Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
Email idrissrichard[at]gmail[dot]com

Tournament: UMKC | Round: 2 | Opponent:  | Judge:
The aff’s worship of a technological solution to the world’s problems creates a view of humanity as useless and incomplete and makes their solution inevitably fail
Ehrenfeld, prof of biology at Rutgers, 81
[David, professor of biology at Rutgers University, studied at Harvard, Ph.D in Zoology from University of Florida, known author, The Arrogance of Humanism, Ch. 3 Pg. 84-86]
Here we see a remarkable aberration of perspective. During most of the story,
AND
parents for permission to have their limbs amputated and replaced by bionic substitutes. 

The worship of technology legitimizes violence that culminates in nuclear extinction
Ehrenfeld, prof of biology at Rutgers, 81
[David, professor of biology at Rutgers University, studied at Harvard, Ph.D in Zoology from University of Florida, known author, The Arrogance of Humanism, Ch. 3 Pg. 103-104]
Despite the prevalence of the machine cult, machines are not particularly easy to worship
AND
punishment that makes the anger of a righteous God seem welcome by comparison. 

That’s the only way the atrocities of humanism can be solved
Ehrenfeld, prof of biology at Rutgers, 81
[David, professor of biology at Rutgers University, studied at Harvard, Ph.D in Zoology from University of Florida, known author, The Arrogance of Humanism, Ch. 7 Pg. 261-262]
To understand that we are not steering this planet in its orbit does not mean
AND
is the best that we can hope for, and it is enough. 

Tournament: UMKC | Round: 2 | Opponent:  | Judge:
This outweighs – 3 reasons
Ehrenfeld, prof of biology at Rutgers, 81
[David, professor of biology at Rutgers University, studied at Harvard, Ph.D in Zoology from University of Florida, known author, The Arrogance of Humanism, Ch. 3 Pg. 113-115]
Beyond the quasi-solutions and residue problems, beyond the problems of narrowed contexts
AND
is truly as appropriate a title for humans as "tool-users." 

Tournament: UMKC | Round: 2 | Opponent:  | Judge:
Try or die for a neg ballot
Ehrenfeld, prof of biology at Rutgers, 81
[David, professor of biology at Rutgers University, studied at Harvard, Ph.D in Zoology from University of Florida, known author, The Arrogance of Humanism, Ch. 1 Pg. 10-11]
Setting aside for the moment the question of the side effects and durability of the
AND
a person who is, in turn, part of a larger system.

Tournament: UMKC | Round: 2 | Opponent:  | Judge:
Total environmental management is impossible
Ehrenfeld, prof of biology at Rutgers, 81
[David, professor of biology at Rutgers University, studied at Harvard, Ph.D in Zoology from University of Florida, known author, The Arrogance of Humanism, Ch. 3 Pg. 104-105]
The most spectacular failures of human control and negations of human omniscience have been manifested
AND
worked at all; but one cannot run an entire world this way. 

Technology itself is not bad, but the underlying assumptions humanity has about technology ultimately turn the aff
Ehrenfeld, prof of biology at Rutgers, 81
[David, professor of biology at Rutgers University, studied at Harvard, Ph.D in Zoology from University of Florida, known author, The Arrogance of Humanism, Ch. 3 Pg. 111]
Although machines are the usual instruments of our restrictive narrow-mindedness, it is
AND
to look at the context first, rather than suffer from it later.

Tournament: UMKC | Round: 2 | Opponent:  | Judge: 

1NC

Text: The Department of Energy should issue a guidance document about the enforcement of the wind power Tribal Energy Resource Agreements and the Indian Tribal Energy Development and Self-Determination Act of 2005.  This guidance document will direct the Department of Energy to extend eligibility for wind power Tribal Energy Resource Agreements to tribal energy resource development organizations composed of Native American tribes and waive the federal environmental review requirements for wind power production under the Indian Tribal Energy Development and Self-Determination Act of 2005.

Guidance documents on energy issues are treated as binding and enforced

Nelson, 11 (3/23/2011, Gabriel, “Bush's Rulemaking Czar Blasts EPA's Use of 'Guidance'” http://www.nytimes.com/gwire/2011/03/23/23greenwire-bushs-rulemaking-czar-blasts-epas-use-of-guida-47538.html?pagewanted=all)

As businesses and states challenge U.S. EPA's new regulations on greenhouse gas

AND

binding," Walton wrote (EandENews PM, Jan. 18).

Politics is a net benefit -~-- counterplan generates less opposition and not until after the guidance document has been issued

Raso, 10 -~-- J.D., Yale Law (January 2010, Connor N., The Yale Law Journal, “Note: Strategic or Sincere? Analyzing Agency Use of Guidance Documents,” Lexis)

A. Congressional and Presidential Preferences Guidance documents generally attract less attention from Congress and

AND

cases where Congress and the President are likely to intervene against the agency.

