Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
Sovereign politicization of life necessarily entails the devaluation and sacrifice of life
Agamben, 1999 (Gorgio, Homo Sacer, pg. 139-140)
It is as if every valorization… biological body of every living being. 

We can only know order in relation to the exception, bluring the distinction between between inside and outside endlessly reproducing violence
Caldwell, 2004 (Anne,  Assistant Professor in the Department of Political Science at the University of Louisville, Bio-Sovereignty and The Emergence of Humanity, Theory and Event - Volume 7, Issue 2, project muse)
As he explains, the "logico-formal"… activity of sovereign power" (p. 6). 

The political order inevitably uses identity to construct and enemy to destroy that makes endless war and extinction inevitable
Moreiras 2004 (Alberto, Director of European Studies at Duke “A God without Sovereignty. Political Jouissance. The Passive Decision”, CR: The New Centennial Review 4.3, p.81-83, Project MUSE)
Is the unjust enemy, as… is an absolute threat.

Alternative Text: Reject the affirmative's attempt to employ the sovereign discourse of classification and instead embrace whatever being.

Simple rejection of the 1AC allows us to access what Agamben calls "whatever being." A being that dissolves the terms of the sovereign exception because it does not claim any common identity
Caldwell, 2004 (Anne, prof of poli-sci @ U of Louisville, Theory and Event, vol 7(2))
Can we imagine another… up of whatever life, appears.

Vote negative to interrogate the connection between life and politics, only by embracing community without unity can we maintain our relationship to Dasein and escape our thanatology.
Norris, 2000 (Andrew, Ass Prof of Poli Sci @UPenn, diacritics, winter, Giorgio Agamben and the Politics of the Living Dead)
If Agamben's analysis and description… to see what is nearest to us. 

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
The affirmative’s attempts to stabilize the world are framed in the context of the administration’s rhetoric of global security—this frames their advantages as a threat to the survival of the global order and places the US outside that order as an external moderator that is fighting a moral war against fear
Noorani 2005 (Yaseen is Assistant Professor in Near Eastern Studies at the University of Arizona. Previously Lecturer in Arabic Literature at the University of Edinburgh. CR: The New Centennial Review 5.1 (2005) 13-41 “The Rhetoric of Security” project muse)
The Bush administration perpetually… for the foreseeable future.

The world is inherently relativistic—competing value systems guarantee wars between states. When the mission of statehood goes beyond protection of the state to protection of civilization it escalates warfare by framing others as outside the liberal order
Rasch, 2003 (William, Henry H. H. Remak Professor of Germanic Studies at Indiana University, “Human Rights as Geopolitics,” Cultural Critique 54, 120-147)
In the past, we/they… from the civilized world

Our alternative is to Reject the affirmative’s plan, affirm difference and embrace disorder. 

Disorder and insecurity are inevitable but efforts to control this fear have resulted in the deaths of millions the possibility of our utter annihilation. Only by affirming difference can we break out of the infinite cycle of violence that created their harms in the first place
Der Derian, 1998 (Political Science Professor, University of Massachusetts. James, On Security, ed: Lipschitz, The Value of Security: Hobbes, Marx, Nietzsche, and Baudrillard, Decentering Security)
No other concept in… into a fearful sameness. 

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
Ideological transgression is a continuation of the existing order—the power of the protest structurally depends upon the continued authority of the system.  The critique functions as a carnivalesque reversal of authority—we make a gesture of non-compliance that posits us as the “real” masters of fate.
Zizek 95 (Slavoj,  International Director of the Birkbeck Institute for the Humanities, president of the Society for Theoretical Psychoanalysis, LAW AND THE POSTMODERN MIND: SUPEREGO BY DEFAULT, Cardozo Law Review, 1995, 16 Cardozo L. Rev. 925)

In the traditional ... the national thing?   

Vote negative to transverse the fantasy.  If it is impossible to fully represent the real, then we have no choice but to institutionalize the Lack or design politics around doubt and uncertainity.  This will result in more radically democratic politics.
Stavrakakis, 99 (Yannis, Lacan and the Political, Visiting Professor, Department of Government, University of Essex, pages p 96-98). 

According to my ... transformed ethical framework.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
Text: The United States federal government should gradually implement a complete phase out of its fossil fuel subsidies.

The counterplan solves the case –
It will immediately make renewables competitive and solve global warming
International Wildlife 99 (“What We Must Do to Counter the BIOTIC HOLOCAUST-unintentional elimination of species,” March 1999, http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1170/is_1999_March/ai_53939205/pg_1?tag=artBody;col1)
The heavy subsidy… of global warming.

US elimination of subsidies sends a global signal
Adler, 2000 – Former CEI senior fellow in environmental policy
Jonathan H. Adler, “Lights Out on Subsidies: Why We Need to Turn Off the Switch on Federal Subsidies for Energy,” Competitive Enterprise, 7-2-00  http://cei.org/gencon/005,01776.cfm
Some analysts may… these subsidy programs.

The plan and permutation are complicit with government statism that destroys individual liberty and must be rejected. The government will use its subsidies to create a foundation to dictate the terms and conditions of the plan’s implementation – turning solvency.
Bovard, 95 – journalist for the New York Times, Wall Street Journal and Newsweek
(James, Lost Rights: The Destruction of American Liberty, p.162-163)  JMP
Subsidies mix everyone's… to buy his submission.

