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1 The affirmative commodifies an essentialized notion of race to frame inequality, replicating racism and shattering class-based coalitions, ensuring the capitalist social relations that build the ghettoes and favells that imprison racialized populations become inevitable, turning the case
Darder and Torres 99 (Antonia Darder, Professor of Educational Policy Studies and Latino/a Studies at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, and Rodolpho D. Torres, Professor of Planning, Policy & Design and Political Science at UC Irvine, “Shattering the ‘Race’ Lens: Toward a Critical Theory of Racism”, Chapter 7 of the book “Critical Ethnicity: Countering the Waves of Identity Politics”, edited by Robert H. Tai and Mary L. Kenyatta,  p. 174-176)

Over the last three decades, there has been an overwhelming tendency among social science
AND
view that firmly anchors and sustains prevailing class relations of power in society.
2. The logic of capitalism results in extinction through the creation of ecological catastrophe and violent imperialist wars that will turn nuclear

Foster 5 [John Bellamy, Monthly Review, September, Vol. 57, Issue 4, “Naked Imperialism”, http://www.monthlyreview.org/0905jbf.htm]

From the longer view offered by a historical-materialist critique of capitalism, the
AND
needs—by organizing a global resistance movement against the new naked imperialism.

3. Vote negative to adopt the historical material criticism of the 1NC - historical analysis of the material conditions of capital is the only way to break free from is contradictions and social inequalities it causes

Tumino 1 (Steven, teaches at the City University of New York, Spring, What is Orthodox Marxism and Why it Matters Now More Than Ever Before)

Any effective political theory will have to do at least two things: it will
AND
determinism of corporate theory ("knowledge work") that masquerades as social theory.
4. Class divisions are the root of all other oppressions

Kovel 2 (Alger Hiss Professor of Social Studies at Bard College, awarded Fellowship at the John Guggenheim Foundation, Joel, The Enemy of Nature, pages 123-124)

If, however, we ask the question of efficacy, that is, which
AND
force of one person for the enrichment of another cannot be conjured away.
5. Historical materialism must come first - it predetermines consciousness and the very possibilities of reflective thinking

Marx 1859 (Karl, a pretty important dude. “A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy: Preface” http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1859/critique-pol-economy/preface.htm) JM 

edited for gendered language<

In the social production of their existence, [people] inevitably enter into definite
AND
conditions for their existence have matured within the framework of the old society.  
6. Socialism wrests decision making power from the elites, preventing the destructive use of nuclear power against the working class – it also eliminates the continuous drive for growth which has made nuclear power necessary in the first place
Socialist Labor Party of America 79 (“The Socialist Alternative to Nuclear Catastrophe” http://www.slp.org/res_state_htm/nuc_catas79.html)

While the Three Mile Island accident dramatically reconfirms that conclusion, the conflict between the
AND
abolish class-divided capitalism and administer production through their own democratic bodies.

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The aff only describes one facet of race but claims that it is a universal approach – this renders anyone outside of Black/White invisible

Perea 97 Professor of Law, University of Florida College of Law, Juan, RACE, ETHNICITY and NATIONHOOD: ARTICLE: The Black/White Binary Paradigm of Race: The "Normal Science" of American Racial Thought, California Law Review, October, 1997, 85 Calif. L. Rev. 1213, p. 1254

My objection to the state of most current scholarship on race is simply that most

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Asian Americans and Native Americans. Accordingly, they reproduce a serious harm.

Turns the aff – we can never solve white racism

Perea 10 Cone, Wagner, Nugent, Johnson, Hazouri and Roth Professor of Law, University of Florida Levin College of Law, Juan, AN ESSAY ON THE ICONIC STATUS OF THE CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT AND ITS UNINTENDED CONSEQUENCES, Virginia Journal of Social Policy and the Law, Vol. 18:1, Fall, p. 57-58, http://scs.student.virginia.edu/vjspl/18.2/Perea.pdf

Lastly, recognizing a fuller scope of civil rights struggles is important in helping us

AND

Movement, gazing further back, further forward, and to the side.

Tournament: Wake | Round: 2 | Opponent:  | Judge: 

The aff’s Politics of Personal Identity forecloses any possibility real social change. If you are concerned with real bodies in pain and suffering, effective advocacy demands that you move beyond yourself to understand the structures in society that make these impacts inevitable. Vote negative to reject this myopic brand of politics.

Minow 97 Martha, Not Only For Myself: Identity, Politics, and the Law, Professor of Law @ Harvard, p. 56-57

Identity politics tends to locate the problem in the identity group rather than the social

AND

same time, produce purposes or causes that effectively mobilize people against oppression.

Local struggle is precisely the wrong place to begin. The only way to establish affective ties to one another is through the political. To do otherwise allows the Right to marginalize the struggle altogether.

Grossberg, Professor of Communication Studies and Cultural Studies, 1992

Lawrence, We gotta get out of this place, p. 365-366

Identity politics is an extension of feminists' argument that the personal (i.e

AND

important struggles over both civil liberties and civil rights as "special interests."

Their politics is bad because it reduces the struggle to a language contest in an academic forum – ONLY by engaging democracy can we extend beyond the classroom and into areas where we can introduce real change

Bush 11 Associate Professor and Chair, Anthropology and Sociology @ Adelphi University, Melanie, Everyday Forms of Whiteness: Understanding Race in a “Post-Racial” World, p. 235

This call, for deepening the curricular emphasis on diversity and race within an economic

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intellectual resources in a wide variety of public spaces. (Giroux 1999)

Obsession with White Supremacy is bad – white racists have mastered that game. The result of their project is to reinscribe whites as the principal point of reference.

West, ultimate badass, 1993 Cornel, Race Matters, p. 98-99

The project of black separatism -- to which Malcolm X was beholden for most of

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by the white racists he opposed and imitated with his black supremacy doctrine.

Refusing to engage in public policy debates means they conflate racial prejudice with racism – this makes racism inevitable and unsolvable

Dr. Karenga, one of the scholars who pressed for Black studies in the late 60's and early 70s, founder of Kwanzaa, and currently professor and chair of the Black studies department at California State University-Long Beach, 1999

Dr. Maulana, “Whiteness Studies: Deceptive or Welcome Discourse?,” Black Issues in Higher Education, May 13, http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0DXK/is_6_16/ai_55618721/

White studies can also begin to cultivate misunderstanding, as did early studies on racial

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of White domination and the policy initiatives and struggles necessary to end it.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge: 

1. Energy production drives capitalism – it enables the capitalist cycle of growth and exploitation of the working class
   ICC 11 (International Communist Current, “Nuclear energy, capitalism and communism” August 16th, World Revolution no.347, September 2011,  http://en.internationalism.org/wr/347/nuclear#_ftnref30)

The increasing use of energy has been a feature of industrialisation around the world.
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to the warming of the globe that threatens the future of humanity today.
2. A focus on discourse is an abandonment of real change – we must use a materialist focus to solve oppression
Cloud 1 (Dana L. Cloud, Associate Professor, Communication Studies UT Austin, “The Affirmative Masquerade,” American Communication Journal, Volume 4, Issue 3, Spring 2001, http://www.acjournal.org/holdings/vol4/iss3/special/cloud.htm)

At the very least, however, it is clear that poststructuralist discourse theories have
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It is the means for producing transformative knowledges. (p. 7)  
3. The logic of capitalism results in extinction through the creation of ecological catastrophe and violent imperialist wars that will turn nuclear

Foster 5 [John Bellamy, Monthly Review, September, Vol. 57, Issue 4, “Naked Imperialism”, http://www.monthlyreview.org/0905jbf.htm]

From the longer view offered by a historical-materialist critique of capitalism, the
AND
needs—by organizing a global resistance movement against the new naked imperialism.

4. Vote negative to adopt the historical material criticism of the 1NC - historical analysis of the material conditions of capital is the only way to break free from is contradictions and social inequalities it causes

Tumino 1 (Steven, teaches at the City University of New York, Spring, What is Orthodox Marxism and Why it Matters Now More Than Ever Before)

Any effective political theory will have to do at least two things: it will
AND
determinism of corporate theory ("knowledge work") that masquerades as social theory.
5. Class divisions are the root of all other oppressions

Kovel 2 (Alger Hiss Professor of Social Studies at Bard College, awarded Fellowship at the John Guggenheim Foundation, Joel, The Enemy of Nature, pages 123-124)

If, however, we ask the question of efficacy, that is, which
AND
force of one person for the enrichment of another cannot be conjured away.
6. Historical materialism must come first - it predetermines consciousness and the very possibilities of reflective thinking

Marx 1859 (Karl, a pretty important dude. “A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy: Preface” http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1859/critique-pol-economy/preface.htm) JM 

edited for gendered language<

In the social production of their existence, [people] inevitably enter into definite
AND
conditions for their existence have matured within the framework of the old society.  

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
A. Compromise is coming now on the fiscal cliff, but working together is key
Hall and Lightman 11/8 (http://www.kansascity.com/2012/11/08/3907178/put-up-or-shut-up-time-for-congress.html#storylink=cpy)

Lawmakers sent mixed signals this week about serious negotiations vs. driving briefly off the
AND
results in a 3 or 4 percentage point swing between contraction and growth.¶
B. Warner opposes nuclear power – Japan
Lowkell 11 (http://www.bluevirginia.us/diary/3357/sen-warner-calls-for-temporary-halt-to-us-nuclear-projects)

I just received the following statement from Sen. Mark Warner's office about the nuclear
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grasp on lessons we might learn from the horrible events unfolding in Japan.
Mark Warner is key to negotiations
Tucker 11/9 (Sean Tucker is assistant managing editor for GovWin from Deltek, the network that helps government contractors win new business every day., http://govwin.com/seantucker_blog/fiscal-cliff-deal-whats-planned/742506)

¶ In a press conference yesterday, Senator Mark Warner (D-VA)
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members, Democrat Michael Bennet of Colorado and Republican Mike Johanns of Nebraska.
C. Bipartisanship is key to compromise – the alternative is the collapse of hegemony, a double-dip recession, and war in the Middle East
Hutchison 9/21 (Kay Bailey, U.S. Senator from the great state of Texas,  “A Looming Threat to National Security,” States News Service, Lexis)

Despite warnings of the dire consequences, America is teetering at the edge of a
AND
the harsh tax increases that could stall economic growth and punish working families.
D. Middle East goes nuclear
Russell 9 (James A. Russell, Senior Lecturer, National Security Affairs, Naval Postgraduate School, ‘9 (Spring) “Strategic Stability Reconsidered: Prospects for Escalation and Nuclear War in the Middle East” IFRI, Proliferation Papers, #26, http://www.ifri.org/downloads/PP26_Russell_2009.pdf)

Strategic stability in the region is thus undermined by various factors: (1)
AND
the peoples of the region, with substantial risk for the entire world. 

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
The United States federal government should ban all nuclear power. The USFG will initiate public dialogues for all affected communities in which they will explain that nuclear siting decisions have been made inequitably.
CP meets the threshold for your epistemology claims – we agree with your claims that nuclear power siting is bad and should be rejected. We fix the epistemologically suspect decisions that drive siting of nuclear power by rejecting the ENTIRETY of nuclear power.
The net benefits are our nuclear power bad arguments. 

