Tournament: UMKC | Round: 2 | Opponent: North Texas KP | Judge: Reynolds
Contention One is the Status Quo:

Private sector wants to invest in brownfields but liability laws prevent development

Slutzky and Frey, 10 (David, Professor at the University of Virginia, and AJ, professor at Washington and Lee University, “Brownfields Uncertainty: A Proposal To Reform Superfund”, www.huduser.org/periodicals/cityscpe/vol12num3/ch5.pdf)

CERCLA imposes extraordinary liability… environmental cleanup and tort liability.

Current environmental law trades the lives of minorities for profits and political expedience – America is de-facto segregated via the unequal division of environmental harm

Bullard 99 (Robert D, Ware Distinguished Professor of Sociology and Director of the Environmental Justice Resource Center at Clark Atlanta University, “Dismantling environmental racism in the USA”, Local Environment, Feb99, Vol. 4, Issue 1, Academic Search Premier)

The environmental protection apparatus… colour, national origin or income.  

Contention Two is Environmental Racism:

Abandoned brownfield sites spread across the country as a testament to white America’s flight from the inner city and disdain for its residents. The politics of ‘not in my back yard’ ensure the neglect of brownfields remains a continual source of racial subordination.

Bullard et al 8 (Robert D., Director of the Environmental Justice Resource Center at Clark Atlanta University, Paul Mohai, Professor of Natural Resources and Environment, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Robin Saha, an Assistant Professor of Environmental Studies at the University of Montana, and Beverly Wright, Director of the Deep South Center for Environmental Justice at Dillard University, “Toxic Wastes and Race at Twenty: Why Race Still Matters After All These Years,” 38 Environmental Law, 371, Lexis)

Despite progress in research, planning, and policy,… 20% higher than the national average.

The result is that America’s cities are filled with what dominant society views as literally ‘garbage humans,’ individuals worthy of so little regard that they are literally trash to be thrown out of ‘our’ space. The politics of pollution have created two Americas – one with an environment worthy of protection and one whose environment, just like its residents, is consigned to annihilation

Mills 1 (Charles W., Professor of Philosophy at the University of Illinois, Chicago, “Faces of Environmental Racism: Confronting Issues of Global Justice (2nd ed.,), p. 84-89)

Only with a more realistic sense of this moral… the black trash, of the white body politic.

The U.S. government’s policies towards urban racial minorities are modeled globally – the structure of U.S. cities is reflected in cities across the globe

Goldsmith, 00 (William W. Goldsmith, Professor in the Department of City and Regional Planning at Cornell University, and Director of the Cornell Undergraduate Program in Urban and Regional Studies, 2000, Globalizing Cities: A New Spatial Order?, p. 38-39)

In contrast, the reasoning below turns the usual… This is where the argument begins. 

Brownfields have become the ultimate manifestation of a new global division between “life zones” and "death zones," where the refuse of the body politic is consigned to elimination, culminating in the destruction of entire populations

Balibar 4 (Etienne Emeritus Professor of Philosohy at University of Paris-X and Distinguished Professor of Humanities at University of California-Irvine, We, The People of Europe? Reflections on Transnational Citizenship, p. 126-29)

I am aware of all these difficulties… equality, the horizon of political action.

And the primary factor behind the abandonment of brownfields and the inner city as a whole is the expansive liability burdens placed on anyone who dares to redevelop abandoned brownfield sites – the fear of liability for environmental harm ensures that brownfields remain a perpetual source of structural environmental racism

Kibel 98 (Paul Stanton, adjunct prof, Golden Gate U School of Law, Boston College Environmental Affairs Law com/pqdweb?RQT=318andpmid=20093andTS=1215473748andclientId=10553andVInst=PRODandVName=PQDandVType=PQD, Spring 1998url:http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?RQT=572andVType=PQDandVName=PQDandVInst=PRODandpmid=20093andpcid=836195andSrchMode=3. Vol. 25, Iss. 3)

Abandoned, deteriorating property has become… educating and pressuring government agencies. 2129267647andtarget=results_DocumentContentandreloadEntirePage=trueandrand=1215885689822andreturnToKey=20_T4148659991andparent=docview#n99

Finally, environmental justice must become the overriding imperative of our energy policy – systematic environmental racism ensures global environmental collapse and the total destruction of humanity

Bryant, 95 (Bunyan Bryant, Professor in the School of Natural Resources and Environment, and an adjunct professor in the Center for Afro-American and African Studies at the University of Michigan, 1995, Environmental Justice: Issues, Policies, and Solutions, p. 209-212)

Although the post-World War II economy was designed… production cycle, we should at least have that as a goal

Contention Three is Democracy:

Current solar development focuses on technocratic elites – decentralized generation sparks a transformative democratic process.

Hoffman and High-Pippert 5 (Steven M. Hoffman, professor of political science at the University of St. Thomas, and Angela High-Pippert, associate professor of political science at the University of St. Thomas, “Community Energy: A Social Architecture for an Alternative Energy Future” Bulletin of Science Technology Society  25; 387, http:~/~/bst.sagepub.com/cgi/reprint/25/5/387.pdf)

The evolution of the industrialized world’s electrical… implications and possibilities of the technology.

Decentralized solar production is the vital internal link to participatory democracy – leaving the transition up to the market guarantees we will remain far behind the curve and trapped within an autocratic system of control.

Berman and O’Connor 96 (Dan Berman, PhD, journalist, professor, environmental activist, and John T. O'Connor, pre-eminent spokesperson for the environmental movement, Who Owns the Sun? People, Politics, and the Struggle for a Solar Economy. http:~/~/www.chelseagreen.com/images/pdf)

Although most citizens have not yet recognized these truths… all of us must have our place in the sun.

Participatory democracy is the only alternative to war and genocide.

Scott and Katz-Fishman 4 (Jerome Scott, Director of Project South: Institute for the Elimination of Poverty and Genocide and Walda Katz-Fishman, board Chair of Project South and prof @ howard univ, 10-26, “Popular Democracy - a vision for our movement” http:~/~/www.zmag.org/znet/viewArticle/7600url:http://www.zmag.org/znet/viewArticle/7600)

When people talk about "democracy" we immediately… and fighting for. Make it happen!

Thus the plan: The United States federal government should substantially reduce liability under the Comprehensive Environmental Responses, Compensation and Liability Act for entities that pursue distributed solar energy production on Environmental Protection Agency-designated brownfield sites in the United States.

Contention Four is Solvency:

Brightfields create urban revitalization – community involvement, environmental justice,  andenergy production are just a few of the results.

Renewable Energy Focus 7 “Waste to Watts,” March/April, http://www.renewableenergyfocus.com/articles/solarpass/features/Waste_to_watts.pdf

Many urban areas grapple with the challenge… two or three of these applications.

Brownfields are a key test market for renewables – they enable a transition that reduces climate change and promotes solar power.

Northeast-Midwest Institute 8 Northeast-Midwest Institute, The National Brownfields Coalition, “A

Proposal to Establish Pilots for Sustainable Development and Alternative Energy Reuse of Brownfields,” March,

http://www.nemw.org/EstablishPilots4SustainDev-AltEnergy.pdf

The third opportunity area is to redevelop… and revenue for the community.14

Brightfields, or brownfield projects using alternative energy, are key to reversing the cycle of urban abandonment – the plan is key to creating a model that spills over to other urban renewal projects. ONLY Brightfields create environmental justice and sustainability

Moskal 3 John, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, April, “Brockton Brightfields: InnovativeGreen Power Marketing Pilot,” http://www.epa.gov/swerrims//docs/iwg/BrocktonBrightfieldsfinal.pdf

Monetizing the environmental benefits… public health benefits for all stakeholders.

Liability issues make investors wary of assuming risk for contaminated sites, exacerbating brownfield problems

Bjelland 2 (Mark D, Assistant prof of Geo., Gustavus Adolphus College, Until justice or stewardship embrace: Or, how a geographer thinks about Brownfield sites, Christian Scholar's Engelhardt-Heidtke Aff Holland: Summer 2002url:http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?RQT=572andVType=PQDandVName=PQDandVInst=PRODandpmid=52723andpcid=2897581andSrchMode=3andaid=1. Vol. 31, Iss. 4; pg. 393, 20 pgs, Proquest)

The proliferation of vacant or abandoned… and also an environmental justice concern.

A large-scale brightfields initiative is key to make wide-ranging urban revitalization possible – plan is modeled internationally.

EPA 99 Environmental Protection Agency, “Energy Department Announces National Initiative to Redevelop Brownfields with Renewable Energy,” http://www.epa.gov/swerosps/bf/html-doc/brightfd.htm

"Incorporating solar and other renewable… reduce greenhouse gas emissions.

Demands on the State are critical to reconstituting citizenship and resisting racism.

Campbell 98 (David, professor of international politics at the University of Newcastle, Writing Security: United States Foreign Policy and the Politics of Identity, pg. 204-205)

The political possibilities enabled by this permanent provocation… through which identity is articulated.”

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
Role of the Ballot = Challenge Environmental Racism

Impact Turn DAs - Heg Bad, Growth Bad

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge: 

1. Neighborhood revitalization doesn’t increase prices or cause gentrification
   Vigdor 6(Jacob L, Faculty Rsch Fellow, Nat’l Bureau of Economic Rsch, “Does Urban Decay Harm the Poor?” http://209.85.173.104/search?q=cache:SxFyX0CE6xgJ:trinity.aas.duke.edu/~jvigdor/DUDHTP.pdf+Does+Gentrification+Harm+the+Poor%3F%E2%80%9D&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=1&gl=us) 

Households could be…identified, market forces.

2. Turn- Increasing neighborhood quality increase capacity and purchasing power
Vigdor 6(Jacob L, Faculty Rsch Fellow, Nat’l Bureau of Economic Rsch, “Does Urban Decay Harm the Poor?” http://209.85.173.104/search?q=cache:SxFyX0CE6xgJ:trinity.aas.duke.edu/~jvigdor/DUDHTP.pdf+Does+Gentrification+Harm+the+Poor%3F%E2%80%9D&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=1&gl=us)

Allowing demand and…with population growth. 