And, individual liberty is paramount – every intrusion must be resisted
Petro, 1974 (Sylvester, Professor of Law at Wake Forest University, University of Toledo Law Review, p.480)
However, one may still… with undying spirit.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
Text: the United States federal government should (INSERT BINGHAMTON’S PLAN TEXT) with a molten salt coolant system.

Plan implements a sodium-cooled fast breed reactor
GE Hitachi 12-GE Hitachi is a Nuclear Energy Group providing a technology Update on their PRISM design, “PRISM: Elegantly Simple, Passive, Modular, and Environmental” http://www.ge-energy.com/content/multimedia/_files/downloads/dataform_2053733743_2809794.pdf
GE Hitachi Nuclear …conventional steam turbine.

Empirically, sodium-cooled reactors cause accidents
Mack 2004 (Eric, Pacific News Service http://www.alternet.org/environment/18254 This is Just a Test/ March 26, 2004)
According to Brown… from loose parts."

Extinction
Caldicott 94 (Helen, Australian Physician, Nuclear Madness, p. 21)
As a physician,… world’s pronuclear policies

MSRs are drastically safer in comparison
Barton 2010-Dr. Charles Barton is a historian of science  and worked on the LFTR concept. He has a MA in Philosophy and a phd in History, “Molten Salt Reactor Safety Related Advantages”
http://nucleargreen.blogspot.com/2010/05/molten-salt-reactor-safety-related.html
The molten salt reactor

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
Text: The United States Federal Government should establish that the penalty for violating restrictions on the plan is entry into a Supplemental Environmental Project. 

Implementation of the Supplemental Environmental Program should nullify additional legal penalties from the violating action, and any conflicting federal laws and regulations should be modified to provide a narrow exemption for the above penalty.

Penalties determine regulatory compliance—restrictions are irrelevant if penalties are marginal
Center for Progressive Regulation, 2008, Environmental Enforcement, progressiveregulation.org/perspectives/environEnforce.html
Effective enforcement is ... in the first place.

The CP’s SEP penalty is just that—it causes the same industry response as the aff, without lifting the restriction
David Dana, Professor of Law, Boston University School of Law, 1998, ARTICLE: THE UNCERTAIN MERITS OF ENVIRONMENTAL ENFORCEMENT REFORM: THE CASE OF SUPPLEMENTAL ENVIRONMENTAL PROJECTS, 1998 Wis. L. Rev. 1181, Lexis
The previous analysis ... one of underdeterrence.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
Energy leadership secures U.S. primacy and allows leverage against challengers
Klarevas 9 (Louis, Professor at the Center for Global Affairs – New York University, "Securing American Primacy While Tackling Climate Change: Toward a National Strategy of Greengemony-http://www.huffingtonpost.com/louis-klarevas/securing-american-primacy_b_393223.html", Huffington Post, 12-15, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/louis-klarevas/securing-american-primacy_b_393223.html)
By not addressing climate… potential foes in check.

We must abandon hegemony! It would force smaller powers to take care of regional problems  but latching on to unipolarity makes great power war inevitable
Schwarz and Layne 02  Editor of the Atlantic, Research Fellow with the Center on Peace and Liberty at the Independent Institute Benjamin and Christopher “A New Grand Strategy” Atlantic Monthly, January 1st
The rise of new great… new great powers.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
Oil prices remain high due to speculation—They control the markets
Learsy 12-Raymond J. Learsy is the author of Oil and Finance: The Epic Corruption Continues and Over a Barrel: Breaking Oil’s Grip on Our Future. He has worked as a commodities trader, private investor and is currently a member of the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars “The Price of Oil, Speculation and the Election” September 24
http://www.rigzone.com/news/oil_gas/a/120904/The_Price_of_Oil_Speculation_and_the_Election
If the oil market… designing good policy."

The plan collapses oil prices overnight
Poruban 12 Steven Poruban "API: Raising US oil supplies key to lowering gasoline prices" 3/26 www.ogj.com/articles/print/vol-110/issue-3c/general-interest/api-raising-us-oil.html
A major component to… fell by $15-16/bbl.

High prices key to Iraqi stability—Affects the entire region
George Friedman, 5/27/2008. PhD, Founder and CEO of Stratfor. “The Geopolitics of $130 Oil,” Stratfor Geopolitical Intelligence Report, http://www.stratfor.com/weekly/geopolitics_130_oil.
Suddenly, the regional… to these considerations.

Mid-East instability results in global nuclear war
Steinbach, DC Iraq Coalition, 2002  John, Israeli Weapons of Mass Destruction: a Threat to Peace, March,
http://www.wagingpeace.org/articles/02.03/0331steinbachisraeli.htm
Meanwhile, the existence… a world conflagration." (44)

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
We recognize that society is deeply flawed and also demand a change in racial relations, but rather than embracing destruction, we recognize that there are also good values found in society. We recognize that not only is America the cause, but that it also holds the remedy to racial violence
 Frank 5 (From Frank and McPhail’s collaborative 2k5 RandPA, David A. Frank is Professor of Rhetoric in the Robert D.Clark Honors College at the University of Oregon, Eugene. Mark Lawrence McPhail is Professor of Interdisciplinary Studies in the Western College Program at Miami University in Oxford, ¶
Accordingly, Kim Forde-Mazrui ... in making their claims. 