2NC

Perm Do CP

severs -~-- Guidance documents are distinct from rulemaking -~-- considered a separate option

Raso, 10 -~-- J.D., Yale Law (January 2010, Connor N., The Yale Law Journal, “Note: Strategic or Sincere? Analyzing Agency Use of Guidance Documents,” Lexis)

I. LEGAL TREATMENT OF GUIDANCE DOCUMENTS

A. Introduction

The term "guidance document" suggests a wide variety of regulatory materials. Examples

AND

In many situations, an agency holds clear authority to issue a guidance document. The line between guidance and legislative rules is unclear in other  [*789]  cases, however. The following discussion outlines how the courts have distinguished between the two in these difficult cases.

The CP is distinct from the plan -~-- does not have the force of law but it still solves by altering conduct. The perm severs the certainty of administrative law.

Raso, 10 -~-- J.D., Yale Law (January 2010, Connor N., The Yale Law Journal, “Note: Strategic or Sincere? Analyzing Agency Use of Guidance Documents,” Lexis)

B. Interpretive Rules

Courts are commonly asked to determine whether interpretive rules are legislative rules in disguise.

AND

will find that the rule is, indeed, interpretive rather than legislative.

AT: Links to Politics

CP avoids politics -~-- stays below the political radar

Raso, 10 -~-- J.D., Yale Law (January 2010, Connor N., The Yale Law Journal, “Note: Strategic or Sincere? Analyzing Agency Use of Guidance Documents,” Lexis)

B. Alignment of Political Principals

Agency leaders facing a Congress and President in agreement on their issue area have a

AND

the President are divided because the agency cannot please both of its superiors.

Tournament: UMKC | Round: 2, 6 | Opponent:  | Judge: 

1NC

Obama has a small lead in Ohio -~-- it will determine the election and the economy is key

Spinelli, 8/23 (John, 8/23/2012, “Latest Ohio Poll shows tight races between Obama and Romney, Brown and Mandel (Video),” http://www.examiner.com/article/latest-ohio-poll-shows-tight-races-between-obama-and-romney-brown-and-mandel)

In all-important Ohio, the tipping-point state that will make which

AND

identify the most important issue in their presidential choice, the poll reported.

[Link]

Obama victory key to prevent economic collapse, war and warming -~-- impact is extinction

Mogulescu, 12 -~-- Entertainment attorney, writer, and political activist (7/13/2012, Miles, “Progressive Critics of President Obama Must Go All Out to Defeat Romney,” www.huffingtonpost.com/miles-mogulescu/progressive-critics-of-pr_b_1671367.html )

That said, I consider the possible election of Mitt Romney (and the likely

AND

. With all my heart, I urge other progressives to do likewise. 

Links

Clean Energy

Obama is laying off his push for clean energy to avoid alienating voters

Macalino, 7/21 -~-- San Francisco/Bay Area-based journalist who has been writing about travel, parenting, culture, and the environment since 2004 (7/21/2012, Renee, “2012 US Election: The death of Obama's push for cap and trade,” http://www.kalev.com/2012/07/21/2012-us-election-the-death-of-obamas-push-for-cap-and-trade/ )

Clean Energy Goals Obama’s energy policy has since shifted from capping emissions to investing in

AND

Competitive Enterprise Institute’s Matt Patterson recently reported in a Washington Times opinion piece.

Solyndra criticisms will hurt Obama with swing voters

Restuccia, 9/6 (Andrew Restuccia and Darren Samuelsohn, 9/6/2012, “Who wins Solyndra message war?” http://www.politico.com/news/stories/0912/80848.html )

The White House and the Energy Department have insisted that the decisions to approve the

AND

this is an issue that reminds you why you’re disillusioned,” he added.

Spending

Spending alienates swing state independents - Obama is leading with them now

Galston, 12 (5/10/2012, William A., “Six Months To Go: Where the Presidential Contest Stands as the General Election Begins,“ http://www.brookings.edu/research/papers/2012/05/~/media/Research/Files/Papers/2012/5/10%20obama%20campaign%20galston/Where%20the%20Presidential%20Contest%20Stands.pdf)
According to the 2008 exit polls, Obama carried Independents by eight points—52
AND
or the suggestion that the wealthy don’t pay their fair share of taxes.

Uniqueness

Ohio is key -~-- economic concerns play a key role

NYT, 9/1 (Jim Rutenberg and Jeff Zeleny, 9/1/2012, In a Tactical Test, Romney Stakes Hopes on Ohio,” http://www.nytimes.com/2012/09/02/us/politics/in-a-tactical-test-mitt-romney-stakes-hopes-on-ohio.html?pagewanted=alland_moc.semityn.www)

CINCINNATI — Fresh off his nominating convention, Mitt Romney is cranking up a well

AND

state, which have given the president a positive story to tell here.

Impacts

Climate

We have an ethical obligation to future generations that makes us responsible to act even if there is zero certainty about climate science

Cerutti, Professor of Political Philosophy at the University of Florence, 2007
 (Furio Cerutti, “Global Challenges for Leviathan: A Political Philosophy of Nuclear Weapons and Global Warming.” Lexington Books. p. 112-113)

In ethical terms the inertia phenomenon burdens on us a still greater responsibility towards future

AND

, cheap skepticism on present knowledge versus reasonable preoccupation with it is another." 