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
The byproduct of the plan is nuclear waste - nuclear waste siting is a form of radioactive colonialism. Native Americans have to contend with the worst waste, which saps them of an infrastructure to address dire problems.
Bullard and Johnson, Director of the Environmental Justice Resource Center and Assistant Professor of Sociology at Clark Atlanta University, ‘9
 (Robert D. and Glenn S., “Environmental Justice: Grassroots Activism and Its Impact on Public Policy Decision Making,” Environmental Sociology: from Analysis to Action, Second Edition, p.62-63, accessed 7-10-09, AJP)
There is a direct correlation between exploitation of land and exploitation of people. It
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1992) adopted a resolution of “No nuclear waste on Indian lands.”
Impact is genocide by nuclear colonialism
Endres, Associate Professor in Communication @ Utah, 2009 Danielle, “The Rhetoric of Nuclear Colonialism: Rhetorical Exclusion of American Indian Arguments in the Yucca Mountain Nuclear Waste Siting Decision,” Communication and Critical/Cultural Studies, Vol. 6, No. 1, March 2009, p. 41
Before attending to the rhetorical nature of nuclear colonialism, it is important to¶
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living¶ near tailing piles at a high risk for lung cancer.10
Nuclear power increase CFCs which contribute more to warming than carbon dioxide and depletes the ozone.
Stein, Chairman of Three Mile Island Alert Inc., ‘8
Eric Joseph, “The "Brown Side" of Nuclear Power,”
http://www.depweb.state.pa.us/ news/cwp/view.asp?A=3andQ=501756
Nuclear advocates argue that the problem of greenhouse gases can be solved by nuclear power
AND
of two 1000-megawatt carbon dioxide producing, coal-fired plants.
Ozone depletion causes extinction.
Williams, Author of Tetron Natural Unified Field Theory, ‘96
David Crockett, “THE SCIENTIFIC SPIRITUAL REVOLUTION”, 2-7-96,
http://www.angelfire.com/on/GEAR2000/video96.htmls
Today all life on earth is threatened by many problems associated with the materialistic and
AND
many hundreds of years ago. How can this be understood and resolved?
Nuclear power produces heat emissions which exacerbate global warming
Science Daily 9 (July 13th, Trapping Carbon Dioxide Or Switching To Nuclear Power Not Enough To Solve Global Warming Problem, Experts Say,  http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/07/090713085248.htm)
Attempting to tackle climate change by trapping carbon dioxide or switching to nuclear power will
AND
electricity it generates and so contributes to global warming significantly, Nordell adds.
Warming causes extinction – creates deadzones, acidifies the oceans, breaks down the food choice and leads to more diseases.
Sify 10 (Sify, Sydney newspaper citing Ove Hoegh-Guldberg, professor at University of Queensland and Director of the Global Change Institute, and John Bruno, associate professor of Marine Science at UNC (Sify News, “Could unbridled climate changes lead to human extinction?”, http://www.sify.com/news/could-unbridled-climate-changes-lead-to-human-extinction-news-international-kgtrOhdaahc.html)
The findings of the comprehensive report: 'The impact of climate change on the world's
AND
, according to a GCI release. These findings were published in Science.
Yucca mountain will be approved to store nuclear waste in 2013.
Greenville Online, ‘12
“Yucca Mountain gets potential nudge”, 8-8-12,
http://www.greenvilleonline.com/article/20120809/OPINION/308090006/Yucca-Mountain-gets-potential-nudge, RSR
A court order to move ahead with the evaluation would be a step forward —
AND
but killed it, but no other options have been suggested by opponents.
Nuclear waste storage in Yucca results in extinction – top geologists agree.
Broad 90 (William, NYT Staff, The New York Times, November 18)
One scientist, however, has quietly but persistently warned that this vision of a
AND
If you want to envision the end of the world, that's it."

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
We have a defense of our epistemology – it’s of institutional concern - governments’ obey institutional logics that exist independently of individuals and constrain decisionmaking
Wight – Professor of IR @ University of Sydney – 6
(Colin, Agents, Structures and International Relations: Politics as Ontology, pgs. 48-50
One important aspect of this relational ontology is that these relations constitute our identity as
AND
upon it, upon its specific characteristics, its constants and its variables’.
Governments have to act from a utilitarian calculus.
Harries, 94 – Editor @ The National Interest
Owen, Power and Civilization, The National Interest, Spring, lexis
Performance is the test. Asked directly by a Western interviewer, “In principle
AND
The cost of implementing and promoting them will always have to be considered.
Their conception of structural violence is not the root cause.
Boulding 77
 Twelve Friendly Quarrels with Johan Galtung
Author(s): Kenneth E. BouldingReviewed work(s):Source: Journal of Peace Research, Vol. 14, No. 1 (1977), pp. 75-86Published
 Kenneth Ewart Boulding (January 18, 1910 – March 18, 1993) was an economist, educator, peace activist, poet, religious mystic, devoted Quaker, systems scientist, and interdisciplinary philosopher.12 He was cofounder of General Systems Theory and founder of numerous ongoing intellectual projects in economics and social science.
 He graduated from Oxford University, and was granted United States citizenship in 1948. During the years 1949 to 1967, he was a faculty member of the University of Michigan. In 1967, he joined the faculty of the University of Colorado at Boulder, where he remained until his retirement.
 Finally, we come to the great Galtung metaphors of 'structural violence' 'and 'positive
AND
it may have d'one a disservice in preventing us from finding the answer.
Prioritizing epistemology reifies, rewards extremism and causes self-serving scholarship – turns the aff.
Lake, Jerri-Ann and Gary E. Jacobs Professor of Social Sciences and Distinguished Professor of Political Science at the University of California – San Diego, ‘11
David, “Why ‘‘isms’’ Are Evil: Theory, Epistemology, and Academic Sects as Impediments to Understanding and Progress”, International Studies Quarterly, 2011, 55, 465-480, RSR
The question of epistemology in international studies suffers from the same pathologies for theories outlined
AND
the divide without finding the causal claims on the other side especially satisfying.
Their epistemology is not superior simply because they assert it to be true. Embracing their position leads to complete moral relativism.
Hammersley, Prof. Education and Social Research @ Centre for Childhood, Development and Learning, ‘93
Martyn, “Research and 'anti-racism': the case of Peter Foster and his critics,” British Journal of Sociology, 44.3, 432-434
So, here Foster's claims are being questioned on the grounds of his presumed commitment
AND
people have privileged access to knowledge while others are blinded by ideology.20

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
Link Wall
Ethics DA – We have ethical obligation to repudiate capitalism – this means any risk a link is a reason to reject the permutation
Marsh 95 (James, Professor of Philosophy at Fordham University, “Critique, Action, Liberation” p. 334-335)
An example from the sphere of personal morality should make the difference clear. When
AND
accepting it as normal and sane. The prevailing rationality is profoundly irrational.
The priority link. Only seizing by first seizing control of the means of production can we effectively deal with nuclear technology. That means only the alt solves the destructive use of nuclear power against the working class
Socialist Labor Party of America 79 (“The Socialist Alternative to Nuclear Catastrophe” http://www.slp.org/res_state_htm/nuc_catas79.html)

While the Three Mile Island accident dramatically reconfirms that conclusion, the conflict between the
AND
abolish class-divided capitalism and administer production through their own democratic bodies.
Cooptation link –
Their perm will be coopted -  it will be used demonstrate the superiority of capitalism by validating the ability of capitalism to fix its own problems – this makes it even worse than the plan and actually short circuits any attempt at a more radical form of politics
Meszaros 95 Istavan, Prof. Emeritus at Sussex, Beyond Capital: Towards a Theory of Transition p. 930

THE difficulty is that the ‘moment’ of radical politics is strictly limited by the
AND
targets which are in fact necessarily dictated by the established socioeconomic structure in crisis

A2: The State key
Use of the state guarantees cooption and commodification by capitalism, reinforcing domination and hierarchy.
Holloway 5   professor at Institute for Humanities and Social Sciences at the Autonomous University of Puebla John, Can We Change The World Without Taking Power?, 5 April 05,
http://www.isj.org.uk/index.php4?id=98)

I don’t know the answer. Perhaps we can change the world without taking power
AND
. Revolution not when the time is right but revolution here and now.

A2: Race
Capitalism racializes subjects to divide social groups - a race based epistemology and theory of oppression breaks down the concept of class as an all encompassing theory of exploitation that is the only way to enable the unification of the proleteriat
Zavarzadeh 3 (Mas’ud, “The Pedagogy of Totality” p.11-13, in “JAC: A Journal of Rhetoric, Culture, and Politics”, Volume 23.1, http://www.jaconlinejournal.com/archives/vol23.1.html)

The pedagogy of appearance focuses on cultural representation and the role of representation in constructing
AND
of the authenticity and sovereignty ofthe subject-as independence and free choice. 

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
Deal now on Bush tax cuts
Washington Post 11/9 (http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/ezra-klein/wp/2012/11/09/a-possible-compromise-on-the-bush-tax-cuts/)

Speaker John Boehner seemed to extend an olive branch by saying that Republicans were willing
AND
there,” says Roberton Williams, senior fellow at the Tax Policy Center.
Compromise now – Boehner
The Hill 11/9 (http://thehill.com/blogs/on-the-money/domestic-taxes/267003-schumer-chastened-gop-makes-deal-possible-on-fiscal-cliff)

Sen. Charles Schumer (D-N.Y.) said he’s optimistic a
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together. The election's over. Now it's time to get to work.”
Deal now to extend negotiating time
Bennett 11/8 (John, Consensus Forming for Lame Duck Deal To Delay Sequester Cutshttp://www.federaltimes.com/article/20121108/AGENCY01/311080002/Consensus-Forming-Lame-Duck-Deal-Delay-Sequester-Cuts?odyssey=tab|topnews|text|FRONTPAGE)

Lawmakers hear the clock ticking toward deep defense and domestic spending cuts, and senior
AND
— could send the U.S. economy into a new recession.
Energy Apartheid
In the long term, waste will be stored at Yucca – only option.
Tollefson 11 (Jeff, former Knight fellow in science journalism at MIT,  “Battle of Yucca Mountain rages on”, Nature, Vol. 473, No. 266, 5-19-11, RSR)

The commission intends to issue a draft report in July and a final one next
AND
DC. “And nobody knows how many lives have been used up.”
Multiple alt causes to deployment for SMRs.
Colvin, president – American Nuclear Society, 6/7/’11
Joe, “NUCLEAR AND ALTERNATIVE FUELS; COMMITTEE: SENATE ENERGY AND NATURAL RESOURCES,” CQ Congressional Testimony
3. Other challenges to SMR development/deployment ANS encourages Congress to consider other
AND
unique design features, enabling construction activities during operations, and security requirements.
NP is too little too late for climate change, renewable energy like solar and wind will be efficient and cost-competitive by the time the first reactor could be built.
Mariotte 7 (Michael, executive director, Nuclear Info and Resource Service,  Nov 6 http://www.cfr.org/publication/14718/nuclear_power_in_response_to_climate_change.html)
Environmental advocates considering “reconsidering” nuclear power in light of climate change are too
AND
but it would waste the funds needed to implement our real energy future.

Tournament: Shirley | Round: 6 | Opponent: Dartmouth CL  | Judge: 

1NC

Off

Modern wind energy is still technologized – it is the storage of the wind that robs it of its’ objectivity

Beckman 2k Tad Beckman 2000 (http:~/~/www2.hmc.edu/~~tbeckman/personal/html Harvey Mudd College Claremont California)

Heidegger clearly saw the development of "energy resources" as symbolic of this evolutionary

AND

and conceiving of all revealing as being relevant only to human subjective needs.

The rapacious drive to secure energy is a symptom of “challenging-forth,” a mindset that renders everything as disposable. The alternative is to reject challenging forth and embracing bringing forth. Only by doing this can we avoid this hollowing out of Being

Waddington 5 A Field Guide to Heidegger: Understanding 'The Question concerning Technology' more by David Waddington Educational Philosophy and Theory, Vol. 37, No. 4, 2005 http://concordia.academia.edu/DavidWaddington/Papers/538046/A_Field_Guide_to_Heidegger_Understanding_The_Question_concerning_Technology

Most essays on technology focus primarily on practical issues surrounding the use of particular technologies

AND

the open space of destining’ (Heidegger, 1977, p. 26).

Off

A. Compromise is coming now on the fiscal cliff, but Obama’s leadership is key

Hall and Lightman 11/8 (http://www.kansascity.com/2012/11/08/3907178/put-up-or-shut-up-time-for-congress.html#storylink=cpy)

Lawmakers sent mixed signals this week about serious negotiations vs. driving briefly off the

AND

results in a 3 or 4 percentage point swing between contraction and growth.¶

B. Wind tax breaks kill political capital – Solyndra

NYT 12 (Cardwell, Diane, 2012, Jan. 26, “Energy Tax Breaks Proposed, Despite Waning Support for Subsidies,” http://www.nytimes.com/2012/01/27/business/energy-environment/clean-energy-projects-face-waning-subsidies.html?pagewanted=all)
 But the lobbying by the wind and

AND,

has tarnished the image of renewable power in particular.