3. No link-solar power plants are taxed differently which means they wouldn’t increase property taxes for neighborhoods

4. No correlation between change in neighborhood quality and price increases
Vigdor 6(Jacob L, Faculty Rsch Fellow, Nat’l Bureau of Economic Rsch, “Does Urban Decay Harm the Poor?” http://209.85.173.104/search?q=cache:SxFyX0CE6xgJ:trinity.aas.duke.edu/~jvigdor/DUDHTP.pdf+Does+Gentrification+Harm+the+Poor%3F%E2%80%9D&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=1&gl=us)

Conventional wisdom suggests…than neighborhood decline.

5. Moving costs mean neighborhood revitalization won’t cause gentrification
Vigdor 6(Jacob L, Faculty Rsch Fellow, Nat’l Bureau of Economic Rsch, “Does Urban Decay Harm the Poor?” http://209.85.173.104/search?q=cache:SxFyX0CE6xgJ:trinity.aas.duke.edu/~jvigdor/DUDHTP.pdf+Does+Gentrification+Harm+the+Poor%3F%E2%80%9D&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=1&gl=us)

A more interesting…price/quantity combination.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge: 

1. False-some acts have more intrinsic value than others-Harff-Gur 81 indicates that genocide destroys the value to life of populations subjected to genocide and ultimately affects everyone-even if it doesn’t kill the most people, it must be categorically rejected.

2. Survival logic leads to every type of atrocity

CALLAHAN ’73[Daniel J. Callahan, The Tyranny of Survival: And other pathologies of civilized life. Pg 91-93]

  That individuals, tribes…or outright extinction.

3. Turn-conventional morality is a rigged game-people of color communities are already uniquely disadvantaged by current policy-Bryant 95 says that this must be a first step towards an ethic of fairness that actually levels the playing field.

4. Even if they win this, we still meet-Balibar 04 and Harff-Gur 81 both indicate that racism and genocide will end in complete extinction because of the logic behind these eliminations-the system guarantees highest magnitude

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge: 

1. Perm do both – cooperation between the states and federal government is key.
   Green 4(Emily A, Enviro Policy BS, 5 J.L. Soc’y 577, Winter, LN)

An additional barrier…to achieve success. 56

2. Federal action is key – the institutionalization of pollution by federal legislation has created business perceptions freezing brownfield redevelopment
Meyer, 99 (Peter Meyer, consultant for E.P. Systems Group, a consulting firm specializing in brownfields redevelopment, December 1999, “Assessment of State Initiatives to Promote Redevelopment of Brownfields,” online: http://www.huduser.org/publications/econdev/assess.html, accessed July 9, 2008)

Major portions of…located has eroded.

3. Perm Do CP; States are enforcement agents so it’s normal means

4. The CP is the squo – current policy uses state programs.
NC Division of Waste Management 8(North Carolina…, 7/4, http://www.ncbrownfields.org/program_faq.asp)

The U.S. EPA…the federal government.

5. State action can’t solve liability in the absence of federal reforms.
Schenck 5 (Daniel A, U CT JD candidate, Connecticut Insurance Law Journal, 10 Conn. Ins. L.J. 401, p. 438, ln)

The contaminated land…a temporary solution.

6. State environmental law lacks citizen suits, killing movements and public involvement while undermining enforcement.
Strasser 7(Kurt, CT Law School interim dean, Boston College Environmental Affairs Law Review, 34 B.C. Envtl. Aff. L. Rev. 533, LN)

Commentators criticized the…for environmental covenants. 115

7. States fail – don’t address problems at a community level and tend to prioritize industrial areas over impoverished ones
Meyer, 99 (Peter Meyer, consultant for E.P. Systems Group, a consulting firm specializing in brownfields redevelopment, December 1999, “Assessment of State Initiatives to Promote Redevelopment of Brownfields,” online: http://www.huduser.org/publications/econdev/assess.html, accessed July 9, 2008)

Part of the…of economic distress.

8. States can’t work on federal land – only federal action assures those brownfields are addressed.
EPA 8 (Environmental Protection Agency, 4/4, http://www.epa.gov/brownfields/html-doc/intragwg.htm)

Coordinating Federal Lands…the responsible agencies.

9. Federal change is key-liability laws must be uniform to spur maximum investment; that’s Kibel 98-means only plan solves the most EJ which is the biggest impact.

10. Plan is only way to solve modeling globally-Goldsmith indicates that only federal change can help EJ around the rest of the world.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge: 

1. Turn-The technological breakthroughs caused by the aff are prerequisites to the alternative.
   Bookchin, The Institute for Social Ecology Co-Founder, 1997
   (Murray, “Libertarian Municipalism: The New Municipal Agenda”, Anarchy Archives.
   http://dwardmac.pitzer.edu/ANARCHIST_ARCHIVES/bookchin/libmuni.html date accessed: July 8, 2008)
   To view technological…the natural world.

2. Perm do plan and non competitive parts of the alt.

3.Turn- the refusal to engage in traditional politics is an abdication of social responsibility that makes all social crises inevitable
Boggs 97 (Carl, National University, Los Angeles, Theory and Society, “The great retreat: Decline of the public sphere in late twentieth-century America”, December, Volume 26, Number 6, http://www.springerlink.com.proxy.library.emory.edu/content/m7254768m63h16r0/fulltext.pdf)
The decline of…from civil society. 75

4. EJ is first priority-Bryant 95 says that it must be our first priority and must be resolved before the alternative.

5. Perm do alt; plan resolves the problems with capitalism.

6. Critique without action blocks political escape from oppression and reinforces ivory tower elitism
Cook ‘92 [Anthony (Associate Professor at Georgetown Law) New England Law Review; Spring; l/n nick]

The effect of…wealth and power.

7. Once capitalism is presented as a monolith, no alternative is possible.
Gibson-Graham, 6 – Professor of Geosciences at University of Massachusetts, PhD; Feminist Economic Geographer and Professor at the Australian National University, PhD
(J.K. Gibson-Graham, “The End of Capitalism as We Knew It,” pg. 255-257) 

Through its architectural…not impossible process. 13 

8. Perm do plan then alternative; EJ comes first.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge: 

1. Perm do plan and non-competitive parts of the alt. Cities represent the triumph of man over nature, blinding people to their environment.  Reimagining urban spaces is crucial to reestablish our connections
   Laituri 94 (Melina, ASU Social Sciences prof., et. al., “Finding Fairness in America's Cities? The Search forEnvironmental Equity in Everyday Life”, Journal of Social Issues, Vol. 50, No. 3, 1994, pp. 121-139 JSTOR)

Cronon writes that…employment and development.

2. Prefer the aff-it’s the only way to materially help people-even if they win that our methodology is flawed, our Bryant 95 card says that environmental justice must be our first priority and any move in that direction is better than doing nothing.

3. No link and turn-Collective discourse key to changing the human/nature relationship, brownfields create separation and fear from the environment
Laituri 94 (Melina, ASU Social Sciences prof., et. al., “Finding Fairness in America's Cities? The Search forEnvironmental Equity in Everyday Life”, Journal of Social Issues, Vol. 50, No. 3, 1994, pp. 121-139 JSTOR)

Although institutions representing…within the city.

4. Alt can’t solve the case-Moskal 3 says that only brightfields can revitalize these neighborhoods-solar power development is key to stop nuclear colonialism that ends in genocide-Harff Gur 81 says that fighting genocide outweighs ALL possible objections.

5. Heidegger is unable to translate ontological insights into the real world.
Wolin, 90 - Distinguished Professor of History at the City University of New York Graduate Center - 1990 (Richard Wolin, The Politics of Being, P. 164)

Heidegger's inability to…'authentic historical existence.'  

6. Turn-The refusal to engage in traditional politics is an abdication of social responsibility that makes all social crises inevitable
Boggs 97 (Carl, National University, Los Angeles, Theory and Society, “The great retreat: Decline of the public sphere in late twentieth-century America”, December, Volume 26, Number 6, http://www.springerlink.com.proxy.library.emory.edu/content/m7254768m63h16r0/fulltext.pdf)

The decline of…from civil society. 75

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge: 

1. We meet contextually - CERCLA RESTRICTS brownfield re-development.
   McNiece 6(Colin, Candidate for Juris Doctor, Roger Williams University School of Law, 12 Roger Williams U. L. Rev. 229, L/N)

This Comment is…of this discussion. 

2. We meet-reducing liabilities is an INCENTIVE for investors-that’s Slutsky 10.

3. C/I reduce means to make smaller- OED 71

4. Our definition better-no chance to their abuse because we give them links to their arguments-they get solar bad, state bad and all their other stuff
4b. More predictable-we specify our reduction under a specific definition for specific areas-best way to have good education.

5. Not a voting issue – reasonability is key since T is all or nothing – competing interpretations creates a race to the bottom and voting on potential abuse makes the judge intervene based on their interpretation of what is abusive.

Tournament: Wake | Round: 1 | Opponent: George Mason KW | Judge: Casey Harrigan
Contention One – the Military Industrial Complex

Mass subsidization of defense contracting blocks sustainable energy from coming online.  This breeds economic dependence on war while funneling industrial development into unending military accumulation.
 Feldman 7 (Jonathan, associate professor of economic history at Stockholm University, “From Warfare State to "Shadow State": Militarism, Economic Depletion, and Reconstruction,” Social Text, 25(2), Summer)
 Lying behind the…for soldiers’ pay.

Ever increasing defense contracts are justified by the institutionalization of threat inflation.  Mass military spending has become the norm as new threats build a mutually dependent relationship between the national security state and neoconservative hawks.
 Scheer 8 (Robert, clinical professor of communications at the University of Southern California's Annenberg School for Communication and Journalism, former Vietnam correspondent, managing editor and editor in chief of Ramparts magazine, former national correspondent for the Los Angeles Times 1976-1993), former Poynter Fellow at Yale, and former fellow in arms control at Stanford,  The Pornography of Power: How Defense Hawks Hijacked 9/11 and Weakened America, pp. xi-xvii )
 I bring it…it became institutionalized.

The mere availability of weapons creates a constant preparation for war that is the primary source of global conflict.
 Hossein-zadeh 6 (Ismael, professor of economics at Drake University, The Political Economy of Militarism, pp. 96-97)
 Led by the…of other nations."41

Weapons manufacturing hypnotizes us into a sense of fear and panic that demands silence to ensure its survival – the products created by this system are the greatest source of terror and violence in recorded history, responsible for more deaths in the past 50 years than the past two thousand combined.
 Mercieca 4 (Charles, Executive Vice President of the International Association of Educators for World Peace NGO and professor emeritus of History and Philosophy at the Alabama AandM University, “Weapons Industry: Source of Terrorism,” The Revisionist, 2(3), http://www.vho.org/tr/2004/3/Mercieca300-302.html)
 At this stage…millions of people?