Without preventing environmental catastrophe there will be no value to life. As long as human beings dwell on the planet we have an obligation to keep the earth livable to give everyone the option to live as they please.

Cerutti, Professor of Political Philosophy at the University of Florence, 2007
 (Furio Cerutti, “Global Challenges for Leviathan: A Political Philosophy of Nuclear Weapons and Global Warming.” Lexington Books. p. 140-141)

In the light of those standards it is not difficult to see that teleological theories

AND

in taking economic sacrifices upon us in order to bring down greenhouse emissions.

A) Warming decimates biodiversity

Butler, economist, 2007

(Rhett. Economist. http://www.mongabay.com/about.htm.

Impact of global warming on extinction debated Extinction, like climate change, is complicated. March 26)

"Using a variety of climate scenarios, assumptions and methods of analysis, we

AND

rising sea levels, a dip in precipitation levels, or warmer temperatures."

B) Biodiversity collapse results in extinction

FAO Report, 2008

(Food and Agricultural Organization of the United States.) http://www.fao.org/newsroom/en/news/2008/1000788/index.html. February 18. “Biodiversity is vital for human survival and livelihoods,” FAO Deputy Director-General says)

BIODIVERSITY is vital for human survival and livelihoods and we need to conserve it for

AND

while maintaining a healthy natural capital for future generations,” Mr Butler said.

Facism

Collapse causes fascism

Hope, Common Dreams, ‘9 (Christopher, February 10, “UK Minister Fears Rise of Fascism Amid Economic Gloom” http://www.commondreams.org/headline/2009/02/10-2)

Ed Balls, the Children's and Schools Secretary, said the downturn was likely to

AND

like the BNP are latching onto the movement for their own racist agenda." 

Tournament: UMKC | Round: 8 | Opponent: Emporia CW | Judge: 

THE REDUCTION OF CLASS TO A NEUTRAL LEVEL AMONG A LONG LIST OF OTHER OPPRESSIONS SUCH AS RACISM DESTROYS THE EMANCIPATORY POTENTIAL OF CLASS TO REACH ACROSS ALL LINES OF INDENTITY AND FORGE POLITICAL ACTION.  CLASS MUST BE RECOGNIZED AS QUALITATIVELY MORE IMPORTANT—OTHERWISE THE SYSTEM IS ABLE TO SATISFY DEMANDS ON GROUNDS OF FORMAL EQUALITY, DESTROYING ATTEMPTS TO OVERCOME CAPITALIST OPPRESSION***

gimenez 2001

Martha, Prof. Of Sociology at CU Boulder, “Marxism and Class, Gender and Race”, Race Gender and Class, Vol. 8, p. online

There are many competing theories of race, gender, class, American society,

AND

what happens in social interactions grounded in "intersectionality" is class power.

Its try or die for the negative—capitalism makes multiple scenarios for extinction an inevitability.

Theory and Praxis 2009

http:~/~/one-dimensional.blogspot.com/http://one-dimensional.blogspot.com/

In a little over two-hundred years industrial capitalism's death-machine has inflicted

AND

: the aim is not to perfect industrial capitalism but to smash it.

Next, Our alternative

Vote Negative to validate and adopt the method of anti-capitalist structural/historical criticism in the 1NC.

method is the foremost political question because one must understand the existing social totality before one can act on it—grounding the sites of political contestation or knowledge outside of labor and surplus value merely serve to humanize capital and prevent a transition to a society beyond oppression

Tumino (Prof. English @ Pitt) 01

Stephen, “What is Orthodox Marxism and Why it Matters Now More than Ever”, Red Critiqu

Any effective political theory will have to do at least two things: it will

AND

determinism of corporate theory ("knowledge work") that masquerades as social theory.

Tournament: UMKC | Round: 8 | Opponent: Emporia CW | Judge: 

1NC

A – Interpretation:

Topical affirmatives must affirm the resolution through instrumental defense of action by the United States Federal Government.

B – Definitions

Should denotes an expectation of enacting a plan

American Heritage Dictionary 2000 (Dictionary.com)

should. The will to do something or have something take place: I shall go out if I feel like it. 

Federal government is the central government in Washington DC

Encarta Online 2005,

http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_1741500781_6/United_States_(Government).html#howtocite

United States (Government), the combination of federal, state, and local laws, bodies, and agencies that is responsible for carrying out the operations of the United States. The federal government of the United States is centered in Washington, html||style="font-weight: normal; "

Resolved implies a policy

Louisiana House 3-8-2005, http:~/~/house.louisiana.gov/htm

Resolution  A legislative instrument that generally is used for making declarations,  stating policies, and making decisions where some other form is not  required. A bill includes the constitutionally required enacting clause; a  resolution uses the term "resolved". Not subject to a time limit for  introduction nor to governor's veto. ( Const. Art. III, §17(B) and House  Rules 8.11 , 13.1 , 6.8 , and 7.4) 

C – Vote neg – We have four net benefits

First is Decisionmaking

The primary purpose of debate should be to improve our skills as decision-makers.   We are all individual policy-makers who make choices every day that affect us and those around us.  We have an obligation to the people affected by our decisions to use debate as a method for honing these critical thinking and information processing abilities.