C. Presidential leadership is key to a compromise – the alternative is the collapse of hegemony, a double-dip recession, and war in the Middle East

Hutchison 9/21 (Kay Bailey, U.S. Senator from the great state of Texas,  “A Looming Threat to National Security,” States News Service, Lexis)

Despite warnings of the dire consequences, America is teetering at the edge of a

AND

the harsh tax increases that could stall economic growth and punish working families.

D. Middle East goes nuclear

Russell 9 (James A. Russell, Senior Lecturer, National Security Affairs, Naval Postgraduate School, ‘9 (Spring) “Strategic Stability Reconsidered: Prospects for Escalation and Nuclear War in the Middle East” IFRI, Proliferation Papers, #26, http://www.ifri.org/downloads/PP26_Russell_2009.pdf)

Strategic stability in the region is thus undermined by various factors: (1)

AND

the peoples of the region, with substantial risk for the entire world.

Off

The United States federal government should remove all subsidies and tax credits for energy production and institute a carbon tax per ton of emissions. The tax should be revenue neutral and the revenue should be used for offsetting reductions in income and payroll taxes and increases in the earned income tax credit.

A carbon tax solves better for warming and avoids picking winners

Griffin 9 (James, Professor at the Bush School of Government and Public Service at Texas AandM University; Director of the Robert A. Mosbacher Institute for Trade, Economics and Public Policy; he holds the Bob Bullock Chair in Public Policy and Finance and is a director in the Berkeley Research Group, a boutique economic consulting house; Ph.D. in economics from the University of Pennsylvania; he is a Humboldt Fellow and serves on the editorial board of three economics journals; his research has resulted in six books and over 50 refereed journal articles; he has maintained a long-standing interest in energy policy, having co-authored the leading textbook in the field; “A smart energy policy: an economist's Rx for balancing cheap, clean, and secure energy” p.4-5

In this book I argue that the best energy policy for balancing the often-

AND

Congress to pass legislation designed to enrich pardcular private-interest¶ groups.

CP doesn’t link to politics - Republicans want to repeal all energy subsidies and stop picking winners

CNS News 12 (http://cnsnews.com/news/article/gop-congressmen-gov-t-should-stop-picking-winners-and-losers-energy-sector)

(CNSNews.com) – Several Republican leaders in the Senate and House spoke

AND

provide is something that they can afford and they want,” he said.

Solvency

Wind industry is better off without PTC – eliminates uncertainty and inefficient players

Anderson 12 (Jared, Editor, AOL Energy, former Senior Analyst at Energy Intelligence Group, “Wind Sector Considers Life Without the PTC”, http:~/~/energy.aol.com/2012/06/25/wind-sector-considers-life-without-the-ptc/http://energy.aol.com/2012/06/25/wind-sector-considers-life-without-the-ptc/, Acc: 8/1/12, og)

Wind power's competiveness with conventional fossil fuels erodes considerably without the PTC, going from

AND

easy -"it's like heroine, hard to get off," said Gaynor.

Picking winners bad - plans undermines innovation which turns case

Loris 11 Nicolas Loris is an analyst in the Heritage Foundation’s Roe Institute of Economic Policy Studies. "Power Down the Subsidies to Energy Producers" Aug 3  www.heritage.org/research/commentary/2011/08/power-down-the-subsidies-to-energy-producers

But the damage subsidies inflict on our economy extends well beyond direct costs. A

AND

companies that seek handouts most strenuously are those that cannot compete without them.

Wind power fails – unreliable in providing electricity to the grid in peak hours, which means coal, natural gas and nuclear plants can’t be replaced

Institute for Energy Research 12 (August 13^th, a not-for-profit organization that conducts intensive research and analysis on the functions, operations, and government regulation of global energy markets, California’s Flex Alert: A Case Study in Intermittent Energy, http://www.canadafreepress.com/index.php/article/48788)

California has long been a leader in promoting wind and other renewables to power the

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power plants will be required to be built to meet peak electricity demand.

Turbine parts backlog means plan won’t even begin implementation for years

Richard 8 (Michael, Science and Technology, 4/7, http://www.treehugger.com/files/2008/04/wind-power-turbine-shortage-supple-problems.php)

We recently wrote about the massive growth in the wind power industry and how forecasts

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have been going through with the silicon shortage for the past few years.

Wind fails – electrical grid infrastructure can’t support it

Morriss et al 9 (ANDREW P. MORRISS, H. Ross and Helen Workman Professor of Law and Professor of Business, University of Illinois; WILLIAM T. BOGART, Dean of Academic Affairs and Professor of Economics, York College of Pennsylvania; ANDREW DORCHAK, Head of Reference and Foreign/International Law Specialist, Case Western Reserve University School of Law; ROGER E. MEINERS, John and Judy Goolsby Distinguished Professor of Economics and Law, University of Texas-Arlington; UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS LAW AND ECONOMICS RESEARCH PAPER SERIES NO. LE09-001, “GREEN JOBS MYTHS”, March 12^th, www.instituteforenergyresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/2009/03/morriss-green-jobs-myths.pdf)

Yet another problem associated with wind energy is that the most favorable locations for wind

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Green jobs proponents thus exhibit extensive technological optimism with respect to wind’s prospects.

Econ

Solid economic growth now in jobs and manufacturing

Crutsinger 11-9

Martin, AP, US economic growth was likely stronger in Q3, USNEWS, http://www.usnews.com/news/business/articles/2012/11/09/us-economic-growth-was-likely-stronger-in-q3

The U.S. economy appears to have grown over the summer faster than

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sentiment index rose in early November to the highest level since July 2007.

Government spending on incentives for renewables destroys jobs

Alvarez et al 9 (Gabriel Calzada Álvarez PhD, Associate Professor of Applied Economics at Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, in Madrid; Raquel Merino Jara, Associate Professor of Economics at Universidad Rey Juan Carlos; Juan Ramón Rallo Julián, Professor of Economics at Universidad Rey Juan Carlos; José Ignacio García Bielsa, Mining Engineer, former Director of RWE Trading/Solutions, responsible for the development of their energy business in Spain and Portugal; “Study of the effects on employment of public aid to renewable energy sources,” March 2009, www.juandemariana.org/pdf/090327-employment-public-aid-renewable.pdf)

Finally, it is worth considering the distribution of the destroyed jobs across the economy

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.S. should certainly expect its results to follow such a tendency.

Wind plants produce only a few temporary jobs

Boone 5 (Jon, PhD, Environmentalist, and Formal Intervenor in Wind Installation Hearings, “DIRECT TESTIMONY OF JON BOONE BEFORE THE PUBLIC SERVICE COMMISSION OF MARYLAND”, http://www.windaction.org/?module=uploadsandfunc=downloadandfileId=162, Acc: 8/2/12, og)

Very few permanent jobs will likely be created— perhaps a couple of low wage

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, only 20 were¶ local—and all disappeared within six months.

Renewable subsidies hurt the economy – they crowd out jobs and capital investment in other industries and lower overall economic potential.

Frondel et al 9 (Dr. Manuel Frondel, Ph.D. in economics, professor for Energy Economics and Applied Econometrics at Ruhr-Universität Bochum, chief of the Environment and Resources Research Division at Rhine-Westphalia Institute for Economic Research; Nolan Ritter, Economics PhD candidate and researcher with Rhine-Westphalia Institute for Economic Research; Prof. Colin Vance, Ph.D in Economics, Adjunct Professor of Quantitative Methods with Jacobs University Bremen; “Economic impacts from the promotion of renewable energies: The German experience”, Final report – October 2009, www.instituteforenergyresearch.org/germany/Germany_Study_-_FINAL.pdf)

While employment projections in the renewable sector convey seemingly impres- sive prospects for gross

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the possible continuation of renewables support in other countries such as the US.¶

Plan hurts the economy – increased electricity costs cause massive unemployment

Zycher 12 (Benjamin, Pacific Research Institute Senior Fellow, Martin V. Smith School of Business and Economics adjunct professor, associate in the Intelligence Community Associates Program of the Office of Economic Analysis, Bureau of Intelligence and Research, U.S. Department of State, former senior staff economist for the President's Council of Economic Advisers, March 27, “Renewable Energy Subsidies Should Be Abandoned,” http:~/~/www.finance.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/Zycher%20Senate%20Finance%20renewables%20incentives%20testimony%203-27-12.pdf, d/a 8-1-12, ads)

Because renewable electricity generation is more costly than conventional¶ generation, policies driving a

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/employment correlations are 0.67 and 0.85, respectively.

No reason they solve for the entirety of manufacturing. Only create a few jobs.

Manufacturing not key to the economy – it’s about service jobs
 Porter 12

(Eduardo, NY Times "The Promise Of Today's Factory Jobs," New York Times, April 3, 2012, http:~/~/www.nytimes.com/2012/04/04/business/economy/the-promise-of-todays-factory-jobs.html?pagewanted=alland_r=0url:http://www.nytimes.com/2012/04/04/business/economy/the-promise-of-todays-factory-jobs.html?pagewanted=alland_r=0, d/a 10-11-12, ZML)

More important, perhaps, manufacturing is not the nation’s only cutting-edge industry

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conquer world markets and pay for the jobs of the rest of us.

Warming

China won’t agree to emissions reductions - negotiators don’t want it and no way the plan changes the minds of the delegation members

Bello and Solon 12 (Walden, Foreign Policy In Focus columnist Walden Bello is a member of the House of Representatives of the Philippines and a senior analyst at the Bangkok-based think tank Focus on the Global South; Pablo Solon, former Bolivian Ambassador to the UN, “Breaking the Climate Stalemate”, 9/12, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/walden-bello/breaking-the-climate-stal_b_1873867.html)

In reality, both the United States and China want a weaker climate agreement.

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articulate a position distinct from that of the Group of 77 and China.

Can’t solve warming – its too late

Hamilton 10 – Professor of Public Ethics @ ANU

Clive Hamilton, Professor of Public Ethics in Australia, 2010, “Requiem for a Species: Why We Resist the Truth About Climate Change,” pg 27-28

The conclusion that, even if we act promptly and resolutely, the world is

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, a global response proportionate to the problem was deferred for several years.

Can’t solve - India won’t stop polluting

McCarthy 11 (Michael, India emerges as chief opponent of a new global-warming treaty, December 5^th, the Independent's Environment Editor, is one of Britain's leading writers on the environment and the natural world, http://www.independent.co.uk/environment/climate-change/india-emerges-as-chief-opponent-of-a-new-globalwarming-treaty-6272332.html)

India is now the leading opponent of a new comprehensive global-warming treaty,

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out of poverty and they want nothing to do with curbing these emissions.

Multiple scientific studies prove that their acidification impact is false – newest research

WSJ 1/7 (Wall Street Journal, “Taking Fears of Acid Oceans With a Grain of Salt,” 2012, http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052970203550304577138561444464028.html) Nisarg

Coral reefs around the world are suffering badly from overfishing and various forms of pollution

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beings have indeed placed marine ecosystems under terrible pressure, but the chief culprits

Can’t solve warming - deforestation

Howden 7 (Daniel Howden, The Independent “Deforestation: The Hidden Cause of Global Warming” 14 May 2007. DOA August 15, 12 sphinx.tsf.hu/new/iny/files/1645.doc)

Most people think of forests only in terms of the CO2 they absorb. The

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"If we lose forests, we lose the fight against climate change."

Economic factors block cooperation on climate change

Christian Science Monitor 7 Warming's bad guys made good, lexis

Leaders of the world's two largest emitters of greenhouse gases, the United States and

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to save the global "commons" that is the atmosphere and oceans.

Warming doesn’t cause extinction – newest climate simulations

Stampf 8  (Olaf, Staff Writer for Spiegel Online, “Not the End of the World as We Know It,” May 5th,http:~/~/www.spiegel.de/international/germany/0,1518,481684,00.de/international/germany/0,1518,481684,00.html)\

But even this moderate warming would likely have far fewer apocalyptic consequences than

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face is the guilty conscience that could come with benefiting from global warming.

credibility of the president to negotiate agreements that serve the country's interest.