Contention Two – Blackouts

Grid vulnerability is high now due to band-aidsolutions that rely on fossil fuels – failure is inevitable, collapsing civilization.  Innovative financing for distributed generation is the only way to reduce the risk of blackouts.
 Cooper 12 (John, President of NextWatt Solutions and Ecomergence, “Our Outdated Electrical Grid: An Intolerable Situation,” The Energy Collective, 7/3, http://theenergycollective.com/node/90021)
 As outages stretch…and persistent vulnerability.

Blackouts risk hundreds of nuclear meltdowns across the country.
 Caldicott 5 (Helen, Australian physician who won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1985 and president of the Nuclear Policy Research Institute, “U.S. Russia still face mutual destruction threat,”UPS, 5/18,http://www.physicsforums.com/archive/index.php/t-77621.html)
 This would of…easy to do. 

Grid instability results in accidents worse than nuclear war.
 World Press Review 3 (“Eye on the United States: America in the Dark,” August 18, 2003, Vol. 50 No. 11,http://www.worldpress.org/Americas/1579.cfm)
 The scariest thing…entire grid system.

Renewable sources are already facing supply side constraints – Demand will continue to grow as rising consumption faces inadequate availability of fossil fuels.  Now is the key time to create proactive financial incentives for the global transition to renewable alternatives.
 General Atlantic 7 (Global growth investors, “Energy and resources,” 11/9,http://www.generalatlantic.com/en/news/article/35)
 The economic and…more energy efficient.

Distributed generation creates storage solutions that provide stable sources of power capable of overcoming concerns of intermittency.
 Behles 12 (Deborah, Associate Professor of Law and Clinical Staff Attorney, Environmental Law and Justice Clinic, Golden Gate University School of Law, “An Integrated Green Urban Electrical Grid,” 36 Wm. and Mary Envtl. L. andPol'y Rev. 671, Spring, L/N)
 Distributed energy storage…way for renewables. n103

Thus the Plan:
 The United States federal government should substantially increase financial incentives for the conversion of domestic weapons production to domestic distributed solar and wind power production in the United States.

Contention Two – Defense Conversion

Redirecting defense spending towards solar and wind development eliminates the self-justifying nature of the military industrial complex.
 Cervinka 12 (Vashek, Program Manager of Design Competition, Author of “Questions We Have Forgotten to Ask,” “Build an energy-industrial complex,” The Davis Enterprise, 3/22, http://www.davisenterprise.com/forum/opinion-columns/build-an-energy-industrial-complex/)
 TheUnited States…and national security.

Incentives for defense conversion to alternative energy contains the power of the military-industrial complex – defense contractors are ready and willing to make the shift if the federal government articulates a clear vision for change.
 Rifkin 90 (Jeremy, President of the Greenhouse Crisis Foundation, “Turning Arms Into a ‘Green Dividend’,” Washington Post, 4/15, L/N)
 FOR MOST of…toward this goal.

Funding for U.S. military procurement contracts should be reallocated tax incentives for defense conversion to renewable energy.  Federal action is necessary and will set the global agenda toward transitioning to renewable energy.  
 Partridge 6 (Ernest, consultant, writer and lecturer in the field of Environmental Ethics and Public Policy, taught Philosophy at the University of California, and in Utah, Colorado and Wisconsin, “Swords into Plowshares,” 5/30,http://www.crisispapers.org/essays6p/swords.htm)
 An analysis of…now a necessity.

US action is key – we structure other nations’ defense budgeting decisions.
 Markusen 3 (Ann, Professor of Urban and Regional Planning and Public Policy and Director, Project on Regional and Industrial Economics, Humphrey Institute of Public Affairs, University of Minnesota “From Defense to Development,” in From Defence to Development: International Perspective on Realizing the Peace Dividend, ed. Ann Markusen, Sean DiGiovanna and Michael Leary, http://www.epsusa.org/publications/newsletter/2003/nov2003/markusen.pdf)
 The decisions of…civilian product lines.

Defense conversion offers a political alternative to militarism, fossil fuel dependency and war by creating a utopian form of realism based upon transformation of the permanent war society.
 Feldman 7 (Jonathan, associate professor of economic history at Stockholm University, “From Warfare State to "Shadow State": Militarism, Economic Depletion, and Reconstruction,” Social Text, 25(2), Summer)
 The limits to…leading intellectual circles.” 66

European conversion proves – the plan is a both reorientation of defense hardware and a restructuring of values at the individual, national and international level.
 Jelusic 1 (Ljubica, Associate Professor and Head of Defence Studies Department at University of Ljubljana, “Sociocultural aspects of defence restructuring and conversion,” in International restructuring and conversion of the arms industries in the military sector: industrial, regional and sociocultural aspects, Proceedings of the International conversion conference Bremen, April, pp. 391-392)
 Despite a lot…restructuring of concepts.

The transition to defense conversion won’t cause an attack on the US or extinction – however, the permanent war making machine could end all human life.  Its try or die for the affirmative.
 Melman 70 (Seymour, professor of industrial engineering at Columbia University, Pentagon Capitalism: The Permanent Economy of War)
 If we did…multi-overkill world.

Federal incentives for defense conversion key – only way to avoid DoD cooption.
Melman 88 (Seymour, professor of industrial engineering at Columbia University, “The Economics of Conversion,” http://multinationalmonitor.org/hyper/issues/1988/02/mm0288_07.html)
The primary requirement…in that position.

Defense cuts are inevitable now but will only cause slow and uncoordinated conversion within the industry – new threats can quickly reverse the transition – but forming connections in the industry can successfully direct resources towards energy production.
Thompson 11/9 (Loren, Forbes Contributor, “Defense Industry Needs to Get Serious About Diversifying,” www.forbes.com/sites/lorenthompson/2012/11/09/defense-industry-needs-to-get-serious-about-diversifying/)
The defense industry’s…least for now.

Obama’s reelection guarantees renewed push for solar power – incentives for vehicles will increase now.
Lienert 11/7 (Anita, Correspondent for Edmund’s Inside Line, “Obama’s Second Term Could Herald Renewed Push for EVs, Hydrogen Fuel-Cell Vehicles,” http://www.insideline.com/car-news/obamas-second-term-could-herald-renewed-push-for-evs-hydrogen-fuel-cell-vehicles.html)
As President Obama…in short order.

Wind production and incentives will increase before the end of the year – takes out link uniqueness but doesn’t solve the AFF.
Martin 11/7 (Christopher, Bloomberg, “Obama Win Raises Odds of Extending Tax Credit for Wind,” http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2012-11-07/obama-win-raises-odds-of-extending-tax-credit-for-wind.html)
President Barack Obama’s…percent this year.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge: 

1. No link – no evidence that new weapons development is key to maintain heg – Cervika says the US is already way out ahead of competitors.

2. Hegemonic decline inevitable – hard power fails to contain asymmetrical threats and erodes the domestic base – incentives are key to create economic transformation that avoids hard landing.
Feldman 7 (Jonathan, associate professor of economic history at Stockholm University, “From Warfare State to "Shadow State": Militarism, Economic Depletion, and Reconstruction,” Social Text, 25(2), Summer)
Just as a…third-world nation.

3. Case outweighs – Hossein-Zadeh and Merceica say the military industrial complex makes extinction inevitable – maintaining heg through weapons causes backlash to American hegemony by forcing us to intervene in conflicts in a way that breeds regional resentment.

4. No impact – the Melman evidence proves high defense spending is not necessary to deter aggressors, that this belief makes extinction inevitable by locking us into proxy wars.

5. Turn – threat inflation – the Scheer evidence proves that the collapse of hegemony is a scare tactic used to justify ever increasing defense spending, that there is no real threat and to believe that there is creates a cycle of violence – this outweighs their one-shot impacts because every scenario where we use weapons to protect hegemony makes broader conflict and destruction inevitable. 

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge: 

1. The impact is an example of threat construction-Scheer 8 says that we prepare ourselves for imaginary threats and prop up a system of violence and exclusion. The impact has never happened and never will happen-there is no unique reason that this time is different and it won’t be because it comes from a epistemologically flawed way of looking at the world.

2. Their DA is part of the logic that sustains the military industrial complex – political horsetrading in Congress is a means of sustaining massive defense procurement that produces a self-reinforcing system incapable of arresting the drive to war.
Jarecki 8 (Eugene, Founder and Executive Director of the Eisenhower Project, The American Way of War: Guided Missiles, Misguided Men, and a Republic in Peril, pp. 216-221)
Using a simplified…tilted toward war.

3. Political capital not key
Dickinson, 09 – professor of political science at Middlebury College and taught previously at Harvard University where he worked under the supervision of presidential scholar Richard Neustadt (5/26/09, Matthew, Presidential Power: A NonPartisan Analysis of Presidential Politics, “Sotomayor, Obama and Presidential Power,” http://blogs.middlebury.edu/presidentialpower/2009/05/26/sotamayor-obama-and-presidential-power/, JMP)
As for Sotomayor…through legislative boxscores.

4. Case outweighs-Merceica 4 says weapons industry is biggest cause of death in history and Pachuri 7 indicates that warming will cause extinction of all life-these are systemic and inevitable which gives us the best impact calc in the round.

5. Discourse of security creates policies and political imaginations shaped by the conscious need to dominate in the search of security.
Neocleous 8 (Mark, Professor of the Critique of Political Economy; Head of Department of Politics & History of Brunel University, Critique of Security, pp. 2-3)
So if, as…studies’ has emerged.

6. Securitization creates a cycle of limitless use of violence, makes war a permanent feature of politics, and alienates us from the world.
Burke 7 (“Ontologies of War,” Theory and Event, 10(2))
In his Politics…such an injury...39

7. Add-On to the AFF and Turn to the DA – defense conversion breaks down the security mindset – that’s the Cervika and Feldman evidence that says transformation away from the fossil fuel based economy forces us to reconceptualize the world without the need for hegemonic control of resources – this is key to providing practical alternatives to the supposed inevitability  of war.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge: 

1. Non-Unique – Oil prices falling now – worried investors, sluggish eurozone and ample supplies
   Sampson, 11/7 (Paula, writer for AP, http://www.canadianbusiness.com/article/105645--oil-prices-fall-on-ample-supplies-and-sluggish-demand)
   Traders say the…Europe's largest economy. 