The 1AC was an endorsement of a pessimistic view of the “black body” that we whole hardily REJECT! This type of thinking dooms any chance of liberation.
Thernstrom 98—Abigail Thernstrom is the vice chairwoman of the U.S. Commission on Civil Rights and as an adjunct scholar at the American Enterprise Institute. Stephan Thernstrom is Winthrop Research Professor of History at Harvard University. “Black Progress: How far we've come, and how far we have to go” http://www.brookings.edu/research/articles/1998/03/edu/research/articles/1998/03/spring-affirmativeaction-thernstrom
Black progress over ... progress surely demands.

An endorsement of social death is an endorsement of nothingness. The affirmative can achieve nothing through pessimism but an entrenchment of individuals in unending despair.
Brown 9—Vincent Brown is Professor of History and of African and African-American Studies at Harvard University. AMERICAN HISTORICAL REVIEW, DECEMBER 2009, http://history.fas.harvard.edu/people/faculty/documents/pdf
Slavery and Social Death ... decidedly toward despair.

Reject the affirmative’s attempt to imprison the black body in a permanent state of nothingness and embrace afro-futurism—A politic of HOPE! Embracing politics of hope solves—policy simulation brings joy that makes radical, collective political struggle possible—the aff causes disengagement which turns their impacts and destroys value to life.
Jensen 1—Robert Jensen is Professor of Journalism @ University of Texas, Austin. “Critical Hope: Radical Citizenship in Reactionary Times,” 12-17-01, http://www.commondreams.org/views01/1217-05.htm,
Just as we have to distinguish between critique and cynicism, we have to realize that hope is not synonymous with optimism. I am hopeful, but I am not necessarily always optimistic, at least not about the short-term possibilities. These systems and structures ... beauty of being human."

Tournament: NDT | Round: 2 | Opponent:  | Judge: 

1NC Restrict v. Regulate

Restrictions must legally mandate less production, not just regulate it
Anell 89
Chairman, WTO panel
"To examine, in the light of the relevant GATT provisions, the matter referred to the
CONTRACTING PARTIES by the United States in document L/6445 and to make such
AND
PARTIES on 5 December 1989 (L/6568 - 36S/68)
http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/dispu_e/88icecrm.pdf-http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/dispu_e/88icecrm.pdf
The United States argued that Canada had failed to demonstrate that it effectively restricted domestic
AND
to what the situation would be in the absence of all government measures.
the plan decreases regulations, not restrictions.  
Sinha 6
http://www.indiankanoon.org/doc/437310/-http://www.indiankanoon.org/doc/437310/
Supreme Court of India Union Of India %26 Ors vs M/S. Asian
AND
No. 17558 of 2006~  S.B. SINHA, J :  
We may, however, notice that this Court in State of U.P. and Others v. M/s. Hindustan Aluminium Corpn. and others ~AIR 1979 SC 1459~ stated the law thus:
"It appears that a distinction between regulation and restriction or prohibition has always been
AND
the word prohibiting or some such word, to bring out that effect."
C. Voting Issue
a. Limits—They open the flood gates to an infinite amount of affs that remove limiting regs. Impossible to debate. Specific, limited resolutions ensure mutual ground which is key to sustainable controversy without sacrificing creativity or openness
b. Ground—They moot all research and make it impossible for us to garner links because they don’t have to defend an increase in production. 

Tournament: NDT | Round: 2 | Opponent: Georgia LS | Judge: 

1NC Oil Disad

Oil prices remain high due to speculation—They control the markets
Learsy 12-Raymond J. Learsy is the author of Oil and Finance: The Epic Corruption Continues and Over a Barrel: Breaking Oil’s Grip on Our Future. He has worked as a commodities trader, private investor and is currently a member of the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars "The Price of Oil, Speculation and the Election" September 24
http://www.rigzone.com/news/oil_gas/a/120904/The_Price_of_Oil_Speculation_and_the_Election
If the oil market were functioning in an unfettered way, reflecting the true dynamics
AND
prices is a critical first step for allocating resources and designing good policy."
The plan collapses oil prices overnight
Poruban 12 Steven Poruban "API: Raising US oil supplies key to lowering gasoline
AND
of days, oil prices fell by %2415-16/bbl.
High prices key to Iraqi stability—Affects the entire region
George Friedman, 5/27/2008. PhD, Founder and CEO of Stratfor. "The Geopolitics of %24130 Oil," Stratfor Geopolitical Intelligence Report, http://www.stratfor.com/weekly/geopolitics_130_oil-http://www.stratfor.com/weekly/geopolitics_130_oil.
Suddenly, the regional dynamics have changed. The Saudi royal family is secure against
AND
Groups such as al Qaeda and Hezbollah are decidedly secondary to these considerations.
Mid-East instability results in global nuclear war
Steinbach, DC Iraq Coalition, 2002  ~John, Israeli Weapons of Mass Destruction: a Threat to Peace, March,
http://www.wagingpeace.org/articles/02.03/0331steinbachisraeli.htm~~
Meanwhile, the existence of an arsenal of mass destruction in such an unstable region
AND
the deepening Middle East conflict could trigger a world conflagration." (44)

Tournament: NDT | Round: 2 | Opponent: Georgia LS | Judge: 