Austin J. Freeley and David L. Steinberg – John Carroll University / U Miami – 2009, Argumentation and Debate: Critical Thinking for Reasoned Decision Making, p. 1-4, googlebooks

After several days of intense debate, first the United States House of Representatives and

AND

customer for out product, or a vote for our favored political candidate.

Second is Predictable Limits - The resolution proposes the question the negative is prepared to answer and creates a bounded list of potential affs for us to think about.  Debate has unique potential to change attitudes and grow critical thinking skills because it forces pre-round internal deliberation on a of a focused, common ground of debate

Robert E. Goodin and Simon J. Niemeyer- Australian National University- 2003,

When Does Deliberation Begin? Internal Reflection versus Public Discussion in Deliberative Democracy, POLITICAL STUDIES: 2003 VOL 51, 627–649, http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.0032-3217.2003.00450.x/pdf

What happened in this particular case, as in any particular case, was in

AND

least one possible way of doing that for each of those key features.

Third is Dogmatism – Most problems are not black and white but have complex, uncertain interactions.  By declaring that whiteness is always bad, they prevent us from understanding the nuances of an incredibly important and complex issue.  This is the epitome of dogmatism

Keller, et. al,– Asst. professor School of Social Service Administration U. of Chicago - 2001

(Thomas E., James K., and Tracly K., Asst. professor School of Social Service Administration U. of Chicago, professor of Social Work, and doctoral student School of Social Work, “Student debates in policy courses: promoting policy practice skills and knowledge through active learning,” Journal of Social Work Education, Spr/Summer 2001, EBSCOhost)

John Dewey, the philosopher and educational reformer, suggested that the initial advance in

AND

systems, the learning process will be facilitated" (p. 28).

The authors believe that involving students in substantive debates challenges them to learn and grow

AND

yield a reevaluation and reconstruction of knowledge and beliefs pertaining to the issue.

Our method solves – Even if the resolution is wrong, having a devil’s advocate in deliberation is vitally important to critical thinking skills and avoiding groupthink

Hugo Mercier and Hélène Landemore- 2011

(Philosophy, Politics and Economics prof @ U of Penn, Poli Sci prof @  Yale), Reasoning is for arguing: Understanding the successes and failures of deliberation, Political Psychology, http://sites.google.com/site/hugomercier/publications

Reasoning can function outside of its normal conditions when it is used purely internally.

AND

suggestions have been made in the past (e.g., Bohman,

 2007; Sunstein, 2003, 2006), the present theory provides additional arguments

AND

(e.g. Schweiger, Sandberg, and Ragan, 1986).

Fourth is Policy Education

A focus on policy is necessary to learn the pragmatic details of powerful institutions – acting without this knowledge is doomed to fail in the face of policy professionals who make the decisions that actually affect outcomes

McClean, Adjunct Professor of Philosophy at Molloy College in New York, 2001

(David E., “The Cultural Left and the Limits of Social Hope”, Conference of the Society for the Advancement of American Philosophy, http://www.americanphilosophy.org/archives/past_conference_programs/pc2001/)

Or we might take Foucault who, at best, has provided us with what

AND

critics with their snobish disrespect for the so-called "managerial class." 

The only way to reform the energy system is for critical scholars to learn the technical language and bureaucratic regulations of energy policy – essential to address growing environmental and geopolitical challenges of energy policy

Loren Lutzenhiser – assistant professor of sociology @ Washington State University – 1994, Energy and Interdisciplinary Environmental Science, The American Sociologist, Vol. 25, No. 1, Natural Resources and the Environment andSociology (Spring, 1994), pp. 58-79, jstor

Why is the Sociology of Energy Important to Environmental Policy and Research? Despite these

AND

are often disadvantaged in fellowships with applicants from the natural sciences and economics.

Forcing specific policy analysis is key – allows state institutions to be reclaimed and generates debater education necessary to create a left governmentality – necessary to create a public sphere

Ferguson, Professor of Anthropology at Stanford, 11

(The Uses of Neoliberalism, Antipode, Vol. 41, No. S1, pp 166–184)

If we are seeking, as this special issue of Antipode aspires to do,

AND

some rather useful little mechanisms may be nearer to hand than we thought.

2NC

Even if energy production’s structural harms are important to talk about, a controversial policy statement must be the starting point for discussion – That focus is the internal link to all our decision-making impact AND turns the aff – Without striving towards concrete solutions, we are just pissing in the wind

Austin J. Freeley and David L. Steinberg – John Carroll University / U Miami – 2009, Argumentation and Debate: Critical Thinking for Reasoned Decision Making, p. 4-5, googlebooks

 Debate is a means of settling differences, so there must be a difference

AND

: the comparative effectiveness of writing or physical force for a specific purpose.

Although we now have a general subject, we have not yet stated a problem

AND

particular point of difference, which will be outlined in the following discussion.

