to up to 20 QuickHab homes.
The final piece of the puzzle is Green Horizon's SFH40. Perhaps best described as a larger, more adaptable version of the QuickHab, the SFH40 includes an air conditioning system, 30-US gallon (114-liter) hot water tank, heat pump, kitchen and bathroom. It can provide housing for up to six people.
Perhaps best described as a larger, more adaptable version of the QuickHab, the SFH40 incl...
Each CSU costs approximately US$200,000, and each QuickHab about $ Green Horizon negotiated a $25 million deal with FEMA at the beginning of the year for the provision of rapid-response housing. In addition to disaster relief, Green Horizon is pitching its self-sustaining housing sytem at mining and fuel prospectors and the military.5,000.  

Calif 2NC
California CP – 2nc Solvency

California can solve the aff --- California based company already provides mobile solar power to other countries to cope with emergencies.  This evidence also proves the status quo is solving the aff.
Kelly-Detwiler, 11/14 (Peter, 11/14/2012, “Mobile Solar Generators - One Man's Odyssey to Bring Power Back to New York,” http://www.forbes.com/sites/peterdetwiler/2012/11/14/mobile-solar-generators-one-mans-odyssey-to-bring-power-back-to-new-york/)

This concept of solar power in disaster relief is not new.  In the aftermath
AND
purification system to supply the needs of 750-1500 people per day.
In the aftermath of Sandy, it is clear that we have much work to do to plan for prevention, resiliency, and recovery.  Micro-grids will be a critical piece of this puzzle.  But solar generators can play a key and reliable role in disaster recovery and getting communities back on their feet.  They are doing so today in some of the hardest hit areas of the East Coast, and they merit serious consideration..

A California based company can provide solar power generators to emergency areas.  Effective deployment in the wake of Hurricane Sandy also proves the status quo solves the case.
Renewables West, 12 (11/14/2012, “BREAKING NEWS: SUPERSTORM SANDY RELIEF FROM MOBILE SUNPOWER,” http://www.renewableswest.com/)

San Leandro, CA – Wednesday 14 November 2012.  Yesterday, a lot of New Yorkers saw something roll in they’ve never seen before:  a mobile solar power generator.  This particular solar generator has a 5kW+ solar PV array with massive battery storage and a hybrid backup 30kVA diesel generator on board to guarantee 24/7 electric power generation for emergencies.
The “SolaRover” generator was driven overnight from Colorado to New York to help victims of Superstorm Sandy.  Clean, zero-carbon-footprint, electrical power is created from the Sun and stored in batteries on the custom-built trailer.  This is new technology who’s concept grew out of Katrina, as a response to the many problems of diesel generators that didn’t start, didn’t have enough fuel or couldn’t be reached by fuel trucks for resupply.
Today, Wednesday, 11/14, the SolaRover generator is in use at Citi Field (NYC response center) powering command trailers and lights.
Thursday, 11/15, the generator will move to the Rockaways, powering a local medical clinic at 196 Beach at 113th, Rockaway Park, NY.   The generator will be in service here for at least several days.
We’re working to provide electrical power for victims of every natural disaster, to be
AND
percent or more can be realized.  And that’s at current fuel prices.
SolaRover Inc. manufactures generators in Indiana, with most of its parts manufactured also in the USA.

Here are a couple of recent news links about the product whose president and CEO, John Spisak, is interviewed.
http://www.9news.com/money/299401/75/Local-company-trying-to-help-Sandy-victims
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GybumLCvhwQandfeature=youtu.be
Early this year, General Russell L. Honoré, US Army (Ret),
AND
. You also could see it on our website at solarover.com .
Last year we demonstrated an emergency water desalination-purification trailer, capable of providing drinking water to 10,000 people in an emergency, at the San Leandro Marina.
Renewables West, the premier dealer for SolaRover, provides mobile/portable energy from
AND
production for emergencies and disasters, and disaster training for earthquakes in California.
Renewables West, in San Leandro, California, specializes in mobile, portable and emergency solar power systems.  Renewables West is a division of Mr. Plastics, a San Leandro business serving Bay Area customers for over 27 years.