2. No specific link that defense conversion significantly reduces oil consumption – other industries like chemicals and transportation outweigh.

3. Case outweighs – oil prices fluctuate all the time, making their impact improbable – the systemic impact of weapons production and the ethics of climate change outweigh.

4. Turn – relying on high prices to trigger conservation causes massive economic instability and war
Seeking Alpha, August 31, 2008, http://seekingalpha.com/article/93325-what-happened-to-peak-oil
And oil demand…pretty nasty stuff.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge: 

1. Condo Bad:

2. Perm do both

3. Extend Rifkin 90-Congress must be involved in the decision to defund the military to send a signal that militarism is rejected; an XO doesn’t have the same weight because it ignore the legislative branch

4. XO can’t function-Congress is in charge of funding decisions-an XO means that Congress could still fund the military if it wanted to.

5. Links to Politics – anything Obama does will upset Republicans in Congress – particularly trying to bypass them by using an XO causes the perception he doesn’t care about what they want.

Tournament: Wake | Round: 4 | Opponent: George Mason | Judge: Derek Ziegler

1. Links worse to the status quo – speciesist ethical imperatives are at its height when the military industrial complex turns nature into a resource for producing weapons – only a risk that the plan is a step in the right direction since their reorientation of the 1AC doesn’t spill over out of the debate round to influence the defense contractors.

2. Turn - Rejecting humanism swings too far – eliminates the ability to treat the other with respect.
Norris 94 (Christopher Norris, Professor of the History of Ideas, University of Wales, TRUTH AND THE ETHICS OF CRITICISM, 1994, p.87-8)
This is what…ts protean manifestations.

3. Perm – Do Both

4. Perm – Do plan and the alternative all other instances but the plan.

5. Perm – Do plan then the alternative.

6. Perm – Do the alternative then the plan.

7. Perm solves best—understanding that nature has both intrinsic and instrumental value creates pragmatic conservation.
Minteer6 (Ben A., Assistant Professor in the Human Dimensions of Biology Faculty in the School of Life Sciences at Arizona State University. “The Landscape of Reform: Civic Pragmatism and Environmental Thought in America,” p. 3)
Although I describe…on the landscape. 

8. No link – our ethics don’t exclude other species – the 1AC Merceica evidence proves that the status quo – weapons production now uses the air, wind and earth as a resource for unlimited consumption.  Voting affirmative challenges speciesism by forcing us to recognize the other in a way that is different from seeing them as a threat to justify endless military consumption.

9. Turn – defense conversion is the alternative – extend the Feldman and Jelusic evidence – shifting the defense industry away from weapons production and towards sustainable energy production is a NET DECREASE in human self-intrest – our evidence literally says it’s a form of utopian realism that forces us to think outside the box, changing the hardware used to enact violence while also questioning our own values and thinking – as soon as we stop thinking that war is inevitable and necessary, we can change the way we live our lives, acknowledging that humans are part of the natural world and engaging in practical political struggle to change the operation of the permanent war economy.

10. Turn – Intersectionality – 

A. Focus on human-centeredness undermines the ability to challenge intersectional forms of oppression.
Cuomo 94 (Christine J., Philosophy Professor, University of Cincinnati, ECOLOGICAL FEMINISM, p. http://www.dhushara.com/book/renewal/voices2/deep.htm)
Although Arne Naess…the nonhumanrealm.

B. Net-benefit to the perm and add-on for the AFF - The US military industrial complex produces an armaments culture linked to white supremacy, heterosexism and hegemonic masculinity making violence an everyday practice of real life.
Campbell 3 (Horace, Professor of African American Studies and Political Science at Syracuse University, “Beyond Militarism and Terrorism in the Biotech Century: Toward a Culture of Peace and Transformation,” Radical History Review, Issue 85, Winter)
The United States…launching of war.

C. Oppressions are interlocking and support the system of power that makes nuclear war inevitable.
LaBalme 2 (Fen, “Activism: Pease: NVCD: Discrimination,” http://www.activism.net/peace/nvcdh/discrimination.shtml)
In this action…treat each other.

Tournament: Wake | Round: 5 | Opponent: Pitt | Judge: Rashad Evans

1. We meet- the plan gives positive incentives to defense industries for production of distributed solar and renewable energies.  That’s our Cervinka, Rifkin and Partridge evidence from the 1ac.

2. Counter- interpretation: incentives include negative actions, carrots and sticks. Incentives can be direct or indirect actions that affect behavior and induce action or enable an environment for production.   
ICEM 3 (International Centre for Environmental Management, “Lessons From Global Experience”, Chapter 4, http://www.mekong-protected-areas.org/mekong/docs/tlp-04.pdf)
There are several…education and technology. 

We meet the counter interpretation- we give defense industries a carrot via incentives, and a stick by shifting funding from existing contracts.  This affects the behavior of defense industries because they would be more likely to accept incentives if defense cuts are coming.  The shift of funding enables an environment where defense industries increase production of solar and wind power.

3. Counter-interpretation is best-
a) Aff innovation- topic and debate in general are negatively biased.  Broad interpretations are good because they give the affirmative more ground which evens the playing field.

b) Education- broad interpretations lead to in depth debates over the different types of incentives.  Increases neg PIC ground since most affirmative’s won’t specify their incentive.

c) Disad ground- they have no right to fiscal discipline and spending links.  We guarantee them links to DoD tradeoff Das.

d) Real world- government agencies use broad definitions of incentive- 

Environmental Protection Agency proves.  
OPEI 1 (Office of Policy, Economics, and Innovation @ EPA, “The United States Experience with Economic Incentives for Protecting the Environment”; EPA-240-R-01-001; January; http://yosemite.epa.gov/ee/epa/eerm.nsf/vwAN/EE-0216B-13.pdf/$file/EE-0216B-13.pdf)
For the purposes…the regulatory requirements. 

4. Their interpretation is bad:
a) Distorts literature base- lots of solvency advocates say we should use both positive and negative incentives.  

b) Division of ground- they would just counterplan to do negative incentives- proves research on negative incentives is inevitable and predictable.

c) Narrow definitions bad- Federal and private sector agrees.
COPAFS 93 (The Council of Professional Associations on Federal Statistics; “Providing incentives to survey respondents”; September 22; http://www.copafs.org/reports/providing_incentives_to_survey_respondents.aspx)
The Symposium on…incentives already used.

5. Counter-interpretation – Restrictions –

We meet- increasing incentives for conversion from weapons to solar and wind power is a removal of restrictions on defense industries to make weapons.  Weapons contracts limit defense industries to making weapons.  They become dependent on defense contracts and have no other options for capital.  Defense contracts control industries production.  That’s Feldman from the 1ac.

6. Reasonability

Tournament: Wake | Round: 5 | Opponent: Pitt | Judge: Rashad Evans

1. Extend Rifkin 90-the President and Congress are critical to send a signal to the defense industries that they need to convert over their industries; the states don’t send the same signal to these businesses as the federal government.

2. Perm do both

3. Federal action is key – only way to ensure an effective and comprehensive shift.
Melman 95 (Seymour, Professor Emeritus of Industrial Engineering, Columbia University, “Disarmament, Economic Conversion and Jobs for All,” Uncommon Sense, December, http://www.njfac.org/us8.htm)
The key to…by economic restructuring.

4. Can’t solve- DOD is key to removing defense contracts to the industry-the states don’t buy things like F-22s.

5. 50 State Fiat Bad

6. Extend Partridge 6; other countries base their defense and energy decisions off of US federal action-only shifting at the top level sends the signal for other countries to shift, so the CP has a major spillover solvency deficit.

Tournament: UTD | Round: 4 | Opponent: Wyoming MP | Judge: Moore
The United States Federal Government should substantially increase financial incentives for the production of solar and wind power in the United States by converted domestic defense contractors.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
PLAN

The United States federal government should substantially increase financial incentives for the production of solar and wind power in the United States by converted domestic defense contractors.

Contention One – the Military Industrial Complex

Mass subsidization of defense contracting blocks sustainable energy from coming online.  This breeds economic dependence on war while funneling industrial development into unending military accumulation.
Feldman 7 (Jonathan, associate professor of economic history at Stockholm University, “From Warfare State to "Shadow State": Militarism, Economic Depletion, and Reconstruction,” Social Text, 25(2), Summer)
Lying behind the…for soldiers’ pay.

Ever increasing defense contracts are justified by the institutionalization of threat inflation.  Mass military spending has become the norm as new threats build a mutually dependent relationship between the national security state and neoconservative hawks.
Scheer 8 (Robert, clinical professor of communications at the University of Southern California's Annenberg School for Communication and Journalism, former Vietnam correspondent, managing editor and editor in chief of Ramparts magazine, former national correspondent for the Los Angeles Times 1976-1993), former Poynter Fellow at Yale, and former fellow in arms control at Stanford,  The Pornography of Power: How Defense Hawks Hijacked 9/11 and Weakened America, pp. xi-xvii )
I bring it…it became institutionalized.

The mere availability of weapons creates a constant preparation for war that is the primary source of global conflict.
Hossein-zadeh 6 (Ismael, professor of economics at Drake University, The Political Economy of Militarism, pp. 96-97)
Led by the…other nations."41

Weapons manufacturing hypnotizes us into a sense of fear and panic that demands silence to ensure its survival – the products created by this system are the greatest source of terror and violence in recorded history, responsible for more deaths in the past 50 years than the past two thousand combined.
Mercieca 4 (Charles, Executive Vice President of the International Association of Educators for World Peace NGO and professor emeritus of History and Philosophy at the Alabama A&M University, “Weapons Industry: Source of Terrorism,” The Revisionist, 2(3), http://www.vho.org/tr/2004/3/Mercieca300-302.html)
At this stage…millions of people?

Contention Two – Climate Ethics

Scientists agree – warming is real and human induced.
Trenberth 12 (Kevin, Distinguished Senior Scientist, The Wall Street Journal “Check With Climate Scientists for Views on Climate” February 1, 2012, http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052970204740904577193270727472662.html)
The National Academy…the doctor ordered.