Dogmatism turns the aff –staking our intellectual claims and refusing to suspend our beliefs means we talk past each other and never convince anyone outside our inner circle

Haskell, Professor History Rice, 90

(Professor of History at Rice, “Objectivity is not neutrality: Rhetoric vs. practice in Peter Novick’s That noble dream,” History and Theory 29, no. 2: 129–157)

Detachment functions in this manner not by draining us of passion, but by helping

AND

or editorially splitting the difference between them, irrespective of their perceived merits.

Pressuring people to speak from their social location creates normative categorization – fuels hate and conflict

Samiei, Faculty of World Studies - University of Tehran, 10 (Neo-Orientalism? The relationship between the West and Islam in our globalised world, Third World Quarterly)

In Bhikhu Parekh’s words human identity for analytical purposes can be observed from different but

AND

commonalities, dualism exaggerates minor differences and even engineers conflicts where none exists.

Role-playing is a form of defiant deliberative politics that reclaims agency

Jessica Kulynych, Asst Professor of Political Science at Winthrop University, Polity, Winter, 1997, n2 p315(32)

When we look at the success of citizen initiatives from a performative perspective, we

AND

contemporary political actions and the possibilities for an actually diverse and participatory democracy.

Tournament: UMKC | Round: 6 | Opponent:  | Judge: 

1NC

Text: Nuclear Regulatory Commission should remove current licensing regulations for Small Modular nuclear Reactors and establish guidelines staffing levels, security requirements, and construction criteria.

Reform of NRC regulations for Small Modular Reactors key to spur the industry – must reject subsidies

Spencer and Loris, Nuclear Research Fellow @ Thomas Roe Institute, ’11

Jack Spencer, Research Fellow in Nuclear Energy in the Thomas A. Roe Institute for Economic Policy Studies, Nicolas D. Loris is a Research Associate in the Roe Institute at The Heritage Foundation, “A Big Future for Small Nuclear Reactors?,” February 2^nd 2011, http://www.heritage.org/research/reports/2011/02/a-big-future-for-small-nuclear-reactors

If SMRs Are So Great, Where Is the Construction? While some designs are

AND

for nuclear power and should implement the necessary reforms to make this happen.

2NC

Streamlining government regulations key to SMR

Szondy, Writer for GizMag, ’12

David Szondy, Writer for GizMag, “Small modular nuclear reactors - the future of energy?,” February 16^th 2012, http://www.gizmag.com/small-modular-nuclear-reactors/20860/

So it is with the current stable of SMRs. Many hold great promise,

AND

technological dreams, or if it falls victim to the bureaucrats' rule book.

Fixing safety, staffing and evacuation regulations solve

Marston, CTO Electric Power Research Institute, ’12

Dr. Theodore U. Marston, Former Chief Technology Officer of the Electric Power Research Institute, PhD Mechanical Engineering from the University of Michigan, Fellow of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, “Status of Small Modular Light Water Reactors in the US,” The Nuclear Decarbonization Option: Profiles of Selected Advanced Reactor Technologies, March 2012

l Staffing – Current control room staffing requirements are based on large reactors with fully

AND

gas, a role for nuclear could emerge due to general demand growth.

Tournament: UMKC | Round: 6 | Opponent:  | Judge: 

1NC

The aff reproduces neoliberal subjectivity, translating military risk calculations into an opportunity for market expansion – this logic screens out the structural violence caused by nuclear power and creates an invisible war against minorities and the environment

Jacobs 11

(Ron, activist journalist with a pretty legit epistemology, “No More Nukes!”, March 15th, 2011, http://dissidentvoice.org/2011/03/no-more-nukes/)

Nuclear power is the perfect metaphor for the current phase of monopoly capitalism — neoliberalism

AND

longer viable. The events in Japan once again make that perfectly clear.

The impact is extinction – the environmental byproducts of neoliberalism create gaps in ecosystem services, creating multiple, mutually reinforcing feedback effects – causes climate change, resource collapse, disease spread, and biodiversity collapse

Ehrenfeld ‘5,

(David, Dept. of Ecology, Evolution, and Natural Resources @ Rutgers University, “The Environmental Limits to Globalization”, Conservation Biology Vol. 19 No. 2 April 2005)

The known effects of globalization on the environment are numerous and highly significant. Many

AND

have become so thoroughly entwined with ours within the global environment we share.

The judge should vote negative to endorse globalization from below

The alt develops an alternative ethical orientation towards economics, grounding it in an ethical empathy towards the other – re-orienting our methodological approach to the economy produces a new system of democratic institution and unites transnational movements

Choi, Murphy, and Caro 4

Jung Min, John W, Manuel J, Professor of Sociology SDSU, Professor of Sociology University of Miami, Professor of Sociology Barry University, Globalization with a Human Face,  pg. 6-9

Many critics have begun to wonder why hamburgers and jeans can be globalized, but

AND

less alienating ways? With little left to why not pursue alternative visions?

Tournament: UMKC | Round: 6 | Opponent: UNT FO | Judge: 

1NC

Desalination

Incentives won’t work absent a water shortage and desalination being competitive

Kupitz and Misra, IAEA, 2004

2/16/04, J. Kupitz and B.M. Misra of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), “The role of nuclear desalination I nmeeting the potable water needs in water scarce areas in the next decades,” http:~/~/www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/com/science/article/pii/S0011916404002590

The broader picture however, is that the worldwide use of desalination is still negligible

AND

the Middle East and North Africa, increase their nuclear expertise and capabilities.