2nc Solvency – CEMA Shares
CEMA will share in a disaster – Sandy proves
Mark Truppner – 11/6/12, California Helping Victims Of Hurricane Sandy, http://www.mymotherlode.com/news/local/1852203/California-Helping-Victims-Of-Hurricane-Sandy.html
Governor Jerry Brown directed the California Emergency Management Agency and California National Guard to send
AND
personnel, equipment and commodities to help disaster relief efforts in other states.

Tournament: Fullerton | Round: 1 | Opponent: Kansas CG | Judge:
The United States Federal Government should substantially increase investment in smart microgrid technology for domestic military bases via a diverse portfolio tailored to individual installation circumstances, including non-nuclear renewable energies for on-site generation, increased backup generation capacity, improvements in energy efficiency and energy storage, intelligent local energy management, and accelerated implementation of the SPIDERS project.
Smart grids solve --- provide information to quickly resolve outages
Goldsmith, 11/16 --- professor of government at the Harvard Kennedy School (11/16/2012, Stephen, “How a Smart Grid Can Get the Lights Back on Faster,” http://www.governing.com/blogs/bfc/col-smart-grid-meters-electricity-outage-hurricane-sandy.html)
Sandy's claiming of the title as the second most costly hurricane in U.S
AND
on their last one, increasing efficiency and reducing system repair time considerably.
Microgrids solve grid reliability
Robert K. Ackerman, SIGNAL Magazine - February 2012, Military Energy Enters SPIDERS Web, http://www.afcea.org/content/?q=node/2877  
No man may be an island, but each U.S. military base
AND
existing assets. Johnson emphasizes that SPIDERS will be energy-source agnostic. 

Tournament: Fullerton | Round: 1 | Opponent: Kansas CG | Judge:
The United States Federal Government should substantially increase investment in smart microgrid technology for domestic military bases via a diverse portfolio tailored to individual installation circumstances, including non-nuclear renewable energies for on-site generation, increased backup generation capacity, improvements in energy efficiency and energy storage, intelligent local energy management, and accelerated implementation of the SPIDERS project.
Smart grids solve --- provide information to quickly resolve outages
Goldsmith, 11/16 --- professor of government at the Harvard Kennedy School (11/16/2012, Stephen, “How a Smart Grid Can Get the Lights Back on Faster,” http://www.governing.com/blogs/bfc/col-smart-grid-meters-electricity-outage-hurricane-sandy.html)
Sandy's claiming of the title as the second most costly hurricane in U.S
AND
on their last one, increasing efficiency and reducing system repair time considerably.
Microgrids solve grid reliability
Robert K. Ackerman, SIGNAL Magazine - February 2012, Military Energy Enters SPIDERS Web, http://www.afcea.org/content/?q=node/2877  
No man may be an island, but each U.S. military base
AND
existing assets. Johnson emphasizes that SPIDERS will be energy-source agnostic. 

Tournament: Fullerton | Round: 1 | Opponent: Kansas CG | Judge:
1NC
Risk of great power war’s present ---
Commander Gregory E. McRae 9, US Navy, Reconceptualizing the Global War on Terror, March, 2009, http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?Location=U2anddoc=GetTRDoc.pdfandAD=ADA498760
Wars are waged by politicians who are charged with protecting the interests of a population
AND
political leaders and their respective populations understand this basic tenet of human conflict.
No impact to cyber-attacks or blackouts
Birch, former AP correspondent, 2012,
10-1, Douglas, former foreign correspondent for the Associated Press and the Baltimore Sun who has written extensively on technology and public policy. “Forget Revolution,” http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/10/01/forget_revolution?page=full

But the scenarios sketched out above are not solely the realm of fantasy. This
AND
the situation now. But this is not the end of the world."
 