Positive feedbacks will only accelerate warming, creating major flows of environmental refugees.  
Garvey 8 (James, Secretary Royal InstitPhilosophy,The Ethics of Climate Change)
The average sea…them in due course. 

Warming induced sea level rise will leave the world’s poorest groups adversely affected with no means of adaptation.
Garvey 8 (James, Secretary Royal Instit Philosophy, The Ethics of Climate Change)
Now consider anticipated…by climate change.23 

Warming also guarantees massive species extinction.
Pachauri 7 (Nobel Laureate and Chairman of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. 10/10/07. Nobel Prize Acceptance Speech, “Nobel Lecture.” http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/2007/ipcc-lecture_en.html)
Climate change is…to human society.

Mourning the extinction of any creature in the odyssey of evolution enables humans to become co-passengers on the ship where we live and let live and wonder in the magnitude and duration of the biotic community.  
Leopold 66 (Aldo, former Prof Univ Madison Wisconsin and credited by many as one of the first environmental ethicists; A Sand County Almanac; pp. 116-117)
We have erected…over the beasts.

Ethical responsibility means transcendence of anthropocentrism and the domination and denial of nonhuman subjectivity.
Davy 7 (Jane Davy; PresEnviro Studies Assoc Canada; Ethics & the Environment; 12:1; "An Other Face of Ethics in Levinas"   
“The Name of…other nonhuman persons.

Anthropocentrism causes extinction—it divorces our relationship with the natural world and makes ecocide inevitable.
Gottlieb 94 (Roger, Professor of Humanities at Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Ph.D. in Philosophy from Brandeis University, “Ethics and Trauma: Levinas, Feminism, and Deep Ecology,” Crosscurrents: A Journal of Religion and Intellectual Life, Summer, http://www.crosscurrents.org/feministecology.htm)
Here I will…for us all.

We are ethically obligated to act even in the face of consequentialist or utilitarian demands – our action can’t be contingent on the actions of others but rather should serve as the starting point for setting an example for others to follow.
Garvey 8 (James, Secretary Royal Instit Philosophy, The Ethics of Climate Change, pp. 108-110)
One of the…be given up.

You should take a geologic sense of time – our ecological footprint last for hundreds of years while the planet's regulatory system works at glacial speeds.  Acting now is critical to slowing the rate of climate change and giving the planet a chance for adaptation – delays magnify the impact.  Doing nothing is not an option.  
Garvey 8 (James, Secretary Royal Instit Philosophy, The Ethics of Climate Change, pp. 111-112)
Against the arguments…could possibly be.

Contention Three  – Defense Conversion

Redirecting defense spending towards solar and wind development eliminates the self-justifying nature of the military industrial complex.
Cervinka 12 (Vashek, Program Manager of Design Competition, Author of “Questions We Have Forgotten to Ask,” “Build an energy-industrial complex,” The Davis Enterprise, 3/22, http://www.davisenterprise.com/forum/opinion-columns/build-an-energy-industrial-complex/)
The United States…and national security.

Incentives for defense conversion to alternative energy contains the power of the military-industrial complex – defense contractors are ready and willing to make the shift if the federal government articulates a clear vision for change.
Rifkin 90 (Jeremy, President of the Greenhouse Crisis Foundation, “Turning Arms Into a ‘Green Dividend’,” Washington Post, 4/15, L/N)
FOR MOST of…toward this goal.

Funding for U.S. military procurement contracts should be reallocated tax incentives for defense conversion to renewable energy.  Federal action is necessary and will set the global agenda toward transitioning to renewable energy.  
Partridge 6 (Ernest, consultant, writer and lecturer in the field of Environmental Ethics and Public Policy, taught Philosophy at the University of California, and in Utah, Colorado and Wisconsin, “Swords into Plowshares,” 5/30, http://www.crisispapers.org/essays6p/swords.htm)
An analysis of…now a necessity.

Defense conversion is the key response to climate change – incentives will work to prevent job loss and smooth the transition.
Rozum 12 (Ursula, Green Party candidate for Congress, “Rozum Responds,” Syracuse New Times, 5/9, http://www.syracusenewtimes.com/newyork/article-5817-rozum-responds.html)
Climate change shoulder-shrugging…on high incomes.

US action is key – we structure other nations’ defense budgeting decisions.
Markusen 3 (Ann, Professor of Urban and Regional Planning and Public Policy and Director, Project on Regional and Industrial Economics, Humphrey Institute of Public Affairs, University of Minnesota “From Defense to Development,” in From Defence to Development: International Perspective on Realizing the Peace Dividend, ed. Ann Markusen, Sean DiGiovanna and Michael Leary, http://www.epsusa.org/publications/newsletter/2003/nov2003/markusen.pdf)
The decisions of…civilian product lines.

Defense conversion offers a political alternative to militarism, fossil fuel dependency and war by creating a utopian form of realism based upon transformation of the permanent war society.
Feldman 7 (Jonathan, associate professor of economic history at Stockholm University, “From Warfare State to "Shadow State": Militarism, Economic Depletion, and Reconstruction,” Social Text, 25(2), Summer)
The limits to…leading intellectual circles.” 66

European conversion proves – the plan is a both reorientation of defense hardware and a restructuring of values at the individual, national and international level.
Jelusic 1 (Ljubica, Associate Professor and Head of Defence Studies Department at University of Ljubljana, “Sociocultural aspects of defence restructuring and conversion,” in International restructuring and conversion of the arms industries in the military sector: industrial, regional and sociocultural aspects, Proceedings of the International conversion conference Bremen, April, pp. 391-392)
Despite a lot…restructuring of concepts.

Tournament: District 5 | Round: 1 | Opponent: Wayne JS | Judge: 

PLAN

The United States Federal Government should substantially increase direct financial support for domestic energy production to a level that induces the production of solar and wind power by converted defense contractors in the United States.

Contention One – The War Economy – 

Massive defense spending puts the US behind the world in manufacturing and energy competitiveness – government support key to reclaiming America’s advantage and avoiding inevitable economic collapse.
Rynn 8 (Jonathan, PhD contributor to the Grist environmental blog and Foreign Policy in Focus, “Guns blight US energy choices,” Asia Times, 6/20, http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Global_Economy/JF20Dj01.html)
The US has…of renewable electricity.

Manufacturing key to the US economy.
Ettlinger 11 (Michael, Vice President for Economic Policy, and Kate Gordon, Vice President for Energy Policy at the Center for American Progress, “The Importance and Promise of American Manufacturing,” 4/7, http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/labor/report/2011/04/07/9427/the-importance-and-promise-of-american-manufacturing/)
Manufacturing is critically…nation’s economic competitiveness.

US economy is key to global economic growth.
Caploe 9 (David Caploe, M.A. in Political Science and Ph.D. in International Political Economy from Princeton University, Chief Executive Officer of the American Centre for Applied Liberal Arts and Humanities in Asia, A.B. in Social Theory from Harvard University, M.A. in Political Science and Ph.D. in International Political Economy from Princeton University,  “Focus still on America to lead global recovery,” The Straits Times, 4/7)
IN THE aftermath…solved there too.

Economic collapse causes global nuclear war.
Burrows and Harris 9 (Mathew J., counselor in the National Intelligence Council (NIC), the principal drafter of Global Trends 2025: A Transformed World, and Jennifer, member of the NIC’s Long Range Analysis Unit, “Revisiting the Future: Geopolitical Effects of the Financial Crisis”, Washington Quarterly, April, http://www.ciaonet.org/journals/twq/v32i2/f_0016178_13952.pdf)
Increased Potential for…world turn negative.

Independently, competitiveness prevents great power war.
Baru 9 (Sanjaya, Visiting Professor at the Lee Kuan Yew School of Public Policy in Singapore,
“Year of the power shift?,” http://www.india-seminar.com/2009/593/593_sanjaya_baru.htm]
There is no…remains to be seen. 

Hegemonic decline inevitable absent the plan – hard power fails to contain asymmetrical threats and erodes the domestic base – incentives are key to create economic transformation that avoids hard landing.
Feldman 7 (Jonathan, associate professor of economic history at Stockholm University, “From Warfare State to "Shadow State": Militarism, Economic Depletion, and Reconstruction,” Social Text, 25(2), Summer)
Just as a…third-world nation.

No link turns – Spending on energy creates MORE growth than defense.
Pollin 12 (Robert, professor of economics and co-director of the Political Economy Research Institute, and Heidi Garrett-Peltier, assistant research professor at the Political Economy Research Institute, “Don’t Buy the Spin: How Cutting the Pentagon’s Budget Could Boost the Economy,” The Nation, 5/28, http://www.thenation.com/article/167811/dont-buy-spin-how-cutting-pentagons-budget-could-boost-economy#)
The primary economic…low-paying jobs.

Redirecting defense contractors towards solar and wind development boosts economic productivity and balances national security objectives.
Cervinka 12 (Vashek, Program Manager of Design Competition, Author of “Questions We Have Forgotten to Ask,” “Build an energy-industrial complex,” The Davis Enterprise, 3/22, http://www.davisenterprise.com/forum/opinion-columns/build-an-energy-industrial-complex/)
The United States…and national security.

Defense contractors are ready and willing to make the shift if the federal government articulates a clear incentive for transition.
Rifkin 90 (Jeremy, President of the Greenhouse Crisis Foundation, “Turning Arms Into a ‘Green Dividend’,” Washington Post, 4/15, L/N)
FOR MOST of…toward this goal.

Federal defense conversion sets the stage for a global transition to renewable energy.
Partridge 6 (Ernest, consultant, writer and lecturer in the field of Environmental Ethics and Public Policy, taught Philosophy at the University of California, and in Utah, Colorado and Wisconsin, “Swords into Plowshares,” 5/30, http://www.crisispapers.org/essays6p/swords.htm)
An analysis of…now a necessity.

Contention Two – Bath Iron Works – 

Bath Iron Works in Maine is the only defense contractor authorized to produce Zumwalt class destroyers.
Defense Update 9 (“Bath Iron Works, Navy Agree on Building Three DDG-1000 Destroyers,” 4/20, http://defense-update.com/20090420_zumwalt-2.html)
The U.S.Defense…the Ingalls shipyard.