Empirics disprove and no statistical date to support their claims – no risk of escalation

Katz, Enviro Studies Prof at Tel Aviv, ’11 (David, February, “Hydro-Political Hyperbole: Examining Incentives for Overemphasizing the Risks of Water Wars” Global Environmental Politics, Vol 11 No 1, ProjectMuse)

Critiques of the Water War Hypothesis A number critiques have been leveled against both the

AND

one, and are five times more likely to be cited.48            

Technology solves water shortages

BBC News ‘4

October 19, http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/3747724.stm

New technology can help, however, especially by cleaning up pollution and so making

AND

crops which can be exported from water-rich countries to arid ones.

Nuclear Leadership

Nuclear plant design not key – Stronger incentives/opportunities to prolif

Gronlund, et. Al, Director, Nuclear Safety Project, Union of Concerned Scientists Global Security Program, 2007

December 2007, Lisbeth Gronlund, Co-Director and Senior Scientist of the Union of Concerned Scientists Global Security Program (UCSGSP), David Lochbaum, Director of the Nuclear Safety Project in the UCSGSP, Edwin Lyman, Senior Staff Scientist in the UCSGSP, “Nuclear Power in a Warming World: Assessing the Risks, Addressing the Challenges,” http://www.ucsusa.org/assets/documents/nuclear_power/nuclear-power-in-a-warming-world.pdf

An expansion of nuclear power could—but need not—make it more likely

AND

low-enriched uranium for reactor fuel can be used to make HEU.

Can’t solve – expanding nuclear power makes waste more vulnerable

Makhijani, president of IEER, 2011

9/8/11, Arjun, president of the Institute for Energy and Environmental Research, electrical and nuclear engineer with 37 years of experience, Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists round table discussion, “Is nuclear energy different than other energy sources?,” “Why nuclear energy is not the answer,” http://www.thebulletin.org/web-edition/roundtables/nuclear-energy-different-other-energy-sources

2. Proliferation. President Eisenhower spoke of "Atoms for Peace" at the

AND

taken one, Iran's, to give the world a nuclear security headache.

No arms races

Waltz Poli Sci Cal‘3

(Kenneth, Adjunct Senior Research Scholar at Columbia University, The Spread of Nuclear Weapons: A Debate Renewed, p. 29-30)

One may believe that old American and Soviet military doctrines set the pattern that new

AND

ranges neither side need respond to increases in the other side's military capabilities.

No way to credibly assess meltdown risk – their advantage is flawed

Makhijani, president of IEER, 2011

7/21/11, Arjun, president of the Institute for Energy and Environmental Research, electrical and nuclear engineer with 37 years of experience, Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists round table discussion, “Is nuclear energy different than other energy sources?,” “The Fukushima tragedy demonstrates that nuclear energy doesn’t make sense,” http://www.thebulletin.org/web-edition/roundtables/nuclear-energy-different-other-energy-sources

Meltdown rates and bureaucracy. Those who promote nuclear power have hidden behind two related

AND

-- though the official numbers are now in the realm of statistical fiction.

Solvency

Trades off with rare earth metals

Zyga, Science Reporter for PhysOrg, quoting analysis by Abbott, Prof. of Electrical Engineering, 2011

5/11/11, Lisa, BA in rhetoric from University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, known science reporter for PhysOrg, Derek Abbott, Professor of Electrical and Electronic Engineering at the University of Adelaide in Australia, “Why nuclear power will never supply the world’s energy needs,” PhysOrg, http:~/~/phys.org/news/2011-05-html

Exotic metals: The nuclear containment vessel is made of a variety of exotic rare

AND

-generation nuclear reactors, whether they are fueled by thorium or uranium.

That’s key to a litany of defense technologies

BEST, no date

Beryllium Science and Technology Association, “Uses and Applications of Beryllium,” http://beryllium.eu/about-beryllium-and-beryllium-alloys/uses-and-applications-of-beryllium/

Beryllium is crucial to the defense of the nation, the protection of our allies

AND

and scanners used to inspect baggage and cargo for illegal and dangerous substances.

Air and space power solve multiple nuclear wars

Khalilzad and Lesser, U.S. Ambassador to the U.N., 1998

Zalmay, Permanent United States Ambassador to the United Nations, Ian, Senior Transatlantic Fellow at the German Marshall Fund of the United States in Washington, “Sources of Conflict in the 21st Century,” http://www.rand.org/pubs/monograph_reports/MR897/MR897.chap3.pdf

The first key implication derived from the analysis of trends in Asia suggests that American

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effects, as in China, Indonesia, Myanmar, or North Korea.