Too difficult to launch a cyber-attack and economic, military factors check full-scale attacks
Birch, former AP correspondent, 2012,
10-1, Douglas, former foreign correspondent for the Associated Press and the Baltimore Sun who has written extensively on technology and public policy. “Forget Revolution,” http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/10/01/forget_revolution?page=full

But pulling off a cyber assault on that scale is no easy feat. Weiss
AND
even terror groups have to factor in potential retaliation when planning their operations.
Nuclear power is safe now – post-Fukushima regulations
Holt, Specialist in Energy Policy, CRS, 2012
6/20/12, Mark, Specialist in Energy Policy at the Congressional Research Service, “Nuclear Energy Policy,” RL33558, http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/RL33558.pdf

The Fukushima accident has raised particular policy questions for the United States because, unlike
AND
not issue new licenses or permits until the revised regulations were in place.

US has the best safety record
Holt, Specialist in Energy Policy, CRS, 2012
6/20/12, Mark, Specialist in Energy Policy at the Congressional Research Service, “Nuclear Energy Policy,” RL33558, http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/RL33558.pdf
In terms of public health consequences, the safety record of the U.S
AND
authors noted that some potential health effects “cannot be definitively excluded.”46

No way to credibly assess meltdown risk – their advantage is flawed
Makhijani, president of IEER, 2011
7/21/11, Arjun, president of the Institute for Energy and Environmental Research, electrical and nuclear engineer with 37 years of experience, Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists round table discussion, “Is nuclear energy different than other energy sources?,” “The Fukushima tragedy demonstrates that nuclear energy doesn’t make sense,” http://www.thebulletin.org/web-edition/roundtables/nuclear-energy-different-other-energy-sources
Meltdown rates and bureaucracy. Those who promote nuclear power have hidden behind two related
AND
-- though the official numbers are now in the realm of statistical fiction.
No impact to meltdowns
Strupczewski, Institute of Atomic Energy, 03
1/28/03, A., Institute of Atomic Energy, Swierk, Poland, Applied Energy, “Accident risks in nuclear-power plants,” vol. 75, ScienceDirect
*NPP = nuclear-power plant
*TMI = Three Mile Island
*OECD = Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development

1. Safety goals for nuclear power The general safety objective for nuclear-power
   AND
   not be considered as the basis for evaluating the safety of future NPPs.

Humans resilient to disease- no extinction
Posner, former professor of law @ Chicago, 5 (Richard A Posner. Skeptic. Altadena: 2005. Vol. 11, Iss. 3; pg. 42, Proquest)
Yet the fact that Homo sapiens has managed to survive every disease to assail it
AND
Yet there is no danger that AIDS will destroy the entire human race.
Technology checks a superbug  
Easterbrook (Gregg, The New Republic Editor) 2003 Wired, "We're All Gonna Die!" 11/7, http://www.wired.com/wired/archive/11.07/doomsday.html
3. Germ warfare!  Like chemical agents, biological weapons have never lived up
AND
out humanity before, and it seems unlikely to happen in the future.

No risk of huge pandemic – genetic diversity
Townsville Bulletin ‘3
(“Bio-terror talk Professor says body can cope with viruses,” Australia, August 30, Lexis)
Immunogenetics researcher Professor Alan Baxter, head of JCU Comparative Genomics Centre, held a
AND
sorts of deadly epidemics that decimated the small foundling communities of the past."

2NC
AT: No War --- AT: Democracy Solves
Douglas Ross 4 --- professor - Political Science - Simon Fraser University founding director of the Canadian Centre for Arms Control and Disarmament in 1983 and served on the national policy advisory group for the Canadian Ambassadors for Disarmament from 1986 to 1993,  Weapons of Mass Destruction and the End of War?, Violence and its Alternatives—THE CONTINUING SERIES, Spring, 2004, http://journals.sfu.ca/humanitas/index.php/humanitas/article/viewFile/60/62
Schell’s argument is appealing, but it is
less than convincing. While it is true that
the democratization of Germany and
Japan after World War II led to the virtual
de-bellicization of their populations,
and while the emergence (however
halting and episodic it might be) of a
unified Europe portends an end to the
risk of war emanating from that region,
such developments cannot assure us
that the causes of war are about to
eliminated from the international
system. To be sure, the collapse of the
Soviet state spelled the end of the last
great European territorial empire, but
this hardly can be taken to guarantee
that no other state will ever again aspire
to old-style imperial rule. Chechen
separatism or secessionism by other
minority peoples in Russia may yet,
through violent repression, unleash
retrograde, atavistic political forces.
Large parts of China’s territory are in fact
at risk of secessionist dismemberment
as well. And no Indian political party is
ever likely to publicly assent to the
secession of Kashmir. Democratic
governance does not eliminate
nationalism, rather it can in fact lead to
its magnification and intensification—
especially if governments are unable to
deliver promised economic progress in
the short-term.