BIW Zumwalt production will be completed by October.
PR Newswire 12(“General Dynamics Corporation: Bath Iron Works Awarded $39 Million for DDG 1000 Class Services,” 9/20, http://www.4-traders.com/GENERAL-DYNAMICS-CORPORAT-12723/news/General-Dynamics-Corporation-Bath-Iron-Works-Awarded-$39-Million-for-DDG-1000-Class-Services-15218263/)
The U.S.Navy…the U.S.Navy."

Zumwalt class destroyers allow direct energy weapon deployment by 2014.
Cavas 1/22 (Christopher, “Mighty ZUMWALT Is Coming Together,” Intercepts: the official blog of Defense News, http://blogs.defensenews.com/intercepts/2013/01/mighty-zumwalt-is-coming-together/)
One of the…ready for service.

Direct energy weapons ignite a global arms race and cause global instability – the impact is extinction.
Wagner 6 (Brett, president of the California Center for Strategic Studies, “"From the 'pain ray' to the 'death ray': Have direct energy weapons already been deployed by U.S. forces in Iraq?” http://uk.oneworld.net/article/view/136518/1/5795)
For the past…instability or worse. 

Probability is on our side – DEW will be the primary weapon of choice in the next generation of warfare.
Live Mint 9(“Laser-based Direct Energy Weapons to dominate battlefield,” 1/11, http://www.livemint.com/Industry/4zdSs0EFsz6bv9hDloBDlN/Laserbased-Direct-Energy-Weapons-to-dominate-battlefield.html)
The battles to…working on it.

Federal incentives are key to converting Bath Iron Works from defense manufacturing to wind power production.
Woodruff 8 (Peter, maintenance mechanic at Bath Iron Works for 27 years, “Two Simultaneous Christenings at Bath Iron Works,” 10/18, http://vfpmaine.org/BIW_10-18/BIW_art3.asp)
One has to…Granny D II (Too).

Bath Iron Works is ready, willing and able to transition to wind power – but incentives are key.
Turkel 9 (staff writer for Portland Press Herald; 4/27; “biw explores future in wind power”; port press herald; http://pressherald.mainetoday.com/story.php?id=253150&ac=PHnws)
Known for building…a football field.

US action is key – we structure other nations’ defense budgeting decisions.
Markusen 3 (Ann, Professor of Urban and Regional Planning and Public Policy and Director, Project on Regional and Industrial Economics, Humphrey Institute of Public Affairs, University of Minnesota “From Defense to Development,” in From Defence to Development: International Perspective on Realizing the Peace Dividend, ed. Ann Markusen, Sean DiGiovanna and Michael Leary, http://www.epsusa.org/publications/newsletter/2003/nov2003/markusen.pdf)
The decisions of…civilian product lines.

European conversion proves – the plan is a both reorientation of defense hardware and a restructuring of values at the individual, national and international level.
Jelusic 1 (Ljubica, Associate Professor and Head of Defence Studies Department at University of Ljubljana, “Sociocultural aspects of defence restructuring and conversion,” in International restructuring and conversion of the arms industries in the military sector: industrial, regional and sociocultural aspects, Proceedings of the International conversion conference Bremen, April, pp. 391-392)
Despite a lot…restructuring of concepts.

EPA & DOE nominations will drain capital now.
Reuters 2/20 (“Obama decides on EPA, Energy Department nominees,” http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/02/20/us-obama-cabinet-epa-energy-idUSBRE91J0ZE20130220)
President Barack Obama…such executive actions.

Laundry List Thumper – Obama’s going for it all now.
Anniston Star 2/13 (“President Obama’s political capital,” http://annistonstar.com/view/full_story/21700957/article-President-Obama-s-political-capital-?instance=opinion_lead)
After securing a…gun-control laws.

Obama pushing energy efficiency funds now – Congress will vote in the next budget.
Collins 2/20 (Jordan, Mintz Levin Cohn Ferris Glovsky and Popeo PC, “$200 million in energy efficiency funding, Obama proposes,” http://www.lexology.com/library/detail.aspx?g=832ed412-6051-4e45-a108-644b787dab65)
President Barack Obama…to make electricity.

Contentious fights coming now – costs PC
Cillizza 2/6(Chris, Political Reporter, “President Obama is Enjoying a Second Political Honeymoon. But How Long Will It Last?” Washington Post, 2013, http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/the-fix/wp/2013/02/06/president-obama-is-enjoying-a-second-political-honeymoon-but-how-long-will-it-last/)
Another factor contributing…break this summer.

Tournament: Districts | Round: 3 | Opponent: Indiana FP | Judge:
Plan: The United States Army Corps of Engineers should procure mobile solar power systems for its training exercises and operations in response to emergencies in the United States.

Contention One is the grid:

It’s fragile now
NAS Nov. 2K12
National Academy of Science - Committee on Enhancing the Robustness and Resilience of Future Electrical AD 1/5/13
THE NATURE OF THE PROBLEM
The U.S. power…help limit outages.

Two Internal Links to Collapse-

A. Environmental disasters – earthquakes, hurricanes, floods, tornadoes
AFP 11
US not prepared for ’mega-disaster’: official March 17, 2011
http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5gJnlUXL4Rj-PlWj7hJOaWtU2B7fA?docId=CNG.d09217177032cbbc9a7b49e80f70edcb.2b1
The United States…a mega-disaster."

A major quake would cause long term grid collapse and render diesel backup generators useless
Stockton 11
Paul N. Stockton is the assistant secretary of defense for Homeland Defense and Americas’ Security Affairs. Former director of the Naval Postgraduate School’s Center for Homeland Defense and Security
Homeland Security Affairs is the online journal of the Naval Postgraduate School Center for Homeland Defense and Security http://www.hsaj.org/?fullarticle=7.2.11
The National Level…supply and demand.

Contention Two: Explosions

A laundry list of catastrophes will wreck the grid – hundreds of millions die immediately
Pennington 12
Tess Pennington is former Armed Forces Emergency Services Center specialist and is well versed in emergency and disaster management and response and  the founder of Ready Nutrition, a preparedness website
http://www.familysecuritymatters.org/publications/detail/when-the-grid-goes-down-you-better-be-ready
It is a…disease and violence.

Basic infrastructure would be taken out
Hecht 11
Laurence Hecht analyst for 21st Century Tech  Solar Storm Threatening Power Grids – Yet no Action Taken to Implement Defences  http://oilprice.com/Energy/Energy-General/Solar-Storm-Threatening-Power-Grids-%E2%80%93-Yet-no-Action-Taken-to-Implement-Defences.html
 According to a…descend into chaos.

Independently, grid collapse leads to 71 nuclear meltdowns
Goldes 11
Mark Goldes Former Research Fellow at Brandeis University is Founder of the Aesop Institute. Formerly Senior Director of the Berlin Corridor control radar in Germanyfor US Air Force
SOLAR MEGASTORMS can GENERATE a GLOBAL NUCLEAR NIGHTMARE
http://www.opednews.com/articles/SOLAR-MEGASTORMS-can-GENER-by-Mark-Goldes-111119-448.html
A map of…planet wide nightmare!

No intervening actors
AP 11
Associated Press 3-29-11 Nuclear power plants in U.S. vulnerable to power outages, study shows  
http://www.pennlive.com/midstate/index.ssf/2011/03/nuclear_power_plants_in_us_vul.html-http://www.pennlive.com/midstate/index.ssf/2011/03/nuclear_power_plants_in_us_vul.html
Long before the…away by tsunami."

Don’t trust their impact defense – we’ve been lucky to avoid collapse
Natural Resource Defense Council 11
What if the Fukushima nuclear fallout crisis had happened here?
http://www.nrdc.org/nuclear/fallout/
A future severe…severe nuclear accident.

US reactors outweigh Fukushima
Wald 11
Matthew L. Wald is a reporter at The New York Times Risk From Spent Nuclear Reactor Fuel Is Greater in U.S. Than in Japan, Study Says  http://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/25/business/energy-environment/25nuke.html
The threat of…the report notes. 

Sandy proves – grid disruptions have the potential to cause meltdowns
Guarino 12
 Douglas P., Global Security Newswire, "Critics: Sandy Showed Nuclear Plants’ Vulnerability to Weather, Sabotage," 11/1/12 http://www.nationaljournal.com/domesticpolicy/critics-sandy-showed-nuclear-plants-vulnerability-to-weather-sabotage-20121101 AD 11/9/12
The danger Hurricane…of square miles.”

Extinction
Wasserman 01
(Harvey, Senior Editor – Free Press, "America’s Terrorist Nuclear Threat to Itself", October,http://www.wagingpeace.org/articles/2001/10/00_wasserman_nuclear-threat.htm)
Without continous monitoring…be shut down. 

Outweighs US-Russia war
Goldes 11
Goldes Nov 23, 2011 Mark Goldes Former Research Fellow at Brandeis University is Founder of the Aesop Institute. Formerly Senior Director of the Berlin Corridor control radar in Germanyfor US Air Force ¶ "SOLAR MEGASTORMS can GENERATE a GLOBAL NUCLEAR NIGHTMARE" www.opednews.com/articles/SOLAR-MEGASTORMS-can-GENER-by-Mark-Goldes-111119-448.html AD 10/25/12
We face a…be of concern.

Chemical plant explosions outweigh nuclear war
Latynina ’03
Yulia Latynina, journalist for Novaya GazetaWorld Press Review (VOL. 50, No. 11) www.worldpress.org/Americas/1579.cfm
The scariest thing…entire grid system.

Contention three is refineries

World oil market it tight – vulnerable to new shocks
Wolf ’12
Martin Wolf, associate editor and chief economics commentator at the Financial Times, widely considered to be one of the world’s most influential writers on economics. "Prepare for a new era of oil shocks". The Financial Times. March 27, 2012. http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/41ba759a-7730-11e1-baf3-00144feab49a.html~~%23axzz1qNuyqGNk
Yet, despite the…of it, instead.

Power outages biggest threat to refineries
Kahn ’11
Chris, Associated Press, "AP Energy Writers Jonathan Fahey in New York and Sandy Shore in Denver contributed to this story., " Hurricane Irene: Oil Refineries Likely To Shut Down As Storm Nears," 8/25/11 www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/08/25/refineries-irene-preparation-hurricane-east-coast_n_937286.html
Jeff Hazle, the…during the storm. 