Incentives fail – natural gas saps support

Ferguson, Director of the Nuclear Policy Project for the Federation of American Scientists, 2012

3/15/12, Charles D., President of the Federation of American Scientists (FAS), worked for FAS on nuclear proliferation and arms control issues as a senior research analyst and director of the nuclear policy project, project director of the Independent Task Force on U.S. Nuclear Weapons Policy at the Council on Foreign Relations, former Scientist-in-residence with the Monterey Institute’s Center for Nonproliferation Studies, PhD in Physics from Boston University, “Nuclear Power’s Uncertain Future,” http://nationalinterest.org/print/commentary/nuclear%27s-uncertain-future-6643

On March 8, 2011, just three days before the huge earthquake and tsunami

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world for taxing carbon or enacting a cap-and-trade scheme.

Five reasons nuke power can’t and won’t develop in the U.S.

Cooper, Senior Fellow for Economic Analysis, Institute for Energy and the Environment, 2011

Mark, Senior Fellow for Economic Analysis, Institute for Energy and the Environment, Vermont Law School, former Yale University and Fulbright Fellow, PhD from Yale, “Mark cooper: Why Nuclear Reactor Loan Guarantees Are Now More Imprudent Than Ever,” http:~/~/yubanet.com/opinions/Mark-Cooper-Why-Nuclear-Reactor-Loan-Guarantees-Are-Now-More-Imprudent-Than-Ever.php#.UCn1FKGPXng

The nuclear power industry is dead in the water today in the U.S

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that is totally uneconomic and has no chance of standing on its own.

Loan guarantees fail and nuclear power is ineffective

Goodman, well-recognized reporter quoting numerous studies, 2010

2/16/10, Amy, Anthropology degree from Harvard, executive producer and host of Democracy Now!, Columnist for Truthdig.com, “Obama’s Nuclear Option,” http://www.truthdig.com/report/item/obamas_nuclear_option_20100216/

Opponents of the plan, which includes a tripling of existing nuclear plant construction-

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change compared with devoting the same money and time to more effective options.”

Nuclear power research is inaccurate – biases and secrecy prevent accurate assessment

Al Jazeera, 2011

8/11/11, D. Parvaz, “Nuclear safety: A dangerous veil of secrecy,” http:~/~/www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2011/08/2011877118599802.html

Even most academic nuclear experts, seen by many as the middle ground between the

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... but nobody in a position of authority was willing to say that."

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Nuclear Leadership

Prolif doesn’t cause conflict- it induces caution

Knopf National Security Affairs Naval Postgraduate School ‘2

(Jeffrey W., October,  “Recasting the proliferation optimism-pessimism debate,” Security Studies, Vol. 12, No. 1, p. 45-46)

The dread of suffering nuclear devastation has two implications. First, states “have

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in the optimist view, a little uncertainty goes a very long way.

No impact to meltdowns

Strupczewski, Institute of Atomic Energy, 03

1/28/03, A., Institute of Atomic Energy, Swierk, Poland, Applied Energy, “Accident risks in nuclear-power plants,” vol. 75, ScienceDirect

***NPP = nuclear-power plant

***TMI = Three Mile Island

***OECD = Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development

1. Safety goals for nuclear power The general safety objective for nuclear-power

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not be considered as the basis for evaluating the safety of future NPPs.

SMR designs are flawed and accidents are inevitable – radiation damage outweighs any benefit

Smith, Earth Island Journal, 2011

Summer 2011, Gar, Environmental journalist and former editor of Earth Island Journal, currently edits Earth Island Institute’s weekly “eco-zine” The-Edge, “Don’t Mini-mize the Dangers of Nuclear Power,” Earth Island Journal, http://www.earthisland.org/journal/index.php/eij/article/dont_mini-mize_the_dangers_of_nuclear_power/

And that’s just a partial list. The problem with nuclear power is simple:

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hazard of exposing the next 20,000 generations to this lethal waste?

Solvency

You should feel bad for lying

RSC, 2011

Royal Society of Chemistry, Visual Elements Periodic Table: Beryllium, http://www.rsc.org/periodic-table/element/4/Beryllium

Beryllium is used as an alloying agent in producing beryllium copper, which is used

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and is also used in nuclear work as well as having ceramic applications.

Marginal electricity cost

Davis, Prof. at Haas School of Business, 2011

August 2011, Lucas W., Assistant Professor at the Haas School of Business, UC Berkeley, “Prospects for U.S. Nuclear Power After Fukushima,” http://ei.haas.berkeley.edu/pdf/working_papers/WP218.pdf

In addition to these regulatory risks, investors in nuclear power also face numerous forms

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2022 which, if true, represents a significant challenge for nuclear power.

Tech changes

Davis, Prof. at Haas School of Business, 2011

August 2011, Lucas W., Assistant Professor at the Haas School of Business, UC Berkeley, “Prospects for U.S. Nuclear Power After Fukushima,” http://ei.haas.berkeley.edu/pdf/working_papers/WP218.pdf

Finally, investments in nuclear power face considerable technology risk. Over the 40+

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, carbon capture and storage or energy efficiency technologies that reduce electricity demand.