1NC Immigration

Immigration will pass but pol cap is key to continued compromise
Martin 3/28—Gary Martin writes for CT Post, "Immigration reform gaining support in Congress"
http://www.ctpost.com/local/article/Immigration-reform-gaining-support-in-Congress-4393187.php
A Republican Party-http://www.ctpost.com/?controllerName=search%26action=search%26channel=local%26search=1%26inlineLink=1%26query=%22Republican+Party%22 in desperate search for relevance to Latino voters. An expanded Democratic
AND
and growing — minority voting bloc. ¶ Public opinion is behind them.
Plan causes fights
Harder 3/8-Amy writers for the National Journal, "Push for Natural Gas Vehicles Opposed By Both Environmentalists, Deficit Hawks" http://www.nationaljournal.com/energy/energy-week-2012/push-for-natural-gas-vehicles-opposed-by-both-environmentalists-deficit-hawks-20120308
"The president has proposed we switch trucks to natural gas, and I’m here
AND
, but the vote could put some politically vulnerable members in tough spots.
Immigration reform generates an effective base of IT experts.
McLarty 9 (Thomas F. III, President – McLarty Associates and Former White House Chief of Staff and Task Force Co-Chair, "U.S. Immigration Policy: Report of a CFR-Sponsored Independent Task Force", 7-8, http://www.cfr.org/ publication/19759/us_immigration_policy.html)
We have seen, when you look at the table of the top 20 firms
AND
going to strengthen, I think, our system, our security needs.
That deters and solves the impact to cyberattacks
Saydjari 8 (O. Sami, Cyber Defense Agency, LLC, "Structuring for Strategic Cyber Defense: A Cyber Manhattan Project Blueprint", 2008 Annual Computer Security Applications Conference, http://www.acsac.org/2008/program /keynotes/saydjari.pdf)
As a step toward a security research plan that includes such capabilities, we should
AND
infrastructures. Currently, adversaries can attack critical systems without investing substantial resources.
Cyberterrorism will cause accidental launch that triggers the Dead Hand and nuclear war
Fritz 9 (Jason, BS – St. Cloud, "Hacking Nuclear Command
AND
of mass DDoS attacks, real world protests, and accusations between governments.

Tournament: NDT | Round: 2 | Opponent: Georgia LS | Judge: 

1NC CP

The National Aeronautics and Space Administration should engage in public-private joint ventures with the United States commercial space sector towards the development of helium-3 moon mining technology.
The United States Department of Defense, as an anchor tenant, should adopt a domestic advance purchase agreement for space-based solar power.
Moon mining solves helium
Hedman 06 ~Eric R. Hedman, Chief Technology Officer of Logic Design Corporation, "A fascinating hour with Gerald Kulcinski", The Space Review, January 16, 2006, http://www.thespacereview.com/article/536/1~~
Twenty years ago almost to the day of my meeting with Professor Kulcinski, he
AND
planets formed, and how they have interacted with the environment since then.
Countering stealth radar is key to air power
Axe 11 – David Axe, war zone reporter, June 7th, 2011, "China, Russia Could Make U.S. Stealth Tech Obsolete" www.wired.com/dangerroom/2011/06/stealth-tech-obsolete/-http://www.wired.com/dangerroom/2011/06/stealth-tech-obsolete/
Stealth technology — which today gives U.S. jets the nearly unparalleled ability
AND
the Air Force’s stealth gamble could turn into very, very long odds.
Satellite arctic monitoring prevents war
Hodges 11 (Jim Hodges, "Commanding the Arctic," C4ISR Journal, March 1, 2011, http://www.c4isrjournal.com/story.php?F=5508063)
It was simpler during the Cold War. The United States and Canada set up
AND
21.8 billion defense budget that some in Parliament want to reduce.

Tournament: NDT | Round: 2 | Opponent: Georgia LS | Judge: 

1NC Helium

Unipolarity will end – globalization is causing power shifts toward others and harmful American policies are causing economic and military overstretch
Haass 08  President of the Council on Foreign Relations (Richard,  Bottom of Form The Age of Nonpolarity What Will Follow U.S. Dominance, Foreign Affairs May/June
But even if great-power rivals have not emerged, unipolarity has ended.
AND
or block Tehran’s access to nuclear technology and materials. Nonpolarity begets nonpolarity.
US power has eroded – US has limited influence and its security guarantees are no longer credible
Kato 08  bureau chief of the American General Bureau of the Asahi Shimbun. (Yoichi, Return from 9/11 PTSD to Global Leader, The Washington Quarterly, Volume 31, Number 4, Autumn 2008
The execution of the Iraq war, and of the broader war on terrorism for
AND
sometimes insecure country despite its powerful hard-power economic and military assets.
Data disproves
Fettweis, 11 Christopher J. Fettweis, Department of Political Science, Tulane University, 9/26/11, Free Riding or Restraint? Examining European Grand Strategy, Comparative Strategy, 30:316–332, EBSCO
If the only thing standing between the world and chaos is the US military presence
AND
typically unidirectional. Strategic restraint in such a world be virtually risk free.
China War
Layne 07 Visiting Fellow in Foreign Policy Studies at the Cato Institute ~Christopher "American Empire: A Debate" (p 75)~
So what should the United States do about China? If the United States per¬sists
AND
. Nevertheless, the United States cannot be completely indifferent to China’s rise.