2NC

CP

Permutation is worse - causes crowd-out—decreases domestic investments and innovations

De Rugy 12 (Veronique, Senior research fellow at the Mercatus Center, "Assessing the Department of Energy Loan Guarantee Program", 6/19 mercatus.org/publication/assessing-department-energy-loan-guarantee-program)

4. Crowding Out To some (for example, those lucky enough to receive

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future earning prospects will dim, and our future living standards could suffer.

A carbon tax will lead to private investment in renewable energy in the long term, solving the aff

Podesta et al 9 (John D. Podesta, Chair and Counselor of the Center for American Progress, Kate Gordon, Senior Fellow at American Progress, Bracken Hendricks, Senior Fellow at American Progress and Benjamin Goldstein, Energy Policy Analyst for Center for American Progress, September 2009, The Clean-Energy Investment Agenda: A Comprehensive Approach to Building the Low-Carbon Economy)

A host of market failures and distortions have conspired to inhibit the deployment of clean

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the lowest-emitting, most efficient firms and technologies.¶ ¶ 5

Cap and trade is a more effective and less costly way to reduce emissions than incentives for wind

Frondel et al 9 (Dr. Manuel Frondel, Ph.D. in economics, professor for Energy Economics and Applied Econometrics at Ruhr-Universität Bochum, chief of the Environment and Resources Research Division at Rhine-Westphalia Institute for Economic Research; Nolan Ritter, Economics PhD candidate and researcher with Rhine-Westphalia Institute for Economic Research; Prof. Colin Vance, Ph.D in Economics, Adjunct Professor of Quantitative Methods with Jacobs University Bremen; “Economic impacts from the promotion of renewable energies: The German experience”, Final report – October 2009, www.instituteforenergyresearch.org/germany/Germany_Study_-_FINAL.pdf)

Consumers ultimately bear the cost of renewable energy promotion. In 2008, the price

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in 2005, the EEG’s net climate effect has been equal to zero.¶

Carbon cap key get China on board

Morgan 11 (Dan Morgan, fellow at the German Marshall Fund of the United States, U.S. Shelves "Cap and Trade" -- Policy Shift (And Congressional Opposition) Sink EU-Style Climate Exchange-Market In U.S. By Dan Morgan, http://www.europeaninstitute.org/EA-February-2011/us-shelves-qcap-and-tradeq-policy-shift-and-congressional-opposition-sink-eu-style-climate-exchange-market-in-us.html)

No accident, the omission merely confirmed a development that has become obvious: the

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at this stage, from the weaker ETS system when it was adopted.

Carbon cap solves environmental leadership

Greenstone 10 (Michael Greenstone¶ Director, The Hamilton Project and Senior Fellow¶ The Hamilton Project¶ Michael Greenstone is the 3M Professor of Environmental Economics in the Department of Economics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology., “The Benefits of Cap-and-Trade Would Have Exceeded Its Costs” http://www.brookings.edu/blogs/up-front/posts/2010/07/30-climate-change-greenstone)

Of course, it is natural to ask why Americans should pay for benefits in

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Copenhagen Accord, then the domestic benefits would easily exceed the domestic costs.

Soft power fails – persuasion is difficult and the US isn’t trusted

Kroenig et. al 10 (Matthew, assistant professor of Government at Georgetown University and a Stanton Nuclear Security Fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations; Melissa McAdam, Ph.D. candidate in political science at the University of California; Steven Weber, professor of political science at the University of California; December 2010, “Taking Soft Power Seriously”, Comparative Strategy, 29: 5, 412 – 431¶ http:~/~/www.matthewkroenig.com/Kroenig_ Taking%20Soft%20Power%20Seriously.pdf**(%%), RSR)

Foreign policy actors have many reasons to experiment with soft power, not merely because

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a way of arguing against the use of military force, for example.

Revenue neutrality solves

Griffin 9 (James, Professor at the Bush School of Government and Public Service at Texas AandM University; Director of the Robert A. Mosbacher Institute for Trade, Economics and Public Policy; he holds the Bob Bullock Chair in Public Policy and Finance and is a director in the Berkeley Research Group, a boutique economic consulting house; Ph.D. in economics from the University of Pennsylvania; he is a Humboldt Fellow and serves on the editorial board of three economics journals; his research has resulted in six books and over 50 refereed journal articles; he has maintained a long-standing interest in energy policy, having co-authored the leading textbook in the field; “A smart energy policy: an economist's Rx for balancing cheap, clean, and secure energy” p.7

Despite the clear merits of the proposed energy taxes, many Americans are¶ likely

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a-vis¶ new entrants that lack the benefit offree emissions permits.¶

Econ

Incentives for renewables will kill 11 million jobs – every job they create from wind has an opportunity cost of 4.27 jobs

Alvarez et al 9 (Gabriel Calzada Álvarez PhD, Associate Professor of Applied Economics at Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, in Madrid; Raquel Merino Jara, Associate Professor of Economics at Universidad Rey Juan Carlos; Juan Ramón Rallo Julián, Professor of Economics at Universidad Rey Juan Carlos; José Ignacio García Bielsa, Mining Engineer, former Director of RWE Trading/Solutions, responsible for the development of their energy business in Spain and Portugal; “Study of the effects on employment of public aid to renewable energy sources,” March 2009, www.juandemariana.org/pdf/090327-employment-public-aid-renewable.pdf)

Europe’s current policy and strategy for supporting the so-called “green jobs”

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, or 5.6% of the corporate income tax for 2007.

Incentives fail empirically – Spain – and Spain would be the model for US incentives

Alvarez 9 (GABRIEL CALZADA ÁLVAREZ, PHD, Associate Professor of Applied Economics at Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, in Madrid, TESTIMONY BEFORE THE¶ HOUSE SELECT COMMITTEE ON ENERGY INDEPENDENCE AND GLOBAL WARMING¶ September 24, 2009¶ Washington, DC¶))

On January 16th, 2009, president-elect Barack Obama visited an Ohio business

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have tried to answer through extensive academic research is “at what price?”

Negative economic effects – decline in other sectors

Zycher 12 (Benjamin, Pacific Research Institute Senior Fellow, Martin V. Smith School of Business and Economics adjunct professor, associate in the Intelligence Community Associates Program of the Office of Economic Analysis, Bureau of Intelligence and Research, U.S. Department of State, former senior staff economist for the President's Council of Economic Advisers, April 19, “Zycher testimony to joint House subcommittee hearing on subsidies for renewable energy,” http:~/~/www.aei.org/article/energy-and-the-environment/alternative-energy/zycher-testimony-to-joint-house-subcommittee-hearing-on-subsidies-for-renewable-energy/http://www.aei.org/article/energy-and-the-environment/alternative-energy/zycher-testimony-to-joint-house-subcommittee-hearing-on-subsidies-for-renewable-energy/, d/a 8-1-12, ads)

There is the further matter that an expansion of the renewable electricity sector¶ must

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taxes that must be imposed to finance the expansion of renewable¶ power.

Wind subsidies doesn’t boost employment – lowered Danish GDP by 270 million

Sharman and Meyer 9 (Hugh Sharman, degreee in civil engineering, founder and principal of Incoteco, an energy consulting firm based in Hals, Denmark, and Henrik Meyer, Master of Economics, Deputy Director at Copenhagen Consensus Center, WIND ENERGY THE CASE OF DENMARK, September 2009, www.cepos.dk/fileadmin/user_upload/Arkiv/PDF/Wind_energy_-_the_case_of_Denmark.pdf)

Denmark has been a first-mover in the wind power industry for over ten

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it would have been if the wind sector work force was employed elsewhere.

Wind energy literature is overly optimistic about job potential – manufacturing would be done abroad

Morriss et al 9 (ANDREW P. MORRISS, H. Ross and Helen Workman Professor of Law and Professor of Business, University of Illinois; WILLIAM T. BOGART, Dean of Academic Affairs and Professor of Economics, York College of Pennsylvania; ANDREW DORCHAK, Head of Reference and Foreign/International Law Specialist, Case Western Reserve University School of Law; ROGER E. MEINERS, John and Judy Goolsby Distinguished Professor of Economics and Law, University of Texas-Arlington; UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS LAW AND ECONOMICS RESEARCH PAPER SERIES NO. LE09-001, “GREEN JOBS MYTHS”, March 12^th, www.instituteforenergyresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/2009/03/morriss-green-jobs-myths.pdf)

The optimism in the green jobs literature is so omnipresent that there is almost no

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realistic these assumptions are and how desirable policies based on them would be.

The components would be produced abroad – Denmark proves

Schwartz 5 (L.M. Schwartz is the Chairman of the Virginia Land Rights Coalition. “Wind Power Dollars and Sense” http://www.vlrc.org/articles/3.html)

Ironically, Denmark benefited more than anyone else from California’s renewable energy program. In

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on designs of the German firm Tacke, bought by Enron in 1999.

Warming

Can’t dispatch fossil fuels

Post 12 (Willem Post, BSME New Jersey Institute of Technology, MSME Rensselaer, July 1, 2012, “Wind Energy CO2 Emissions Reductions are Overstated,” Energy Collective, http://theenergycollective.com/node/89476)

Dispatch Value, Variability and Intermittency of Wind Energy¶ ¶ Dispatch Value: Wind

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not available “on-demand”, i.e., not dispatchable.

1NR

Politics

A. Magnitude—Mid east war causes extinction—miscalc, prolif, and accidental escalation

Fraser, former PM of Australia, 7/4/11

(Malcom, “Dealing with nuclear terror means plants and weapons,” Taipei Times)

Recent history is peppered with a litany of false alerts and near misses, each

AND

damage to four Japanese nuclear reactors and their adjacent spent-fuel ponds.

B. Probability—Volatility makes it the most likely scenario

Ephraim Kam, Deputy Head-Jaffee Center for Strategic Studies, ‘7 (A Nuclear Iran, p. 50,

http://d.scribd.com/docs/2o4yoqqhx2btgchcpfug.pdf)http:~/~/www.tau.ac.il/jcss/memoranda/pdf

The statements by Iranian president Mahmoud Ahmadinejad about wiping Israel off the map are not

AND

behavior and channels for dialogue capable of reducing the risk do not yet exist

C. Timeframe—defense cuts happen in two months—we’ll lose the capability to maintain presence in the Mid East and it’ll quickly escalate—that’s Hutchinson.

Turns econ – reduces government and private investment

Maniere 11 (George, contributor to Seeking Alpha, “U.S. Debt Downgrade and Its Consequences Too Close for Comfort,” 7/28, http://seekingalpha.com/article/282627-u-s-debt-downgrade-and-its-consequences-too-close-for-comfort

Despite what you may have heard in the media let me clarify something, the

AND

make the failure at Lehman Brothers look like a day at the beach.

Compromise coming, but it’s fragile – Republicans feel pressure from their base to get at least some concessions

Bloomberg 11/7 (http://www.businessweek.com/articles/2012-11-07/obamas-holding-the-cards#p2)

In Obama’s second term, leverage will shift to the Democrats on almost every issue

AND

colleagues such as Richard Lugar (Ind.) and Bob Bennett (Utah).

Extending the PTC for more than a year costs political capital

Leone  12 (June 4, 2012 Steve Leone, Associate Editor, RenewableEnergyWorld.com “Looming Deadline for PTC Extension is Major Focus at Windpower 2012” http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/rea/news/article/2012/06/looking-deadline-for-ptc-extension-is-major-focus-at-windpower-2012)

“We’re willing to talk in the future about all sorts of alternatives,” said

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in which the government’s role in energy investment has become a central issue.

Reduced spending key to a deal

Beutler 11/7 (http://tpmdc.talkingpointsmemo.com/2012/11/republicans-to-obama-on-taxes-lets-compromise-by-not-raising-taxes.php)

“Because the American people expect us to find common ground, we are willing

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shore up the entitlement programs that are the primary drivers of our debt.”

New spending kills fiscal cliff negotiations – top Republicans fear that new spending causes tax hikes.

Berman, correspondent for The Hill, 11-9 (Russell, Boehner: Obama has 'opportunity to lead' negotiations on fiscal cliff, The Hill, 9 November 2012, http://thehill.com/homenews/house/267059-boehner-obama-has-qopportunity-to-leadq-on-fiscal-cliff, da 11-9-12)

Boehner's comments came as Senate Minority Leader Mitch McConnell (R-Ky.) pushed

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I’m here to tell them there is no truth to that notion whatsoever.”