Regulations and safety concerns

US News, 2012

3/30/12, US News, in an interview with Mark Cooper, researcher at the Vermont Law School Institute for Energy and the Environment, “Expert: Nuclear Power Is On Its Deathbed,” http://www.usnews.com/news/articles/2012/03/30/expert-nuclear-power-is-on-its-deathbed

But according to a report by the Union of Concerned Scientists, 80 percent of

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I don't think the rest of the proposals are very active."

Uranium Sustainability

Zyga, Science Reporter for PhysOrg, quoting analysis by Abbott, Prof. of Electrical Engineering, 2011

5/11/11, Lisa, BA in rhetoric from University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, known science reporter for PhysOrg, Derek Abbott, Professor of Electrical and Electronic Engineering at the University of Adelaide in Australia, “Why nuclear power will never supply the world’s energy needs,” PhysOrg, http:~/~/phys.org/news/2011-05-html

Uranium abundance: At the current rate of uranium consumption with conventional reactors, the

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to be processed would become economically impractical in much less than 30 years.

SMRs won’t catch on – not cost-competitive

Forbes, 2012

5/23/12, “Small Modular Nuclear Reactors By 2022 – But No Market For Them,” http://www.forbes.com/sites/jeffmcmahon/2012/05/23/small-modular-reactors-by-2022-but-no-market-for-them/

“This would allow SMR technology to overcome the hurdle of NRC certification – the

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economics don’t work in the favor of SMRs,” according to the summary.

That argument relies on a market existing for SMRs that doesn’t today, and alternatives are sapping focus

The Economist, 2012

3/10/12, The Economist, “Nuclear power: The dream that failed,” http://www.economist.com/node/21549936

Whether it comes to benefit from carbon pricing or not, nuclear power would be

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which to compete against each other. Such a market does not exist.

Tournament: Harvard | Round: 2 | Opponent:  | Judge: 

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Next off is the K

Their framework for debate is mired in totalitarian ideology—the privileging of “oppressed” voices over and against that of “oppressors” buys into a dangerously homogenizing world view which authorizes genocidal violence against all world views that are not sufficiently “liberatory.”

Gur-Ze’ev 98 (Ilan, Education—Haifa University, 1998  “Toward a Non-Repressive Critical Pedagogy,” http://construct.haifa.ac.il/~ilangz/Critpe39.html)

Freire’s Critical Pedagogy did not grow out of mere principles but out of his direct

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American colleges so as to be successful in the present order of things.

Their elevation of personal experience as intrinsically valid is a dangerous political gesture – their notion of liberation is an illusion which works to stave of real change

Gur-Ze’ev 98 (Ilan, Education—Haifa University, 1998  “Toward a Non-Repressive Critical Pedagogy,” http://construct.haifa.ac.il/~ilangz/Critpe39.html)

From this perspective, the consensus reached by the reflective subject taking part in the

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an effort to transcend reality and the present realm of self-evidence.

Their view of power and white privilege as “norms” that are possessed ignores the process of the constitution of identity. There is no coherent way for non-blacks to participate in their movement because they can’t just ‘take off’ their knapsack of privileges.

McWhorter 5 (Ladelle McWhorter, University of Richmond, “Where do white people come from? A Foucaultian critique of Whiteness Studies,” Philosophy Social Criticism, 31: 533)

It is true then that, as the Whiteness Studies theorists so often say, 

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is testament to how deeply and profoundly stuck race theorists typically still are. 

Vote negative to affirm the countering of violence of the oppressed from a individual standpoint.

Vote to negate their strategically oriented praxis.  Your ballot can be used as form of counter-education which is able to challenge their dangerous utopianism while mounting a more effective challenge to dominant knowledge production regimes precisely because it refuses to ascribe normative standards for what makes a strategy “emancipatory.”

Gur-Ze’ev 98 (Ilan, Education—Haifa University, 1998  “Toward a Non-Repressive Critical Pedagogy,” http://construct.haifa.ac.il/~ilangz/Critpe39.html)

Critical Theory is committed to universal emancipation, in the sense I have presented,

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only non-repressive form of hope possible in such an educational project.

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AT: Not our Critical Pedagogy

They still link—their project is still beholden to utopianism—only our strategy of counter-education which explicitly abandons the normalizing constraints of their framework can make possible meaningful social change.

Gur-Ze’ev 98 (Ilan Gur-Ze’ev, Education—Haifa University, 1998

“Toward a Non-Repressive Critical Pedagogy,” http://construct.haifa.ac.il/~ilangz/Critpe39.html)

“Critical Pedagogy” has many versions today, as does “critical theory”.(

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to oppose the dogmas and illusions of the hegemonic versions of Critical Pedagogy.

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Counter education is mutually exclusive with their project—we refuse their attempt to ground our pedagogy in one particular liberatory framework—the alternative is less than the aff.

Biesta 98 (Gert J. J. Biesta, Educational Sciences—Utrecht, 1998

“SAY YOU WANT A REVOLUTION…SUGGESTIONS FOR THE IMPOSSIBLE FUTURE OF CRITICAL PEDAGOGY,” Educational Theory 48:4)

Negative utopianism provides the starting point for Cur-Ze’ev’s nonrepressive  form of critical pedagogy

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will be able to stand up and confront ”the  forgetfulness of being.”