AT: No War --- AT: Nukes/Deterrence Solves

Douglas Ross 4 --- professor - Political Science - Simon Fraser University founding director of the Canadian Centre for Arms Control and Disarmament in 1983 and served on the national policy advisory group for the Canadian Ambassadors for Disarmament from 1986 to 1993,  Weapons of Mass Destruction and the End of War?, Violence and its Alternatives—THE CONTINUING SERIES, Spring, 2004, http://journals.sfu.ca/humanitas/index.php/humanitas/article/viewFile/60/62
The central point that needs emphasis is
that the ‘nuclear peace’ is far from
secure—indeed it is getting more
insecure with each passing year. The tide
of technological innovation is sweeping
around the world just as fast or faster
than the tide of democratization. Viewed
from this perspective the risk of repeated
wars in which nuclear and/or biological
weapons are used is probably rising, not
diminishing. And once the first true
‘two-way’ nuclear/biological conflict
occurs the floodgates on proliferation
may really open—thus setting the stage
for repeated wars of genocidal attack.
The risk of self-induced human
extinction is thus also likely to be rising,
not falling.

 
AT: No War --- Yes Risk of Great Power War/AT: Nuke Deterrence Solves

Risk of great power war’s present ---
Commander Gregory E. McRae 9, US Navy, Reconceptualizing the Global War on Terror, March, 2009, http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?Location=U2anddoc=GetTRDoc.pdfandAD=ADA498760
Wars are waged by politicians who are charged with protecting the interests of a
population or a culture or ethnicity. As Clausewitz said, “war is an
AND
day Afghanistan, honor is the driving force behind their decision-making.
Wars are fought by political organizations for the reasons previously discussed. These political organizations
AND
constructively involved throughout the war to ensure the proper strategic ends are accomplished.
Victory in warfare is achieved when the enemy loses the ability or the will to
AND
the point of being ineffective, or his population or leadership is exhausted.
The fundamentals of warfare have not changed. At its heart, war will always
AND
the nature of the threat in the 21st century has certainly evolved.33
Additionally, great power war is still very much a possibility due to the presence
AND
but will also be characterized by an increase in irregular and asymmetric warfare.
War is innate in human behavior. In the Christian New Testament, 2 Timothy
AND
political leaders and their respective populations understand this basic tenet of human conflict.
Grid
Grid is resilent – Katrina proves
James Andrew Lewis – senior fellow and director of the Technology and Public Policy Program @ CSIS - March 2010, The Electrical Grid as a Target for Cyber Attack, http://csis.org/files/publication/100322_ElectricalGridAsATargetforCyberAttack.pdf
This conclusion is different from the strategic consequences on a cyber attack on the power
AND
economic performance. Is there any cyber attack that could match the hurricane?
The United States is a very large collection of targets with many different pieces making
AND
in aerial bombing: impressive damage is quickly rectified by a determined opponent.
Meltdown

No impact to meltdowns
Strupczewski, Institute of Atomic Energy, 03
1/28/03, A., Institute of Atomic Energy, Swierk, Poland, Applied Energy, “Accident risks in nuclear-power plants,” vol. 75, ScienceDirect
*NPP = nuclear-power plant
*TMI = Three Mile Island
*OECD = Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development

1. Safety goals for nuclear power The general safety objective for nuclear-power
   AND
   not be considered as the basis for evaluating the safety of future NPPs.