Tax credit may have been popular in the past but it’s not bipartisan enough to get through the lame duck.

Geman, 11-10

(Ben, “Study by oil-backed group says wind industry doesn't need tax credit”, The Hill,

http:~/~/thehill.com/blogs/e2-wire/e2-wire/265449-com/blogs/e2-wire/e2-wire/265449-wind-credit-foes-ramp-up-attacks-ahead-of-lame-duck, RSR)

The thrust-and-parry over the credit will intensify in coming weeks when

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will clear Congress at a time when many Republicans oppose green energy programs.

Tournament: Wake | Round: 7 | Opponent:  | Judge: 

Text: Plan: The United States Federal Government should make the plan subject to completion of a binding integrated health and environmental impact assessment. 

CP competes – Any permutation severs Resolved – 

Firm in purpose or intent
Dictionary.com http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/resolved
firm in purpose or intent; determined.

Policy level health impact assessment prevents health problems
IPIECA 5 (International Petroleum Industry Environmental Conservation Association, http://www.scribd.com/doc/26122126/Guide-to-HIA-in-the-Oil-and-Gas-Industry-IPIECA-2005, Acc: 7/23/12, og)
This Guide defines and outlines the purpose and value of Health Impact Assessments (HIAs
AND
the term ‘project HIA’ includes both new proposed activities and existing operations.

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
1NC
Text: The United States Federal Government should procure small modular reactors for military bases in the United States.
DOD is key – solves commercialization, overcomes restrictions and doesn’t link to politics.
Madia, Chairman of the Board of Overseers and Vice President for the SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory at Stanford University, ‘12
William, Spring, "Small Modular Reactors: A Potential Game-changing Technology", energyclub.stanford.edu/index.php/Journal/Small_Modular_Reactors_by_William_Madia
To determine if SMRs hold the potential for changing the game in carbon-free power generation, it is imperative that we test the design, engineering, licensing, and economic assumptions with some sort of public-private development and demonstration program. Instead of having government simply invest in research and development to “buy down” the risks associated with SMRs, I propose a more novel approach. Since the federal government is a major power consumer, it should commit to being the “first mover” of SMRs. This means purchasing the first few hundred MWs of SMR generation capacity and dedicating it to federal use. The advantages of this approach are straightforward. The government would both reduce licensing and economic risks to the point where utilities might invest in subsequent units, thus jumpstarting the SMR industry. It would then also be the recipient of additional carbon-free energy generation capacity. This seems like a very sensible role for government to play without getting into the heavy politics of nuclear waste, corporate welfare, or carbon taxes.¶ If we want to deploy power generation technologies that can realize near-term impact on carbon emissions safely, reliably, economically, at scale, and at total costs that are manageable on the balance sheets of most utilities, we must consider SMRs as a key component of our national energy strategy.
SMRs solve warming
Palley, ‘11
Reese, The London School of Economics, 2011, The Answer: Why Only Inherently Safe, Mini Nuclear Power Plans Can Save Our World, p. 168-71
The central investigation of this book has been directed at the scale of the nuclear industry. The book has argued that all anthropogenic challenges that put in question continued human existence on Earth are a matter of scale. It was nature’s unanticipated success with her human experiment, the evolutionary choice of brains over brawn, setting in motion the underlying scale problems that opened our Pandora’s box of calamities. The history of man on Earth can best be viewed as a race between population and resources in which, for some millennia, population expansion leads and the Earth’s resources have been straining to catch up. When population bloomed from 100 million brainy humans to a billion, the problems of scale emerged as the price we had to pay for success as a species. The conversion of forests to agriculture, responding to the need to feed a burgeoning population, initiated the emerging problem of scale. The elimination of oxygen-emitting forests was mitigated to a large measure in the beginning of our population growth by the slow rate of change of the deforestation, which allowed an absorbable increase of CO2 in the atmosphere. Natural processes, such as the ability of the oceans to take up CO2, tamped down global warming. But as the scale of the release of warming gases exploded a few hundred years ago, our remaining forests and our seas, our first line of defense against CO2 imbalance, could not cope and the level of CO2 has risen alarmingly each year since 1800. When human population climbed from a billion to six billion and these six billion reveled in the enormous energy content of coal, the scenario for disaster on a global scale came into play. The impact of the loss of forest paled in comparison to the havoc that the use of fossil fuels represented. In a world that was hungry for energy and, not incidentally, living on a Malthusian edge of food supply, coal burst upon us as manna from heaven. Coal was everywhere, easy to mine, and in enormous, almost unending supply It generated the cheap heat needed to run the engines of early industrialization. An unintended Faustian bargain was struck. The immediate cost of coal in the cities, dirt and pollution, were not out of sync with what urban man had lived with for centuries. It was beyond the science and the understanding of the time that burning vast millennial coal deposits would do little more than discommode the proximate few and benefit many. Again it was not the burning, it was the scale of the burning that dumped billions of tons of CO2 into the atmosphere. We are now presented with a horrendous invoice that must be paid if we are to survive in anywhere near the comfort to which we have become accustomed. It has been the intent of this book to argue that the scale of the warming catastrophe must be viewed primarily in terms of the continuing flow of CO2 into the atmosphere. Every possible source of CO2, no matter how small, must be identified and interdicted, since every fourth molecule of the gas will remain with us as a climate moderator for thousands of years. What we find is that all of the sources of energy including so-called green energy are CO2-culpable and that each, in spite of claims to the contrary, adds its tiny mite or enormous mass to the climate changes looming in man’s future. The book argues that the scale of the consumption of fossil fuels is clearly unsustainable and, more to the point, that the feeble attempts to restrict CO2 production are little more than a glossing over of the problem. Capping but not ending production of greenhouse gases only magnifies the unthinkable future costs of bringing the level of CO2 and other greenhouse gases back into balance. Logic dictates that merely limiting greenhouse gases pushes possible solutions farther and farther into the future and does little to mitigate the difficulties that will arise in the near future. Logic dictates that our reasonably comfortable survival depends on the immediate and total cessation of increases to parts per million of CO2 in the air. Logic dictates that if we are to continue to enjoy the level of comfort, wealth, and ease afforded us since the beginning of the twentieth century we must not only halt the increase but commence the actual decrease of warming gases at work in the atmosphere. That conclusion brings the book to the problems and the solutions inherent in nuclear power, the only energy source that can guarantee us a reasonable future that might be resistant to CO2 warming. Here the argument returns once again to the problem of scale of nuclear reactors, especially as the size of these reactors is related to the brief time left to us to get a grip on calamitous climate changes. The beginnings of nuclear energy lay in the demands of war. The battle between good and evil characterized by the Second World War gave hurried birth to a discovery that had the inherent power to both destroy and salvage. The power to destroy required plutonium on an enormous scale, which was projected forward into the postwar development of civilian reactors. The demand for scarce plutonium for the bombs of the cold war defined the type of reactors that were being developed. These were the breeder reactors, which spewed out plutonium measured in tons that had previously been available only in ounces, and would continue to do so when the wartime need was far behind us. What was once precious, rare, and desirable has become dangerous nuclear waste, and the imperfectly perceived scale of the waste problem has seriously inhibited the logical growth and development of nuclear power. By some unthinkable universal coincidence, nuclear power became available to man for war at the same time that it could prove to be the solution to man’s greatest peacetime challenge. But the gigawatt nuclear power plants that emerged from the war had within them the seeds of their own severe limitation. The scale of the risks, real and imagined, grew exponentially as the scale of energy output grew only linearly. These risks, some merely perceived, some dangerously real and some financial, have conspired to restrict the enormous expansion of nuclear power that is needed to quickly replace our present consumption of energy from fossil fuels. The present rate of replacement of fossil with nuclear sources is at a pace that will have little impact on ultimately dealing with the CO2 imbalance. This slow rate of change is compounded of public fears, bureaucratic regulatory mechanisms resistant to novel solutions, and a private capital market that is unable to conjure with the imagined and real risks of the huge gigawatt reactors that dominate the industry. It is a Gordian knot that cannot be unraveled but which can only be cut by a political sword that, alas, still lacks the edge to do the job. By another rare act of cosmic fortuity, there is a parallel existing nuclear technology that, barring political interference, is capable of addressing the scale problems inherent in gigawatt reactors. From the beginning of the nuclear era, researchers such as Weinberg and Wigner and Teller developed small, inherently safe nuclear reactors that did not breed plutonium. This was reason enough for the military, balancing urgent demands on research and development budgets, to consign the concept of “smaller and safer is better” to dusty shelves in our national science attic. This book has argued that small reactors, that produce a tenth of the energy of the giants also generate inordinately less of the risk that inhibits growth of the industry. Construction of small reactors is a fraction of the cost of construction of gigawatt reactors. Thus the number of years that scarce capital is tied up and at risk is substantially reduced. The book argues that a 100 MWe reactor88 is a much bigger hardware bargain than a gigawatt reactor, which, from start to output, can cost $15 billion. It is not only the hardware costs that contribute to the devilish details of risk. The problem is the inability of the market to accurately or even approximately estimate the real cost of the capital that would be tied up for over a decade in a project that, through technological advancements, could be obsolete before it ever joins the grid.
SMRs are essential to prevent cyber-terrorism and grid collapse.
Robitaille, Department of Army Civilian, ‘12
George, March 21, "Small Modular Reactors: The Army’s Secure Source of Energy?", www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA561802
In recent years, the U.S Department of Defense (DoD) has identified a security issue at our installations related to the dependence on the civilian electrical grid.1 The DoD depends on a steady source of electricity at military facilities to perform the functions that secure our nation. The flow of electricity into military facilities is controlled by a public grid system that is susceptible to being compromised because of the age of the infrastructure, damage from natural disasters and the potential for cyber attacks. Although most major functions at military installations employ diesel powered generators as temporary backup, the public grid may not be available to provide electricity when it is needed the most. The United States electrical infrastructure system is prone to failures and susceptible to terrorist attacks.2 It is critical that the source of electricity for our installations is reliable and secure. In order to ensure that our military facilities possess a secure source of electricity, either the public system of electric generation and distribution is upgraded to increase its reliability as well as reducing its susceptibility to cyber attack or another source of electricity should be pursued. Although significant investments are being made to upgrade the electric grid, the current investment levels are not keeping up with the aging system.¶ Small modular reactors (SMRs) are nuclear reactors that are about an order of magnitude smaller than traditional commercial reactor used in the United States. SMRs are capable of generating electricity and at the same time, they are not a significant contributor to global warming because of green house gas emissions. The DoD needs to look at small modular nuclear reactors (SMRs) to determine if they can provide a safe and secure source of electricity.¶ Electrical Grid Susceptibility to Disruptions¶ According to a recent report by the Defense Science Board, the DoD gets ninety nine percent of their electrical requirements from the civilian electric grid.3 The electric grid, as it is currently configured and envisioned to operate for the foreseeable future, may not be reliable enough to ensure an uninterrupted flow of electricity for our critical military facilities given the influences of the aging infrastructure, its susceptibility to severe weather events, and the potential for cyber attacks. The DoD dependency on the grid is reflected in the $4.01 Billion spent on facilities energy in fiscal year 2010, the latest year which data was available.4 The electricity used by military installations amounts to $3.76 billion.5 As stated earlier, the DoD relies on the commercial grid to provide a secure source of energy to support the operations that ensure the security of our nation and it may not be available when we need it. The system could be taken down for extended periods of time by failure of aging components, acts of nature, or intentionally by cyber attacks.¶ Aging Infrastructure. The U.S electric power grid is made up of independently owned power plants and transmission lines. The political and environmental resistance to building new electric generating power plants combined with the rise in consumption and aging infrastructure increases the potential for grid failure in the future. There are components in the U.S. electric grid that are over one hundred years old and some of the recent outages such as the 2006 New York blackout can be directly attributed to this out of date, aging infrastructure. 6 Many of the components of this system are at or exceeding their operational life and the general trend of the utility companies is to not replace power lines and other equipment until they fail. 7 The government led deregulation of the electric utility industry that started in the mid 1970s has contributed to a three decade long deterioration of the electric grid and an increased state of instability. Although significant investments are being made to upgrade the electric grid, the many years of prior neglect will require a considerable amount of time and funding to bring the aging infrastructure up to date. Furthermore, the current investment levels to upgrade the grid are not keeping up with the aging system. 8 In addition, upgrades to the digital infrastructure which were done to increase the systems efficiency and reliability, have actually made the system more susceptible to cyber attacks. 9 Because of the aging infrastructure and the impacts related to weather, the extent, as well as frequency of failures is expected to increase in the future. Adverse Weather. According to a 2008 grid reliability report by the Edison Electric Institute, sixty seven per cent of all power outages are related to weather. Specifically, lightning contributed six percent, while adverse weather provided thirty one percent and vegetation thirty percent (which was predominantly attributed to wind blowing vegetation into contact with utility lines) of the power outages. 10 In 1998 a falling tree limb damaged a transformer near the Bonneville Dam in Oregon, causing a cascade of related black-outs across eight western states. 11 In August of 2003 the lights went out in the biggest blackout in North America, plunging over fifty million people into darkness over eight states and two Canadian provinces. Most areas did not have power restored four or five days. In addition, drinking water had to be distributed by the National Guard when water pumping stations and/or purification processes failed. The estimated economic losses associated with this incident were about five billion dollars. Furthermore, this incident also affected the operations of twenty two nuclear plants in the United States and Canada. 12 In 2008, Hurricane Ike caused approximately seven and a half million customers to lose power in the United States from Texas to New York. 13 The electric grid suffered numerous power outages every year throughout the United States and the number of outages is expected to increase as the infrastructure ages without sufficient upgrades and weather-related impacts continue to become more frequent. Cyber Attacks. The civilian grid is made up of three unique electric networks which cover the East, West and Texas with approximately one hundred eighty seven thousand miles of power lines. There are several weaknesses in the electrical distribution infrastructure system that could compromise the flow of electricity to military facilities. The flow of energy in the network lines as well as the main distribution hubs has become totally dependent on computers and internet-based communications. Although the digital infrastructure makes the grid more efficient, it also makes it more susceptible to cyber attacks. Admiral Mr. Dennis C. Blair (ret.), the former Director of National Intelligence, testified before Congress that “the growing connectivity between information systems, the Internet, and other infrastructures creates opportunities for attackers to disrupt telecommunications, electrical power, energy pipelines, refineries, financial networks, and other critical infrastructures. 14 ” The Intelligence Community assesses that a number of nations already have the technical capability to conduct such attacks. 15 In the 2009 report, Annual Threat Assessment of the Intelligence Community for the Senate Armed Services Committee, Adm. Blair stated that “Threats to cyberspace pose one of the most serious economic and national security challenges of the 21st Century for the United States and our allies.”16 In addition, the report highlights a growing array of state and non-state actors that are targeting the U.S. critical infrastructure for the purpose of creating chaos that will subsequently produce detrimental effects on citizens, commerce, and government operations. These actors have the ability to compromise, steal, change, or completely destroy information through their detrimental activities on the internet. 17 In January 2008, US Central Intelligence Agency senior analyst Tom Donahue told a gathering of three hundred international security managers from electric, water, oil and gas, and other critical industry, that data was available from multiple regions outside the United States, which documents cyber intrusions into utilities. In at least one case (outside the U.S.), the disruption caused a power outage affecting multiple cities. Mr. Donahue did not specify who executed these attacks or why, but did state that all the intrusions were conducted via the Internet. 18 During the past twenty years, advances in computer technologies have permeated and advanced all aspects of our lives. Although the digital infrastructure is being increasingly merged with the power grid to make it more efficient and reliable, it also makes it more vulnerable to cyber attack. In October 2006, a foreign hacker invaded the Harrisburg, PA., water filtration system and planted malware. 19 In June 2008, the Hatch nuclear power plant in Georgia shut down for two days after an engineer loaded a software update for a business network that also rebooted the plant's power control system. In April 2009, The Wall Street Journal reported that cyber spies had infiltrated the U.S. electric grid and left behind software that could be used to disrupt the system. The hackers came from China, Russia and other nations and were on a “fishing expedition” to map out the system. 20 According to the secretary of Homeland Security, Janet Napolitano at an event on 28 October 2011, cyber–attacks have come close to compromising the country’s critical infrastructure on multiple occasions. 21 Furthermore, during FY11, the United States Computer Emergency Readiness Team took action on more than one hundred thousand incident reports by releasing more than five thousand actionable cyber security alerts and information products. 22 The interdependence of modern infrastructures and digital based systems makes any cyber attacks on the U.S. electric grid potentially significant. The December 2008 report by the Commission on Cyber Security for the forty fourth Presidency states the challenge plainly: “America’s failure to protect cyberspace is one of the most urgent national security problems facing the new administration”. 23 The susceptibility of the grid to being compromised has resulted in a significant amount of resources being allocated to ensuring the systems security. Although a substantial amount of resources are dedicated to protecting the nation’s infrastructure, it may not be enough to ensure the continuous flow of electricity to our critical military facilities. SMRs as they are currently envisioned may be able to provide a secure and independent alternative source of electricity in the event that the public grid is compromised. SMRs may also provide additional DoD benefit by supporting the recent government initiatives related to energy consumption and by circumventing the adverse ramifications associated with building coal or natural gas fired power plants on the environment.
SMRs solve water shortages - desalination
EPI ‘10
Energy Policy Institute, June 2010, “Economic and Employment Impacts of Small Modular Nuclear Reactors” http://epi.boisestate.edu/media/3494/economic%20and%20employment%20impacts%20of%20smrs.pdf
Desalination. The IAEA has identified desalination as possibly the leading non-­‐electric civilian use for nuclear energy. Water scarcity is becoming an increasingly problematic global issue in both developed and developing countries. As noted in an IAEA (2007) report,¶ Because of population growth, surface water resources are increasingly stressed in many parts of the world, developed and developing regions alike. Water stress is counter to sustainable development; it engenders disease; diverts natural flows, endangering flora and fauna of rivers, lakes wetlands, deltas and oceans; and it incites regional conflicts over water rights. In the developing world, more than one billion people currently lack access to safe drinking water; nearly two and a half billion lack access to adequate sanitation services. This would only get these trends, many opportunities in both developed and developing countries are foreseen for supply of potable water generated using nuclear process heat or off-­‐peak electricity (p. 23).¶ The desalination of sea water requires large amounts of energy and is not dependent on a particular fuel production of potable water from sea water in a facility in which a nuclear reactor is used as the source of energy for the desalination. The three technologies that comprise nuclear desalination are nuclear, the desalination method, and the system that couples them together (IAEA, 2000). The feasibility of integrated nuclear desalination plants has been proven with over 175 reactor-­‐years of experience worldwide (IAEA, 2007a). Large-­‐scale, proven commercial technologies for desalination can be grouped into distillation processes and the reverse osmosis process. Distillation technologies require heat to create steam which condenses and separates fresh water from brine. Reverse osmosis requires only electricity to push fresh water from the higher pressure saltwater side of a semi-­‐permeable membrane to the lower pressure freshwater side. An IAEA study (2007a) on the economics of nuclear desalination reported that  SMRs offer the largest potential as coupling options to nuclear desalination systems in developing countries  (p. 4). Furthermore, the study found that the costs for nuclear desalination are roughly similar to that of natural gas desalination, and could be substantially lower depending on fuel costs (IAEA, 2007a). Based on a preliminary assessment of the global desalination market through 2030, particularly in developing countries, desalination has the potential to provide a strong market for SMRs if they can successfully compete with conventional nuclear plants and other sources of generation (Arthur, 2010).