China war escalates and goes nuclear
Hunkovic, 09 – American Military University ~Lee J, 2009, "The Chinese-Taiwanese Conflict
Possible Futures of a Confrontation between China, Taiwan and the United States of America", http://www.lamp-method.org/eCommons/Hunkovic.pdf-http://www.lamp-method.org/eCommons/Hunkovic.pdf~~
A war between China, Taiwan and the United States has the potential to escalate
AND
outcome, therefore, other countries will not be considered in this study.
Heg causes terrorism
Eland 08  senior fellow at the Independent Institute (ivan, Mediterranean Quarterly Volume 19, Number 3, Summer 2008, Back to the Future: Rediscovering America’s Foreign Policy Traditions
During the Cold War, at least a plausible argument could be made for some
AND
Empire does not equal security — in fact, it sabotages it.
Prefer offshore balancing
Schwarz and Layne 02  Editor of the Atlantic, Research Fellow with the Center on Peace and Liberty-http://www.independent.org/research/copal/ at the Independent Institute-http://www.independent.org ~Benjamin and Christopher "A New Grand Strategy" Atlantic Monthly, January 1^st~
The rise of new great powers is inevitable, and America’s very primacy accelerates this
AND
States can minimize the risks of open confrontation with the new great powers.
Ground forces outweigh air power
Collins, 06  professor of national security studies at the National War College, former deputy assistant secretary of defense for stability operations, and former Army strategist (Joseph,  "From the Ground Up", Armed Forces Journal, http://www.armedforcesjournal.com/2006/10/2088164)
Second, Dunlap’s misunderstands what ground forces are supposed to do. He believes ground
AND
Nearly 15 years later, that trend shows no sign of letting up.
U.S. will not retaliate – there are no strategic targets to hit and can’t trace weapons
Mark Dowle, teaches at the Graduate School of Journalism at Berkeley, September, 2005, California Monthly, p. http://www.alumni.berkeley.edu/Alumni/Cal_Monthly/September_2005/COVER_STORY-_Berkeleys_Big_Bang_Project_.asp
Because terrorists tend to be stateless and well hidden, immediate retaliation in kind is
AND
traced, the source nation could claim that the material had been stolen.

Tournament: NDT | Round: 2 | Opponent: Georgia LS | Judge: 

1NC Arctic

Zero risk of Arctic war – no interest in resources, hype, and the UN.
Stack 08 (Graham, 10/1, RussiaProfile.org, "Who Stole the North Pole?," http://www.russiaprofile.org/page.php?pageid=International%26articleid=a1222873144)
"Rights to the resources of the continental shelf beyond 200 nautical miles have been
AND
little and about which the most recent USGS study is not particularly optimistic."
No risk of a CBRN terror attack, and there won’t be retaliation - their evidence is hype
MATISHAK ’10 (Martin, Global Security Newswire, "U.S. Unlikely to Respond to Biological Threat With Nuclear Strike, Experts Say," 4-29, http://www.globalsecuritynewswire.org/gsn/nw_20100429_7133.php-http://www.globalsecuritynewswire.org/gsn/nw_20100429_7133.php)
WASHINGTON — The United States is not likely to use nuclear force to respond to
AND
biological weapons as ’the poor man’s atomic bomb,’" he added.
Empirically no impact to bio diversity loss.
Calgary Herald, August 30, 1997
Ecologists have long maintained that diversity is one of nature’s greatest strengths, but new
AND
high biodiversity as a controller of ecosystem function and insurance against ecological collapse."

Tournament: NDT | Round: 2 | Opponent: Georgia LS | Judge: 

Counterplan

Significant progress has been made towards the development of commercial helium-3 fusion—all that’s needed is start-up capital
Schmitt 06
~Jack Schmitt, Ph.D in Geology, NASA Advisory Council, former U.S. Senator, former Apollo 17 Astronaut, consultant engaged in research with the Fusion Technology Institute on the utilization of resources from space, including the feasibility of using helium-3 from the moon to supply energy on Earth, Return to the Moon, 2006, Praxis Publishing~
Over the last decade, historic progress has been made in the use of helium
AND
-3 demonstration power plant are estimated to be about %245 billion.

And finally, once private sector businesses are off the ground, moon mining can sustain itself without further government involvement
Schmitt 06
~Jack Schmitt, Ph.D in Geology, NASA Advisory Council, former U.S. Senator, former Apollo 17 Astronaut, consultant engaged in research with the Fusion Technology Institute on the utilization of resources from space, including the feasibility of using helium-3 from the moon to supply energy on Earth, Return to the Moon, 2006, Praxis Publishing~
The same technologies that potentially will optimize the fusion of deuterium and helium-3
AND
power in particular, and for advocates of a Return to the Moon.

SPS will replace the need for space nuclear power
Grey, 2k - DIRECTOR, AEROSPACE AND SCIENCE POLICY AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF AERONAUTICS AND ASTRONAUTICS (Jerry, Federal News Service, Congressional Testimony, 9/7, lexis)
The AIAA assessment suggested a number of opportunities for multipleuse of the SSP-enabling
AND
supplementary power to surface solar power systems during periods when they are shadowed.
The DOD supports SPS and shields it
Hurst 8 – executive editor and writer for ecopolitology and Cleantechnica (Timothy B. December 21, 2008, Red Green %26 Blue, "Will Obama Champion Space-Based Solar Power?" http://redgreenandblue.org/2008/12/21/will-obama-champion-space-based-solar-power/-http://redgreenandblue.org/2008/12/21/will-obama-champion-space-based-solar-power/)
But there has also been some discussion that Obama could make cuts at NASA,
AND
robust Space-Based Solar Program, we’ll have to wait and see.
The DOD shields the plan from politics
Appelbaum 12 – Binyamin, Defense cuts would hurt scientific R%26D, experts say, The New York Times, 1-8, http://hamptonroads.com/2012/01/defense-cuts-would-hurt-scientific-rd-experts-say
Sarewitz, who studies the government’s role in promoting innovation, said the Defense Department
AND
find ways to reduce one of its largest budget items, energy costs. 