Refinery backup generation fails – no diesel resupply
INSS ’11
Institute for National Strategic Studies, National Defense University, October 4-5, 2011 "Tabletop Exercise: Secure Grid ’11" coordinated by Dr. Dr. Richard B. Andres Energy Security Chair, Institute for National Strategic Studies Professor of National Security Strategy, National War College
It is unknown how…such backup generation.

Devastates the global oil market-US refining capacity key
Michaelsen 7 (Mark, “Refinery Shortage,” American Spectator, 8/21, http://spectator.org/archives/2007/08/21/refinery-shortage)
Hurricane Katrina showed…supply and demand.

Shocks lead to wars
King 08
 Neil King Jr., Washington Reporter from the Wall Street Journal, Center for a New American Security, July 2008, "Peak Oil: A survey of security concerns," www.aspousa.org/aspousa4/proceedings/_CNAS_King_Peak_Oil_WorkingPaper.pdf, AD 3/21/12
Many commentators in…the country’s travails. 

Shocks cause US aggression
Townsend ’13
Erik, hedge fund manager, retired software entrepreneur, founder of the Cushing Group, a consulting firm that allowed Wells Fargo to become the world’s first Internet Bank, actively traded energy, grains, and precious metals futures since 2008, lectured on Peak Oil to Belgian Parliament and ASPO technical Conference, frequent guest on FInancial Sense Newshour; "Commentary: Why Peak Oil Threatens the International Monetary System," 1/6/13, Association for the Study of Peak Oil and Gas USA http://aspousa.org/2013/01/commentary-why-peak-oil-threatens-the-international-monetary-system/ AD 2/6/13
Let’s not forget…the ultimate outcome.

Oil price spikes cause food price shocks
Klare ’11
PhD from the Graduate School of the Union Institution, Five Colleges professor of Peace and World Security Studies at Hampshire College, defense correspondent of The Nation, teaches at Amherst, Smith, Mount Holyoke, on the board of Human Rights Watch and the Arms Control Association, "The Oil-Food Price Shock," 3/10/11www.thenation.com/article/159165/oil-food-price-shock%23
The great irony…and animal feed. 

Escalates all hotspots
Bailey and Horwich ’12
Rob, Royal Institute of International Affairs , interviewed by Jeff Horwich, Interim host of Marketplace Morning Report 26 Royal Institute of International Affairs, http://www.marketplace.org/topics/world/us-drought-could-have-global-impact-food-prices
Well America is…China, quite seriously.

Contention four is solvency

Solar key to effective disaster response
Young ’03
William Young. Jr. Research Engineer. University of Central Florida PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS: TRAINING DISASTER ORGANIZATIONS¶ On The Use Of PV http://www.fsec.ucf.edu/en/publications/pdf/fsec-pf-371-03.pdf
Experience has shown…under these circumstances?

Solar emergency generators are the key to effective stable energy supplies in an emergency
Spisak ’11
John Spisak Spisak has extensive experience in the national environmental policy arena having co-chaired a national organization for the reform of the Superfund Law working closely with both houses of Congress having been invited to testify numerous times before various Senate and House Committeesis, the President and CEO of SolaRover, , a science graduate of Purdue University has broad international business experience in the natural resources, new technologies and environmental industries.¶ http://www.theicosamagazine.com/solarover
MOBILE SOLAR IN DISASTER ZONES
The second part…and the solutions.

Solar is key to long term energy when the grid is down in a disaster
Young 03
William Young. Jr. Research Engineer. University of Central Florida, Florida Solar Energy Center¶ Disasters and Energy Security Management¶ http://www.fsec.ucf.edu/en/publications/pdf/FSEC-PF-372-03.pdf
Listed above are…than gasoline generators.

The Army Corps of Engineers has unique capabilities to anticipate and respond quickly to any disaster
Corps Results 09
"Emergency Management" Produced by the U.S. Army Engineer Institute for Water Resources inpartnership with the Headquarters Emergency
Management Branch, http://www.corpsresults.us/docs/VTNEmerMgmtBro_loresprd.pdf, AD 10/25/12
The Corps is…and computer systems. 

Tournament: Districts | Round: 3 | Opponent: Indiana FP | Judge: 

1. EPA & DOE nominations will drain capital now.
   Reuters 2/20 (“Obama decides on EPA, Energy Department nominees,” http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/02/20/us-obama-cabinet-epa-energy-idUSBRE91J0ZE20130220)
   President Barack Obama…such executive actions.

2. Obama pushing energy efficiency funds now – Congress will vote in the next budget.
Collins 2/20 (Jordan, Mintz Levin Cohn Ferris Glovsky and Popeo PC, “$200 million in energy efficiency funding, Obama proposes,” http://www.lexology.com/library/detail.aspx?g=832ed412-6051-4e45-a108-644b787dab65)
President Barack Obama…to make electricity.

3. No DA – GOP will block, the votes too far off, and visas for skilled workers are inevitable
Cowan 2/5 (Richard, Editor, “House Republicans Challenge Obama Immigration Plan's Citizenship Goal,” Reuters, 2013, http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/02/05/us-usa-immigration-idUSBRE9130V620130205)
Republicans in the… the same mistakes."

4. Clean energy success builds capital for Obama-RENEWABLES
Becker 2/21 (William, executive director of the Presidential Climate Action Project, “The First Climate Test For Obama 2.0,” The Energy Collective, http://theenergycollective.com/josephromm/188816/first-climate-test-obama-20)
Another important test…deal with it now.

5. Army Corps can count on overwhelming bipartisan support no matter what – even despite cheating or potential stigma
Michael Grunwald, senior national correspondent at Time Magazine, 8 (March 19, “Journalist Michael Grunwald on the hubris of the Army Corps,” http://grist.org/article/grunwald1/)
It’s a silly…America’s ravaged ecosystems.

6. Agency action shields politics
Dobkin 8—past Chairperson of the Immigration Law Section of the Oakland County (Michigan) Bar Association and has lectured and presented seminars on immigration in the U.S., Canada and the U.K. (Donald, THE RISE OF THE ADMINISTRATIVE STATE: APRESCRIPTION FOR LAWLESSNESS,www.law.ku.edu/publications/journal/pdf/v17n3/dobkin.pdf)
Because an agency’s… guides agency decisions. 38

7. PC isn’t real —butterfly effect – only winners win.
Hirsh 2/7 (Michael, chief correspondent for National Journal, previously served as the senior editor and national economics correspondent for Newsweek, “There’s No Such Thing as Political Capital,” http://www.nationaljournal.com/magazine/there-s-no-such-thing-as-political-capital-20130207, NP)
On Tuesday, in…a bandwagon effect.”

8. Comprehensive reform fails – if it passes it has too many compromises that prevent solvency.
Morrison 12/9 [Bruce, a former U.S. Representative from Connecticut, was the chairman of the House immigration subcommittee and the author of the Immigration Act of 1990. December 9th, 2012, "One Bill of Compromises Isn’t the Answer”,www.nytimes.com/roomfordebate/2012/12/09/understanding-immigration-reform/one-immigration-bill-of-compromises-isnt-the-answer]
To many,“comprehensive…barrier is removed.

Tournament: Districts | Round: 7 | Opponent: John Carroll | Judge:
Contention One – Inherency – 

Massive domestic oil development in the status quo non-uniques their DA’s but don’t solve the case – refineries are key to cashing in on the energy revolution.
van der Hoeven 2/6 (Maria, executive director of the International Energy Agency, “US must avoid shale boom turning to bust,” Financial Times, http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/af84760a-6fa2-11e2-956b-00144feab49a.html#axzz2LUs702v8)
A boom in…boom goes bust.

Unfortunately, federal restrictions are causing a wave of refinery closures now.
Institute for Energy Research 12 (“Over-regulation of the Nation’s Refineries,” 5/3, http://www.instituteforenergyresearch.org/2012/05/03/over-regulation-of-the-nations-refineries/)
American refineries are…of the problem.[i]

Contention Two – Oil Shocks – 

While industry consolidation has increased efficiency, this also undercuts market flexibility in times of demand spikes – puts the oil market on the brink of major price shocks and supply disruptions.  Flexible refining capacity is key to ensuring stability in the global market.
LEVIN Institute 7 (a new 21st Century model for learning, research and public engagement that addresses key aspects and issues of globalization, innovation, and entrepreneurship as a part of SUNY’s Office of Global Affairs, conducts research and public engagement initiatives that deepen knowledge about the global economy and identify action to provide for a sustainable economy and society, “Refining Challenge,” 3/5, http://www.globalization101.org/a-refining-challenge/)
In thinking about…become very real. 

Domestic refineries are at risk of shutdown now – disruption at one refinery sends shockwaves through the entire market.
Michaelsen 7 (Mark, Public Affairs writer at the American Spectator, “Refinery Shortage,” American Spectator, 8/21, http://spectator.org/archives/2007/08/21/refinery-shortage)
Hurricane Katrina showed…supply and demand.

Oil shocks escalate global tensions, causing nuclear war.
Qasem 7  (Islam Yasin, a doctoral candidate in the Department of Politics and Social Sciences at the University of Pompeu Fabra (UPF) in Barcelona, MA in International Affairs from Columbia, “The Coming Warfare of Oil Shortage,” 7/9, http://www.opednews.com/articles/opedne_islam_ya_070709_the_coming_warfare_o.htm)
Recognizing the strategic…interests are high. 

Oil shocks tank the global economy – best data.
Newman 11 (Rick, “How Arab Unrest Could Harm the World Economy,” US News & World Report, 2/18, http://www.usnews.com/mobile/blogs/flowchart/2011/2/18/how-arab-unrest-could-harm-the-world-economy.html)
Oil, however, is…a game-changer.

Economic collapse causes global nuclear war.
Burrows and Harris 9 (Mathew J., counselor in the National Intelligence Council (NIC), the principal drafter of Global Trends 2025: A Transformed World, and Jennifer, member of the NIC’s Long Range Analysis Unit, “Revisiting the Future: Geopolitical Effects of the Financial Crisis”, Washington Quarterly, April, http://www.ciaonet.org/journals/twq/v32i2/f_0016178_13952.pdf)
Increased Potential for…world turn negative.