Block
DoD acquisition of SMR’s ensures rapid military adoption, commercialization, and U.S. leadership
Andres and Breetz 11
Richard (Professor of National Security Strategy at the National War College and a Senior Fellow and Energy and Environmental Security and Policy Chair in the Center for Strategic Research, Institute for National Strategic Studies, at the National Defense University) and Hanna (doctoral candidate in the Department of Political Science at The Massachusetts Institute of Technology), Small Nuclear Reactorsfor Military Installations:Capabilities, Costs, andTechnological Implications, www.ndu.edu/press/lib/pdf/StrForum/SF-262.pdf
Thus far, this paper has reviewed two of DOD’s most pressing energy vulnerabilities—grid insecurity and fuel convoys—and explored how they could be addressed by small reactors. We acknowledge that there are many uncertainties and risks associated with these reactors. On the other hand, failing to pursue these technologies raises its own set of risks for DOD, which we review in this section: first, small reactors may fail to be commercialized in the United States; second, the designs that get locked in by the private market may not be optimal for DOD’s needs; and third, expertise on small reactors may become concentrated in foreign countries. By taking an early “first mover” role in the small reactor market, DOD could mitigate these risks and secure the long-term availability and appropriateness of these technologies for U.S. military applications. The “Valley of Death.” Given the promise that small reactors hold for military installations and mobility, DOD has a compelling interest in ensuring that they make the leap from paper to production. However, if DOD does not provide an initial demonstration and market, there is a chance that the U.S. small reactor industry may never get off the ground. The leap from the laboratory to the marketplace is so difficult to bridge that it is widely referred to as the “Valley of Death.” Many promising technologies are never commercialized due to a variety of market failures— including technical and financial uncertainties, information asymmetries, capital market imperfections, transaction costs, and environmental and security externalities— that impede financing and early adoption and can lock innovative technologies out of the marketplace. 28 In such cases, the Government can help a worthy technology to bridge the Valley of Death by accepting the first mover costs and demonstrating the technology’s scientific and economic viability.29 FOOTNOTE 29: There are numerous actions that the Federal Government could take, such as conducting or funding research and development, stimulating private investment, demonstrating technology, mandating adoption, and guaranteeing markets. Military procurement is thus only one option, but it has often played a decisive role in technology development and is likely to be the catalyst for the U.S. small reactor industry. See Vernon W. Ruttan, Is War Necessary for Economic Growth? (New York: Oxford University Press, 2006); Kira R. Fabrizio and David C. Mowery, “The Federal Role in Financing Major Inventions: Information Technology during the Postwar Period,” in Financing Innovation in the United States, 1870 to the Present, ed. Naomi R. Lamoreaux and Kenneth L. Sokoloff (Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press, 2007), 283–316. Historically, nuclear power has been “the most clear-cut example . . . of an important general-purpose technology that in the absence of military and defense related procurement would not have been developed at all.”30 Government involvement is likely to be crucial for innovative, next-generation nuclear technology as well. Despite the widespread revival of interest in nuclear energy, Daniel Ingersoll has argued that radically innovative designs face an uphill battle, as “the high capital cost of nuclear plants and the painful lessons learned during the first nuclear era have created a prevailing fear of first-of-a-kind designs.”31 In addition, Massachusetts Institute of Technology reports on the Future of Nuclear Power called for the Government to provide modest “first mover” assistance to the private sector due to several barriers that have hindered the nuclear renaissance, such as securing high up-front costs of site-banking, gaining NRC certification for new technologies, and demonstrating technical viability.32 It is possible, of course, that small reactors will achieve commercialization without DOD assistance. As discussed above, they have garnered increasing attention in the energy community. Several analysts have even argued that small reactors could play a key role in the second nuclear era, given that they may be the only reactors within the means of many U.S. utilities and developing countries.33 However, given the tremendous regulatory hurdles and technical and financial uncertainties, it appears far from certain that the U.S. small reactor industry will take off. If DOD wants to ensure that small reactors are available in the future, then it should pursue a leadership role now. Technological Lock-in. A second risk is that if small reactors do reach the market without DOD assistance, the designs that succeed may not be optimal for DOD’s applications. Due to a variety of positive feedback and increasing returns to adoption (including demonstration effects, technological interdependence, network and learning effects, and economies of scale), the designs that are initially developed can become “locked in.”34 Competing designs—even if they are superior in some respects or better for certain market segments— can face barriers to entry that lock them out of the market. If DOD wants to ensure that its preferred designs are not locked out, then it should take a first mover role on small reactors. It is far too early to gauge whether the private market and DOD have aligned interests in reactor designs. On one hand, Matthew Bunn and Martin Malin argue that what the world needs is cheaper, safer, more secure, and more proliferation-resistant nuclear reactors; presumably, many of the same broad qualities would be favored by DOD.35 There are many varied market niches that could be filled by small reactors, because there are many different applications and settings in which they can be used, and it is quite possible that some of those niches will be compatible with DOD’s interests.36 On the other hand, DOD may have specific needs (transportability, for instance) that would not be a high priority for any other market segment. Moreover, while DOD has unique technical and organizational capabilities that could enable it to pursue more radically innovative reactor lines, DOE has indicated that it will focus its initial small reactor deployment efforts on LWR designs.37 If DOD wants to ensure that its preferred reactors are developed and available in the future, it should take a leadership role now. Taking a first mover role does not necessarily mean that DOD would be “picking a winner” among small reactors, as the market will probably pursue multiple types of small reactors. Nevertheless, DOD leadership would likely have a profound effect on the industry’s timeline and trajectory. Domestic Nuclear Expertise. From the perspective of larger national security issues, if DOD does not catalyze the small reactor industry, there is a risk that expertise in small reactors could become dominated by foreign companies. A 2008 Defense Intelligence Agency report warned that the United States will become totally dependent on foreign governments for future commercial nuclear power unless the military acts as the prime mover to reinvigorate this critical energy technology with small, distributed power reactors.38 Several of the most prominent small reactor concepts rely on technologies perfected at Federally funded laboratories and research programs, including the Hyperion Power Module (Los Alamos National Laboratory), NuScale (DOE-sponsored research at Oregon State University), IRIS (initiated as a DOE-sponsored project), Small and Transportable Reactor (Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory), and Small, Sealed, Transportable, Autonomous Reactor (developed by a team including the Argonne, Lawrence Livermore, and Los Alamos National Laboratories). However, there are scores of competing designs under development from over a dozen countries. If DOD does not act early to support the U.S. small reactor industry, there is a chance that the industry could be dominated by foreign companies. Along with other negative consequences, the decline of the U.S. nuclear industry decreases the NRC’s influence on the technology that supplies the world’s rapidly expanding demand for nuclear energy. Unless U.S. companies begin to retake global market share, in coming decades France, China, South Korea, and Russia will dictate standards on nuclear reactor reliability, performance, and proliferation resistance.
DoD development shortens licensing process.
Butler, Lt. Col., ‘11
Glen, “Not Green Enough”,
www.mca-marines.org/gazette/not-green-enough
SMRs have relatively low plant cost, can replace aging fossil plants, and do not emit greenhouse gasses. Some are as small as a “hot tub” and can be stored underground, dramatically increasing safety and security from terrorist threats.25 Encouragingly, in fiscal year 2010 (FY10) the DoE allocated $0 to the U.S. SMR Program; in FY11, they’ve requested $38.9 million. This funding is to support two main activities—public/private partnerships to advance SMR designs and research and development and demonstrations. According to the DoE’s website, one of the planned program accomplishments for FY11 is to “collaborate with the Department of Defense (DoD) . . . to assess the feasibility of SMR designs for energy resources at DoD installations.”26 The Marine Corps should vigorously seek the opportunity to be a DoD entity providing one platform for this feasibility assessment.27 Fourth, SMR technology offers the Marine Corps another unique means to lead from the front—not just of the other Services but also of the Nation, and even the world.28 This potential Pete Ellis moment should be seized. There are simple steps we could take, and others stand ready to lead if we are not.30 But the temptation to “wait and see” and “let the others do it; then we’ll adopt it” mentality is not always best. Energy security demands boldness, not timidity. To be fair, nuclear technology comes with challenges, of course, and with questions that have been kicked around for decades. An April 1990 Popular Science article asked, “Next Generation Nuclear Reactors—Dare we build them?” and included some of the same verbiage heard in similar discussions today.31 Compliance with National Environment Policy Act requirements necessitates lengthy and detailed preaction analyses, critical community support must be earned, and disposal challenges remain. Still, none of these hurdles are insurmountable. Yet despite the advances in safety, security, and efficiency in recent years, nuclear in the energy equation remains the new “n-word” for most military circles. And despite the fact that the FY10 National Defense Authorization Act called on the DoD to “conduct a study of the feasibility of nuclear plants on military installations,” the Office of the Secretary of Defense has yet to fund the study. Fifth, the cumbersome, bureaucratic certification process of the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC), often enough to scare away potential entrepreneurs and investors, is not necessarily a roadblock to success. The NRC is “responsible for licensing and regulating the operation of commercial nuclear power plants in the United States.” Military installations offer unique platforms that could likely bypass an extended certification process. With established expertise and a long safety record in nuclear reactor certification, operations, training, and maintenance, the Naval Nuclear Propulsion Program comprises the civilian and military personnel who: . . . design, build, operate, maintain, and manage the nuclear-powered ships and the many facilities that support the U.S. nuclear-powered naval fleet.”34 Bypassing the NRC and initiating SMR experimentation under ADM Hyman Rickover’s legacy umbrella of naval reactors could shorten the process to a reasonable level for Marine and naval installations.35
Most qualified ev goes neg.
Hunt 11
(Gary, President, TechandCreative Labs, a disruptive innovation business collaboration of software, data and advanced analytics technology companies working together to integrate their products to meet the changing needs of the energy vertical. Tech and Creative Labs is based in Boston with offices in the San Francisco Bay Area. Gary Hunt has more than 30 years experience in the energy, software and information technology industries. He served as VP-Global Analytics and Data at IHS/CERA; Division President, Ventyx/Global Energy Advisors; as CEO, MMWEC, a New England-based wholesale power producer, “Is there a Small Modular Nuke in our Distributed Energy Future?” May 31, 2011, http://www.tclabz.com/2011/05/31/is-there-a-small-modular-nuke-in-our-distributed-energy-future/)
The Colonel says the military does not believe the NRC will license such a modular design anytime soon enough to meet the military need so he is recommending that the Department of Defense use its authority to license such technology for military purposes since doing so does not require NRC approval.  Once proven and deployed, these military applications should speed the path to small modular nuclear units in civilian applications.
We can build them really quickly.
Blees et al 11
Tom Blees1, Yoon Chang2, Robert Serafin3, Jerry Peterson4, Joe Shuster1, Charles Archambeau5, Randolph Ware3, 6, Tom Wigley3,7, Barry W. Brook7, 1Science Council for Global Initiatives, 2Argonne National Laboratory, 3National Center for Atmospheric Research, 4University of Colorado, 5Technology Research Associates, 6Cooperative Institute for Research in the Environmental Sciences, 7(climate professor) University of Adelaide, "Advanced nuclear power systems to mitigate climate change (Part III)," 2/24/11) http://bravenewclimate.com/2011/02/24/advanced-nuclear-power-systems-to-mitigate-climate-change/-http://bravenewclimate.com/2011/02/24/advanced-nuclear-power-systems-to-mitigate-climate-change/
How Fast Can We Build Them?¶ During France’s nuclear building boom they built an average of six nuclear power plants per year, culminating in a situation that provides them with about 80% of their electrical needs while making electricity their fourth-largest export earner. Gross Domestic Product (GDP) can be used as a rough guide to what a given country can financially bear for such a project, keeping in mind that France proceeded without the sense of urgency that the world today should certainly be ready to muster. There are six countries with higher GDPs than France, all of whom already possess the technology to build fast reactors: USA, China, Japan, India (they’re building one now), Germany, and the United Kingdom. Add Canada and Russia (which already has a commercial fast reactor running and is planning more), then tally up the GDP of these eight countries. At the rate of 6 plants per year ( 1GW each) at the equivalent of France’s GDP, these countries alone could afford to build about 117 power plants per year, even without any greater urgency than the French brought to bear on their road to energy independence.¶ Consider that there are about 400 nuclear power plants in the world today. At this entirely feasible rate of construction we could more than double the planet’s nuclear capacity in just four years. Remember, the French accomplished their transformation with non-modular, albeit standardized, Gen II designs. Modular construction, passive safety systems, and factory fabrication, divided among companies all over the planet, could realistically convert the planet’s electricity production to virtually all nuclear in a couple decades, with abundant surplus electricity for ancillary uses such as desalination 