Support from military lobby takes out the link
Washington Post, 10 ~May 16, 2010, "Mr. Gates and the Pentagon Budget", http://www.nytimes.com/2010/05/17/opinion/17mon1.html?ref=opinion, 5/30/11,~
There has been a feeding frenzy at the Pentagon budget trough since the 9/
AND
that experts agree doesn’t work and Mr. Gates largely canceled last year.

Tournament: NDT | Round: 2 | Opponent: Georgia LS | Judge: 

Heg

Russia

American power makes conflict with Russia more likely – any new confrontation would escalate
Cohen 06 Professor of Russian and Slavic Studies at New York University, Contributing Editor of The Nation ~Stephen F. "The New American Cold War" The Nation, July 10^th (http://www.thenation.com/doc/20060710/cohen)~~
If American policy and Russia’s predictable countermeasures continue to develop into a full-scale
AND
Looking back, he remarked bitterly that Russia has been "constantly deceived.")  

Heg Unsustainable – 2NC Wall

Heg has collapsed – the aff can’t do anything about it – several reasons in our Haass evidence
a. Power diffusion – globalization is spreading ability to exert influence to other states and nonstate actors – inherently limits American ability to lead

b. Military overstretch – we’re bogged down in the middle east – dampening our ability deter adversaries and respond to threats

c. Wealth transfer – oil prices and account deficit cause dollar collapse and inflation that allows other countries to challenge us economically
Hegemony is unsustainable—The US is headed toward economic meltdown and power positions are shifting.
Layne 1/27—Christopher Layne is professor, and Robert M. Gates Chair in National Security at the George Bush School of Government and Public Service at Texas A%26M University, "The (Almost) Triumph of Offshore Balancing" http://nationalinterest.org/commentary/almost-triumph-offshore-balancing-6405
Although cloaked in the reassuring boilerplate about American military preeminence and global leadership, in
AND
, perhaps, to provide the international economy with a new reserve currency.
Heg has collapsed
Layne 12 ~Christopher Layne 2012 (is Robert M. Gates Chair in Intelligence and National Security at the George Bush School of Government and Public Service at Texas A%26M University; ISQ* peer reviewed: ISI Journal Citation Reports® Ranking: 2010: International Relations: 10 / 73; Political Science: 18 / 139 Impact Factor: 1.523) "This Time It’s Real: The End of Unipolarity and the Pax Americana" International Studies Quarterly, 1-11
The Cold War’s end stifled the burgeoning late¶ 1980s’ debate about America’s relative decline
AND
States’ central grand strategic preoccupation during¶ the next ten to fifteen years.

2NC China

Continuation of US primacy causes conflict with China because China disagrees with US ideas and don’t want to be militarily inferior to us – tensions will result in a backlash and attempts by China to balance the US – this outweighs.
A. Magnitude – China war would set East Asia on fire and trigger other nuclear wars – like between India %26 Pakistan – that’s Hunkovic.
Even a limited war would cause extinction
Takai ’9, Retired Colonel and Former Researcher in the military science faculty of the Staff College for Japan’s Ground Self Defense Force ("U.S.-China nuclear strikes would spell doomsday", October 7, http://www.upiasia.com/Security/2009/10/07/us-china_nuclear_strikes_would_spell_doomsday/7213/-http://www.upiasia.com/Security/2009/10/07/us-china_nuclear_strikes_would_spell_doomsday/7213/ ~gender paraphrased~)
What would happen if China launched its 20 Dongfeng-5 intercontinental ballistic missiles,
AND
with China. Such advice is worth heeding by nuclear hard-liners. 

B. Probability—As China rises, it will need a regional sphere of influence
Ivan Eland, 1/18/06 - Senior Fellow and Director of the Center on Peace %26 Liberty at The Independent Institute, PhD in National Security from George Washington University, Director of Defense Policy Studies at the Cato Institute. (The Independent Institute. "Is future conflict with China unavoidable?" http://www.independent.org/pdf/working_papers/63_china.pdf )
If rapid economic growth does continue, however, it will probably cause China to want more influence at least around its periphery (East Asia and maybe South, Southeast, and Southwest Asia). Throughout history, most great powers, as they acquired more strength, have attempted to enhance their security by creating a sphere of influence over smaller states in their "near abroad." Because of China’s history of being carved up by foreign powers in the 1800s, it is especially sensitive to the need to acquire such a security buffer. To create a sphere of influence, many great powers that expand their economies also increase their defense budgets. China has been doing so in recent years, but military modernization remains the last of its modernization priorities. Taking a lesson from the fall of the Soviet Union, the astute Chinese leadership emphasizes economic growth (that is, long term national power) over improving military strength (short-term power).

Heg interferes with it
Carpenter 10—vice president for defense and foreign policy studies at the Cato, Ph.D. in U.S. diplomatic history from the University of Texas (Ted Galen, 19 October 2010, "Resets and Spheres of Influence", http://nationalinterest.org/blog/the-skeptics/resets-spheres-influence-4266-http://nationalinterest.org/blog/the-skeptics/resets-spheres-influence-4266, RBatra)
The Obama administration has explicitly sought to "reset" the relationship with Russia, which had become quite dysfunctional during the final years of the Bush administration. Although Washington has not used the reset terminology with respect to the troubled U.S. relationship with China, the substantive goal appears to be similar. Secretary of Defense Robert Gates’ effort to restore the dialogue between the militaries of the two countries is one indication of that intent. Both goals, however, are encountering headwinds for a key reason. Policy makers seem unwilling to accept the reality that any great power in the international system expects, and will seek to enforce, a sphere of influence in its immediate region. Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice famously (or infamously) insisted that the concept of a sphere of influence was both obsolete and pernicious. But that viewpoint is dangerously erroneous. The tensions between the United States and Russia and those between the United States and China confirm that point.