Contention Three – China – 

Refinery closures causing a shift overseas now – this puts domestic industry on brink of collapse.
NYT 9 (Jad Mouawad, “Chilly Climate for Oil Refiners,” 1/23, http://www.nytimes.com/2009/12/24/business/energy-environment/24refining.html?_r=0)
Refineries, especially smaller…according to Barclays.

Expanded Chinese oil refining causes economic overshoot – this threatens regime and economic stability.
WSJ 12 (Gurdeep Singh, “China Refineries Expand to Escape Crackdown,” 10/18, http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10000872396390444734804578064204097293538.html)
China's effort to…wave of expansion. 

Chinese economic recession and instability escalates to civil war.
Xenakis 5 (John, MIT graduate and Researcher / Analyst at Generational Dynamics, 1/15, “China Appears to be Approaching a Major Civil War,” http://www.generationaldynamics.com/cgi-bin/D.PL?s=QQdIay&d=ww2010.home
So the increasing…the following sections. 

Regime instability causes WMD use, killing 200 million.
Epoch Times 4 (San Renxing, “The CCP’s Last Ditch gamble: Biological and Nuclear War,” The Epoch Times, 8/4, http://www.theepochtimes.com/news/5-8-5/30931.html)
Since the Party’s…of the speeches.

Independently, Chinese economic collapse leads to World War 3
Plate 3 (Tom, UCLA Professor, Straits Times 6/28, http://www.pakistanidefenceforum.com/lofiversion/index.php/t14350.html)
But imagine a…seems to prefer.

Increasing refinery production gives the US a competitive advantage over foreign refiners.
Nerurkar 12 (Neelesh, Specialist in Energy Policy, “U.S. Oil Imports and Exports,” Congressional Research Service, 4/4, http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R42465.pdf)
As with international…of existing capacity.  

PLAN – The United States Federal Government should enact the provisions of the Refinery Permit Process Scheduling Act which establish a unified federal coordinator for issuing and expediting domestic crude oil refinery production permits.

Contention Four – Solvency – 

Plan is key to preventing price and supply shocks by providing regulatory certainty that allows new refineries to be built.
Barton 6 (Joe, M.S., Industrial Administration, Purdue University and current U. S. Representative from Texas since 1984, “Barton Urges Colleagues to Support Adding New Refinery Capacity,” 5/3, http://votesmart.org/public-statement/170904/barton-urges-colleagues-to-support-adding-new-refinery-capacity#.URk2bR01m5J)
"Getting new refinery…and lower prices.

Plan provides regulatory certainty to build new facilities without sacrificing environmental standards.
Carter 6 (John, JD, University of Texas and current US Representative from Texas since 2010, “CARTER SUPPORTS BILL TO INCREASE OIL PRODUCTION IN THE U.S.,” 6/7, http://carter.house.gov/press-releases/carter-supports-bill-to-increase-oil-production-in-the-us/)
U.S. Representative John…Recovery Act requirements.

Plan solves – allows quick identification of sites for refinery building and expansion.
Norquist 6 (Grover, founder and President of Americans for Tax Reform, Letter to Congressman Charlie Bass, 6/5, http://www.atr.org/pdf/2006/June/060506lt-refinery_permit.pdf)
On behalf of…for potential sites.   

Even without new refineries, reducing restrictions is key to prevent more closure and allow capital investment in plant upgrades.
Institute for Energy Research 12 (“Over-regulation of the Nation’s Refineries,” 5/3, http://www.instituteforenergyresearch.org/2012/05/03/over-regulation-of-the-nations-refineries/)
The U.S. refinery…of all regulations.

Plan provides regulatory certainty for refinery building and solves prices.
American Chronicle 6 (Cites Mary Bono, former U.S. Representative from California, 2003-2013, “Bono Votes to Provide Relief from Rising Gas Prices; Criticizes Dem's Block on Refinery Capacity,” 5/9, http://www.americanchronicle.com/articles/view/9240)
Congresswoman Mary Bono…new plant development.

Tournament: Districts | Round: 7 | Opponent: John Carroll | Judge: 

1. Perm – do both

2. China solvency deficit – their ‘XOs don’t link to politics’ argument proves the CP wouldn’t trigger Chinese perception of US refinery competitiveness – this causes China to continue over-investing in their own refinery capacity, causing economic overshoot and CCP collapse.

3. The counterplan devastates regulatory certainty:

A. Disposability
Cooper 97 [Phillip, Professor of Poli Sci @ University of Vermont, Administration and Society, Lexis]
Even if they…than the alternatives.

B. Judicial intervention
Cooper 2 [Phillip, Professor of Public Administration @ Portland State University, By Order of the President: The Use and Abuse of Executive Direct Action” pg..77]
Despite the apparent…admittedly legitimate decrees. 

4. The CP links to politics and doesn’t access our link offense
Cohen 11 [Tom, CNN Wire news editor, Former Bureau Chief at The Associated Press, “Obama uses executive orders as a political tool” November 01, 2011 http://articles.cnn.com/2011-11-01/politics/politics_obama-executive-orders_1_executive-orders-press-secretary-jay-carney-inaction?_s=PM:POLITICS]
Republicans reject the…nothing unconstitutional happens.

5. Can’t solve-legislation key-Norquist 6 and Carter 6 both specifically say that an act of legislation by Congress is key to business certainty and solving the advantages-otherwise businesses won’t invest.

6. Executive orders (and prez powers) destroy leadership.
Owens 9 [Bob, “Obama Surrenders U.S. Sovereignty: His INTERPOL Executive Order,” December 28, http://pajamasmedia.com/blog/obama-surrenders-u-s-sovereignty-his-interpol-executive-order/]
Schippert and Middleton note…by our enemies. 

7. Perm – do the counterplan. It’s justified because agent counterplans are bad – they make it impossible to go aff – there are an infinite number of agents that could conceptually do anything, but topic specific research is the best litmus test for defining appropriate negative ground

8. Perm checks rollback and solves the net benefit
Anderson 2 (Leanna Anderson (clerk for H.R. Lloyd, U.S. Magistrate) Hastings Constitutional Law Quarterly)
To be challengeable…effect of law.

9. Turn- IBC

A. The counterplan causes inter-branch conflict
Rosen 98[Colonel Richard, Judge Advocate General's Corps, United States Army, “Funding "Non-Traditional" Military Operations: The Alluring Myth Of A Presidential Power Of The Purse” Military Law Review 155 Mil. L. Rev. 1, Lexis]
Finally, if a situation…the President's actions. 

B. IBC destroys leadership
Winik ‘91 [Jay, Senior Research Fellow, Nat’l Defense U, Washington Quarterly, Autumn, Lexis]
Thus, it is…of the issue. 

C. Global nuclear war
Khalilzad ‘95 (Zalmay, RAND Corporation, Losing The Moment? Washington Quarterly, Vol 18, No 2, p. 84)
Global Leadership Under…of power system. 

Tournament: Districts | Round: 7 | Opponent: John Carroll | Judge: 

1. Thumper – Obama pushing pipeline permits now.
   Platts 2/20 (“Obama plan calls for quicker approval of pipelines, renewables,” http://www.platts.com/RSSFeedDetailedNews/RSSFeed/Oil/6177808)
   The White House… and energy independence.

2. Obama losing capital with environmentalists now – Keystone.
Roll Call 2/12 (“Obama Faces New Pressure on Canadian Oil Sands,” http://www.rollcall.com/news/obama_faces_new_pressure_on_canadian_oil_sands-222356-1.html)
Northeastern lawmakers are…the National Mall.

3. Oil production increasing now – Obama pushing for exploration permits.
Bloomberg 2/14 (“Obama Clean-Energy Fund Would Gain If Oil Drilling Expanded,” http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-02-14/obama-s-clean-energy-fund-seen-gaining-if-oil-drilling-expanded.html)
A White House…and bonus bids. 

4. Laundry List Thumper – Obama’s going for it all now.
Anniston Star 2/13 (“President Obama’s political capital,” http://annistonstar.com/view/full_story/21700957/article-President-Obama-s-political-capital-?instance=opinion_lead)
After securing a… of gun-control laws.

5. Obama’s capital makes it impossible for Republicans to give in – broad lobby support key.
Cook 2/21 (Charlie, “Why Obama Should Sit Down and Keep Quiet,” National Journal, http://www.nationaljournal.com/columns/cook-report/why-obama-should-sit-down-and-keep-quiet-20130221)
Sometimes, silence really is golden. In politics, taking the path of highest visibility isn’t always the smartest way to do things. This week presented two good examples of that principle being violated, one by a Democrat and the other by a Republican.
As we watch…events. Bad idea.

6. Midterms thump the DA and CIR unpopular with Dems
McLaughlin 2/18 (Seth, “Obama’s liberal agenda seen as risky for red state Democrats,” Washington Times, http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2013/feb/18/obamas-agenda-seen-as-risky-for-red-state-democrat/?utm_source=RSS_Feed&utm_medium=RSS)
House Speaker John…[Democrat-controlled] Senate.”

7. Turn – GOP – Expanding oil production is key to get GOP support for Obama’s agenda
Grant 1/20 (David Grant, staff writer, 1/20/13, “Obama’s second term: Can he work with Congress? (+video)”, Christian Science Monitor, http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/DC-Decoder/2013/0120/Obama-s-second-term-Can-he-work-with-Congress-video)
And the president…remains a large “if.”

8. Turn – Lobbies ensure Democratic support for the plan.
LAT 7 (Tom Hamburger and Janet Hook, “Lobbyists Find New Congress is Open for Business,” Los Angeles Times, 1/22, http://www.commondreams.org/headlines07/0122-04.htm)
In addition, business… the manufacturers credit.

9. Turn – Expediting oil permits is bipartisan.
Bloomberg 2/14 (“Obama Clean-Energy Fund Would Gain If Oil Drilling Expanded,” http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-02-14/obama-s-clean-energy-fund-seen-gaining-if-oil-drilling-expanded.html)
Obama said his…non- partisan issue.” 

10. PC isn’t real —butterfly effect – only winners win.
Hirsh 2/7 (Michael, chief correspondent for National Journal, previously served as the senior editor and national economics correspondent for Newsweek, “There’s No Such Thing as Political Capital,” http://www.nationaljournal.com/magazine/there-s-no-such-thing-as-political-capital-20130207, NP)
On Tuesday, in…a bandwagon effect.”