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
1NC

Wind and solar are worse for the environment – necessity of backup power causes more emissions
Zycher 12 (Benjamin, Pacific Research Institute Senior Fellow, Martin V. Smith School of Business and Economics adjunct professor, associate in the Intelligence Community Associates Program of the Office of Economic Analysis, Bureau of Intelligence and Research, U.S. Department of State, former senior staff economist for the President's Council of Economic Advisers, April 19, “Zycher testimony to joint House subcommittee hearing on subsidies for renewable energy,” http://www.aei.org/article/energy-and-the-environment/alternative-energy/zycher-testimony-to-joint-house-subcommittee-hearing-on-subsidies-for-renewable-energy/, d/a 8-1-12, ads)

A cleaner environment is worth it, you say? Not so fast. As counterintuitive as it may seem, increased reliance on wind and solar power will hurt the environment, not because of such phony issues as endangered cockroaches, used by the environmental left as a tool with which to obstruct the renewable energy projects that they claim to support. Instead, this damage will be real, in the form of greater air pollution. The conventional generators needed to back up the unreliable wind and solar production will have to be cycled up and down because the system operators will be required to take wind and solar generation when it is available. This means greater operating inefficiency and more emissions. That is precisely what a recent engineering study of the effects of renewables requirements found for Colorado and Texas.¶ So we have achieved the perfect leftist trifecta: higher costs, lower reliability, and more environmental degradation. Such plagues are hardly biblical, but neither are they trivial. Will Governor Brown finally be content? Obviously not, as he now wants higher taxes to feed a Sacramento monster utterly destructive in so many dimensions.
Solar energy causes massive warming – emits highly virulent greenhouse gasses
Zehner 12 (Ozzie, University of California Berkeley Visiting Scholar,  June 04, “Green Illusions: The Dirty Secrets Of Clean Energy,” http://thegwpf.org/the-climate-record/5880-green-illusions-the-dirty-secrets-of-clean-energy-.html, d/a 8-2-12, ads)

Hexafluoroethane has a global warming potential that is 12,000 times higher than CO2, according to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). It is 100 percent manufactured by humans, and survives 10,000 years once released into the atmosphere. Nitrogen trifluoride is 17,000 times more virulent than CO2, and SF6, the most treacherous greenhouse gas, is over 23,000 times more threatening.¶ The solar photovoltaic industry is one of the fastest-growing emitters of these gases, which are now measurably accumulating within the earth's atmosphere according to the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). A NOAA study shows that atmospheric concentrations of SF6 have been rising exponentially. A paper published in the peer-reviewed journal Geophysical Research Letters documents that atmospheric NF3 levels have been rising 11 percent per year.¶ "If photovoltaic production grows, so will the associated side effects," claims Zehner. "Even worse, there's no evidence that solar cells offset fossil fuel use in the American context." Zehner explains that alternative energy subsidies keep retail electricity costs incrementally lower, which then spurs demand. "It's a boomerang effect," remarks Zehner. "The harder we throw alternative energy into the electrical grid, the harder demand comes back to hit us on the head. Historically, we've filled that demand by building more fossil fuel plants, not fewer."¶ Instead, Zehner advocates shifting to energy taxes and other conservation measures. He claims that even some of the most expensive options for dealing with CO2 would become cost competitive long before today's solar cell technologies.¶ "If limiting CO2 is our goal, we might be better off directing our time and resources to those options first; solar cells seem a wasteful and pricey strategy," says Zehner. "It is hard to conceive of a justification for extracting taxes from the working class to fund installations of Stone Age photovoltaic technologies high in the gold-rimmed suburbs of Arizona and California."¶ ¶ ¶
Warming inevitable – CO2 stays in the atmosphere for hundreds of years.
Hillman, Senior Fellow at the Policy Studies Institute, ‘7
Mayer, The Suicidal Planet: How To Prevent Global Climate Catastrophe, p. 25-6
The effects of climate change cannot quickly be reversed by reducing or even eliminating future emissions of greenhouse gases. There are two reasons for this. First, greenhouse gases released into the atmosphere linger for decades (in the case of relatively short-lived gases like methane), or hundreds of years (for carbon dioxide), or even thousands of years (for the long-lived gases like perfluorocarbons). Carbon dioxide and methane concentrations in the atmosphere are respectively one-third and more than twice as high as those at any time over the last 650,000 years. Even if no additional carbon dioxide were emitted from now on, atmospheric concentrations would take centuries to decline to pre-Industrial Revolution levels. While elevated levels of greenhouse gases remain in the atmosphere, additional warming will occur. 