C. Timeframe—Perception trips the link
Wike 11—Richard Wike is the Associate Director of Pew Global Attitudes Project, "From Hyperpower to Declining Power" http://www.pewglobal.org/2011/09/07/from-hyperpower-to-declining-power/
The second watershed event of 2008 was the onset of the global financial crisis.
AND
Americans also named China; just 38% said the U.S.

Miscalc Internal

Heg causes a Chinese military buildup and allied aggression
Bandow, 08 – Fellow at the American Conservative Defense Alliance and former special assistant to Reagan (6/9/2008, Doug, "Ending the U.S.-Korea Alliance," http://www.nationalinterest.org/Article.aspx?id=17812-http://www.nationalinterest.org/Article.aspx?id=17812, JMP)
Still, does an American presence dampen geopolitical rivalries and arms races? Washington’s role
AND
" with the South is to end today’s outmoded twentieth-century alliance.

Miltary buildup causes a cycle of distrust causing miscalc
Klare, professor of peace and world security studies at Hampshire College, 06 ~Michael, "Containing China: The US’s real objective", http://www.atimes.com/atimes/China/HD20Ad01.html~~
Accompanying all these diplomatic initiatives has been a vigorous, if largely unheralded, effort
AND
war in Asia. There can be no victors from such a conflagration. 

OSB

Abandoning hegemony is the only way to avoid great power conflicts – attempting to prevent the rise of other nations provokes conflict and fails to prevent their rise. Accepting the rise of other powers would force the US into an offshore balancing strategy – that’s Layne and Schwarz
This solves all of their heg impacts –
A.  Transition conflicts – transition of power towards other powers is already occurring, it’s a question of how the US deals with it. A collapse of hegemony would force regional powers to take care of conflicts in their region to prevent them from escalating – it’s in their interest to prevent regional conflicts that would threaten their power. They don’t do so now because they think the US will clean up the mess for them

B. Great power war – continuing a strategy of primacy makes great power war inevitable – nations such as China will seek to counteract US power and will ally with other nations and transnational groups that fear US power. In a multipolar world, other nations would defend themselves against rising powers, ensuring that they don’t threaten great powers

C. Regional instability – nations currently have no incentive to prevent regional conflicts because the US has said they’d do it for them – withdrawal would force them to deal with regional issues before they become a problem

Offshore balancing retains hegemonic flexibility but avoids its negative aspects.
Walt 5 (Stephen, prof of international relations @ Harvard U, February/March, ~http://bostonreview.net/BR30.1/walt.php~~ AD: 7/8/10)JM
The final option is offshore balancing, which has been America’s traditional grand strategy.
AND
preclude using the full range of America’s power to advance its core interests. 

Offshore balancing prevents the risks of Russia expansionism  
Layne and Schwarz 02, , visiting fellow in foreign policy studies at the Cato Institute and correspondent for The Atlantic Monthly,  former executive editor of The World Policy Journal (Christopher, Benjamin, "A New Grand Strategy", Atlantic Monthly, vol 289, issue 1)
Today, not for the first time in its history, Russia is down and
AND
other great powers’ enjoying spheres of influence in their own parts of the world

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
1NC Framework
The affirmative’s failure to advance a topical defense of federal policy in the direction of the resolution undermines debate’s transformative and intellectual potential.
The resolution indicates affs should advocate topical government change
Ericson 3 (Jon M., Dean Emeritus of the College of Liberal Arts – California Polytechnic U., et al., The Debater’s Guide, Third Edition, p. 4)
The Proposition of Policy:.. action that you propose. 

Reject them--
Topical fairness requirements are key to effective dialogue—monopolizing strategy and prep makes the discussion one-sided and subverts any meaningful neg role
Galloway 7 – professor of communications at Samford University (Ryan, “Dinner And Conversation At The Argumentative Table: Reconceptualizing Debate As An Argumentative Dialogue”, Contemporary Argumentation and Debate, Vol. 28 (2007), ebsco)
Debate as a dialogue… of topical advocacy.
A limited topic of discussion that provides for equitable ground is key to productive inculcation of decision-making and advocacy skills in every and all facets of life—-even if their position is contestable that’s distinct from it being valuably debatable—-this still provides room for flexibility, creativity, and innovation, but targets the discussion to avoid mere statements of fact—T debates also solve any possible turn
Steinberg %26 Freeley 8 *Austin J. Freeley is a Boston based attorney who focuses on criminal, personal injury and civil rights law, AND David L. Steinberg , Lecturer of Communication Studies @ U Miami, Argumentation and Debate: Critical Thinking for Reasoned Decision Making pp45-
Debate is a means.. the following discussion.
Effective decision-making outweighs—-
Only portable skill—-means our framework turns case
Steinberg %26 Freeley 8 *Austin J. Freeley is a Boston based attorney who focuses on criminal, personal injury and civil rights law, AND David L. Steinberg , Lecturer of Communication Studies @ U Miami, Argumentation and Debate: Critical Thinking for Reasoned Decision Making pp9-10
After several days… favored political candidate.
Constraints are key to creativity---challenging ourselves to innovate within the confines of rules creates far more creative responses than starting with a blank slate  
Mayer 6 – Marissa Ann Mayer, vice-president for search products and user experience at Google, February 13, 2006, “Creativity Loves Constraints,” online: http://www.businessweek.com/print/magazine/content/06_07/b3971144.htm?chan=gl
When people think… possibilities (a canvas that is marked).¶

Tournament: NDT | Round: 3 | Opponent: CSUF MS | Judge:
1NC K
Politicization of life necessarily entails the devaluation and sacrifice of life
Agamben, 1999 (Gorgio, Homo Sacer, pg. 139-140)
It is as if… every living being.
The state includes life only to expose it to death. This sovereign untying is the foundation of including bare life in the juridico-political order
Agamben, 1999 (Gorgio, Homo Sacer, pg. 90)
4.3. At a certain point.. originary political element.
We can only know order in relation to the exception, bluring the distinction between inside and outside endlessly reproducing violence
Caldwell, 2004 (Anne,  Assistant Professor in the Department of Political Science at the University of Louisville, Bio-Sovereignty and The Emergence of Humanity, Theory and Event - Volume 7, Issue 2, project muse)
As he explains, the… sovereign power" (p. 6).
As more and more citizens are incorporated as bare life we all become political lice waiting to be exterminated by the sovereign
Agamben, 1995 (Georgio, Professor of Philosophy, Homo Sacer , p. 113-115)
It is Jean-Luc Nancy's… virtually homines sacri.
The political arithmetic of states is used to decide whose lives are valuable and whose are not. This logic of calculation robs life of all value and leads to the zero point of the holocaust
Dillon 1999 (Michael, Prof of politics @ the University of Lancaster, Another Justice in Political Theory, Vol. 27, No. 2 april)
Otherness is born(e).. way of being.
The political order inevitably uses identity to construct and enemy to destroy that makes endless war and extinction inevitable
Moreiras 2004 (Alberto, Director of European Studies at Duke “A God without Sovereignty. Political Jouissance. The Passive Decision”, CR: The New Centennial Review 4.3, p.81-83, Project MUSE)
Is the unjust… an absolute threat.
Our alternative is to reject the affirmative's attempt to employ the sovereign discourse of classification and instead embrace whatever being. Simple rejection allows us to access what Agamben calls whatever being. A being that dissolves the state of exception because it does not claim any common identity
Caldwell, 2004 (Anne, prof of poli-sci @ U of Louisville, Theory and Event, vol 7(2))
Can we imagine.. whatever life, appears.

Tournament: NDT | Round: 3 | Opponent: CSUF MS | Judge:
1NC K2

Focus on the transgender body entrenches capitalism on two fronts—

First, it’s openness removes the barriers that prevent endless exploitive power relations.
Hennessy 2k, Professor of English at Rice University
(Rosemary, Profit and Pleasure, Pg. 4-5, http://www.revalvaatio.org/wp/wp-content/uploads/henessey-profit_and_pleasure_sexual.pdf)
Drawing on the… of this endeavor?
Second, is a divide-and-conquer strategy used by global capital to prevent labor from overtaking, by empowering local identities. This fractures universal class struggles, which makes oppression inevitable.
Hennessy 2k, Professor of English at Rice University
(Rosemary, Profit and Pleasure, Pg. 4-5, http://www.revalvaatio.org/wp/wp-content/uploads/henessey-profit_and_pleasure_sexual.pdf)
Basic to the… of capitalism invisible.
Capitalism is the root of every impact.
Brumpy, Kinney and Kirby, 11, March 4th,
 Otis Brumpy, Bill Kinney and Joe Kirby, publishers of the Marietta Daily Journal, “Around Town: KSU's new colors ... black, gold - and red?” Marietta Daily Journal, March 4th, 2011, http://mdjonline.com/bookmark/12173684, accessed March 21st of 2011
MARXISM? GOOD. Capitalism… must be evaluated."
The alternative is to reject capitalism. Every rejection is key to open a space for new alternatives.  
Dr Adrian Johnston 2004 Interdisciplinary research fellow in psychoanalysis at Emory University “The Cynic's Fetish: Slavoj Zizek and the Dynamics of Belief”Psychoanalysis, Culture and Society. Vol.9, Iss. 3, December 2004, Proquest
Perhaps the absence… I choose fetishism").

Tournament: NCT | Round: 3 | Opponent: CSUF MS | Judge:
1NC Case
The aff’s claims of social change are caged within the academy and trades-off with their own actions in their daily lives
Gunnell, 1984 (John, What Should Political Theory Be Now?, pg. 351-352)
There may be… simply to ignore them.
Their advocacy can’t solve this criticism – debate rounds don’t spill over
Atchison and Panetta, Director of Debate at Wake Forest and Director of Debate at the University of Georgia, 9 (Jarrod and Edward, "“Intercollegiate Debate and Speech Communication: Issues for the Future,” The Sage Handbook of Rhetorical Studies, Lunsford, Andrea, ed., 2009, p. 317-334)
Debates as Sites of Community Change
The Debate community… and coalition building.  
Personal experience focus shuts down deliberation and makes debate useless
Subotnik 98 Professor of Law, Touro College, Jacob D. Fuchsberg Law Center. 7 Cornell J. L. and Pub. Pol'y 681, Lexis
Having traced a… streets and the airwaves.