No international spillover – subsidies only reduce the domestic cost of producing renewable energy, no reason renewables would be economical globally. 

Climate leadership on reducing emissions in the status quo
Roberts 12 (David Roberts is a staff writer for Grist, writing about Energy, politics, and more, July 17th, U.S. leads the world in cutting CO2 emissions — so why aren’t we talking about it?, http://grist.org/climate-policy/u-s-leads-the-world-in-cutting-co2-emissions-so-why-arent-we-talking-about-it/)

Contrary to popular belief, the U.S. is making progress on climate change.¶ We have cut our carbon emissions more than any other country in the world in recent years — 7.7 percent since 2006. U.S. emissions fell 1.9 percent last year and are projected to fall 1.9 percent again this year, which will put us back at 1996 levels. It will not be easy to achieve the reductions Obama promised in Copenhagen — 17 percent (from 2005 levels) by 2020 — but that goal no longer looks out of reach, even in the absence of comprehensive legislation.
China produces more emissions than every other country – outweighs the US
Koetzle, Ph.D. and Senior Vice President of Public Policy at the Institute for Energy Research, ‘8
William, "IER Rebuttal to Boucher White Paper", http://www.instituteforenergyresearch.org/2008/04/13/ier-rebuttal-to-boucher-white-paper/

Take for example the following chart from the Energy Information Agency (EIA).6 This chart presents a detailed view of current and projected world energy-related CO2 emissions (1990 to 2030). This chart shows that in 2004, the United States accounted for approximately 22% of world CO2 emissions. By 2030, the EIA estimates that the United States’ share of these emissions will fall to about 18.5%. It also shows where the increases in CO2 emissions will occur over the next two decades: in the developing (i.e. non-OECD) countries. Currently energy-related CO2 emissions are roughly equivalent between OECD (developed) and non-OECD countries; by 2030 this ratio will change: Developed countries will be responsible for less than 40% of emissions. Notice specifically that China’s and India’s CO2 emissions are estimated to increase by 139% and 94% respectively. As the Committee White Paper notes, several states and regions have acted in the absence of federal legislation to enact GHG reduction programs. California, for example, passed AB 32 which establishes a goal of reducing emissions to 25% below 1990 levels by 2020. California currently accounts for about 6.7% of total United States emissions7; and about 1.5% of world-wide energy-related CO2 emissions. If California were successful in achieving this very significant reduction in emissions, how would this impact net global CO2 emissions? The answer is not much. California’s reduction by 2030 would reduce the growth in United States emissions by about 13%; and the reduction would only offset about 4% of China’s increase in emissions over the same period. This table also helps to illustrate what happens to global net CO2 emissions, given reduction scenarios undertaken by an individual nation or a group of nations. For example, if the United States were to unilaterally reduced emissions by 30% or 40% below 2004 levels8 by 2030; net global CO2 emissions would still increase by more than 40%. The reason is straightforward: either of these reduction levels is offset by the increases in CO2 emissions in developing countries. For example, a 30% cut below 2004 levels by 2030 by the United States offsets less than 60% of China’s increase in emissions during the same period. In fact, even if the United States were to eliminate all CO2 emissions by 2030, without any corresponding actions by other countries, world-wide emissions would still increase by 30%. If the United States were joined by the other OECD countries in a CO2 reduction effort, net emissions would still significantly increase. In the event of an OCED-wide reduction of 30%, global emissions increase by 33%; a reduction of 40% still leads to a net increase of just under 30%. Simply put, in order to hold CO2 emissions at 2004 levels, absent any reductions by developing nations like China and India, all OECD emissions would have to cease.9
Oceans and marine bioD are resilient – alarmist predictions empirically denied
Taylor 10 James M. Taylor is a senior fellow of The Heartland Institute and managing editor of Environment and Climate News., “Ocean Acidification Scare Pushed at Copenhagen,” Feb 10 http://www.heartland.org/publications/environment%20climate/article/26815/Ocean_Acidification_Scare_Pushed_at_Copenhagen.html

With global temperatures continuing their decade-long decline and United Nations-sponsored global warming talks falling apart in Copenhagen, alarmists at the U.N. talks spent considerable time claiming carbon dioxide emissions will cause catastrophic ocean acidification, regardless of whether temperatures rise. The latest scientific data, however, show no such catastrophe is likely to occur. Food Supply Risk Claimed The United Kingdom’s environment secretary, Hilary Benn, initiated the Copenhagen ocean scare with a high-profile speech and numerous media interviews claiming ocean acidification threatens the world’s food supply. “The fact is our seas absorb CO2. They absorb about a quarter of the total that we produce, but it is making our seas more acidic,” said Benn in his speech. “If this continues as a problem, then it can affect the one billion people who depend on fish as their principle source of protein, and we have to feed another 2½ to 3 billion people over the next 40 to 50 years.” Benn’s claim of oceans becoming “more acidic” is misleading, however. Water with a pH of 7.0 is considered neutral. pH values lower than 7.0 are considered acidic, while those higher than 7.0 are considered alkaline. The world’s oceans have a pH of 8.1, making them alkaline, not acidic. Increasing carbon dioxide concentrations would make the oceans less alkaline but not acidic. Since human industrial activity first began emitting carbon dioxide into the atmosphere a little more than 200 years ago, the pH of the oceans has fallen merely 0.1, from 8.2 to 8.1. Following Benn’s December 14 speech and public relations efforts, most of the world’s major media outlets produced stories claiming ocean acidification is threatening the world’s marine life. An Associated Press headline, for example, went so far as to call ocean acidification the “evil twin” of climate change. Studies Show CO2 Benefits Numerous recent scientific studies show higher carbon dioxide levels in the world’s oceans have the same beneficial effect on marine life as higher levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide have on terrestrial plant life. In a 2005 study published in the Journal of Geophysical Research, scientists examined trends in chlorophyll concentrations, critical building blocks in the oceanic food chain. The French and American scientists reported “an overall increase of the world ocean average chlorophyll concentration by about 22 percent” during the prior two decades of increasing carbon dioxide concentrations. In a 2006 study published in Global Change Biology, scientists observed higher CO2 levels are correlated with better growth conditions for oceanic life. The highest CO2 concentrations produced “higher growth rates and biomass yields” than the lower CO2 conditions. Higher CO2 levels may well fuel “subsequent primary production, phytoplankton blooms, and sustaining oceanic food-webs,” the study concluded. Ocean Life ‘Surprisingly Resilient’ In a 2008 study published in Biogeosciences, scientists subjected marine organisms to varying concentrations of CO2, including abrupt changes of CO2 concentration. The ecosystems were “surprisingly resilient” to changes in atmospheric CO2, and “the ecosystem composition, bacterial and phytoplankton abundances and productivity, grazing rates and total grazer abundance and reproduction were not significantly affected by CO2-induced effects.” In a 2009 study published in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, scientists reported, “Sea star growth and feeding rates increased with water temperature from 5ºC to 21ºC. A doubling of current CO2 also increased growth rates both with and without a concurrent temperature increase from 12ºC to 15ºC.” Another False CO2 Scare “Far too many predictions of CO2-induced catastrophes are treated by alarmists as sure to occur, when real-world observations show these doomsday scenarios to be highly unlikely or even virtual impossibilities,” said Craig Idso, Ph.D., author of the 2009 book CO2, Global Warming and Coral Reefs. “The phenomenon of CO2-induced ocean acidification appears to be no different.
No recession now – Best indicators prove risk of recession is 0.20%
Perry 13 Mark, Chart of the day: US recession probability is down to 0.20%, AEIdeas, The public policy blog of the American Enterprise Institute, http://www.aei-ideas.org/2013/02/chart-of-the-day-us-recession-probability-is-down-to-0-20/
The chart above shows University of Oregon economics professor Jeremy Piger’s “Recession Probability Index” from January 1990 to November 2012, based on the 4 monthly variables used by the NBER to determine U.S. recessions: 1) non-farm payroll employment, 2) the index of industrial production, 3) real personal income excluding transfer payments, and 4) real manufacturing and trade sales.¶ According to Professor Piger, “Historically, three consecutive months of recession probabilities exceeding 0.8 (see graph) has been a good indicator that an expansion phase has ended and a new recession phase has begun, while three consecutive months of recession probabilities below 0.2 has been a good indicator that a recession phase has ended and a new expansion phase has begun.”¶ Based on an update yesterday, the Recession Probability Index has been trending downward for the last three months and fell to 0.20% in November, the lowest level since June and July when the probability was also 0.20%. Based on this historically accurate measure of the probability of a US recession, the US economy is not even close to being in the early stages of an economic contraction.

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no wind and solar now
Battaglia 3/12 (Sarah, http://www.energyblogs.com/YourEnergyBlog/index.cfm/2013/3/12/Sequester-Cuts-Could-Hinder-Growth-of-Energy-Industry)

Secretary of Energy Steven Chu explained to a U.S. Senate committee how the sequestration could potentially affect the energy sector, “Under sequestration, funding reductions would decelerate the nation’s transition into a clean energy economy, and could weaken efforts to become more energy independent and energy secure.”¶ Oil and gas projects are one area that will most likely feel the weight of the sequester. Outgoing Interior Secretary Ken Salazar predicts that about 300 onshore oil and gas leases will be delayed in western states, as well as nearly 550 offshore projects in the Gulf of Mexico.¶ According to a report from the White House, the nation will certainly feel the repercussions of cuts to environmental funding. The National Science Foundation will be required to cut about 1,000 research grants and awards which fund nearly 12,000 students and scientists for scientific development, including research directly related to climate change.¶ Clean energy development is also among the areas facing potentially large cutbacks. “Automatic budget cuts implemented per the sequester threatens the ability of the Department to plan for and issue permits for new development projects, conduct environmental reviews, and lease new federal lands for future development,” stated Salazar. Chu agreed that these cuts “would also hinder U.S. innovation as global markets for solar energy continue to grow rapidly and become more competitive.” Unfortunately, wind and solar plants on federal land are two entities that may not develop as quickly as many predicted.¶ Other energy areas that can expect to be affected by the sequester include Hurricane Sandy relief efforts (as well as funding to other FEMA projects), studies that turn public land into clean energy zones, offshore wind energy development, and efforts that will regulate the fracking industry,

Solar causes NF3 increases – that causes extreme warming
Conniff 8 (Richard, Guggenheim fellow, National Magazine Award-winning writer, has written for Yale e360 about carbon offsets and clean coal, November 13, “The Greenhouse Gas That Nobody Knew,” http://e360.yale.edu/content/feature.msp?id=2085, d/a 8-2-12, ads)

When industry began using NF3 in high-tech manufacturing, it was hailed as a way to fight global warming. But new research shows that this gas has 17,000 times the warming potential of carbon dioxide and is rapidly increasing in the atmosphere – and that's turning an environmental success story into a public relations disaster.¶ Hypothetical question: You’re heartsick about global warming, so you’ve just paid $25,000 to put a solar system on the roof of your home. How do you respond to news that it was manufactured with a chemical that is 17,000 times stronger than carbon dioxide as a cause of global warming? It may sound like somebody’s idea of a bad joke. But last month, a study from the Scripps Institution of Oceanography reported that nitrogen trifluoride (NF3), with a global warming potential of 17,000, is now present in the atmosphere at four times the expected level and rapidly rising. Use of NF3 is currently booming, for products from computer chips and flats-screen LCDs to thin-film solar photovoltaics, an economical and increasingly popular solar power format. Moreover, the Kyoto Protocol, which limits a half-dozen greenhouse gases, does not cover NF3. The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change now lists it among five major new greenhouse gases likely to be included in the next phase of global warming regulation, after 2012. And while that may be reassuring, it also suggests the complicated character of the global warming problem.¶ 

NF3 stays in the atmosphere for over 500 years
Conniff 8 (Richard, Guggenheim Fellow, National Magazine Award-winning writer, has written for Yale e360 about carbon offsets and clean coal, November 13, “The Greenhouse Gas That Nobody Knew,” http://e360.yale.edu/content/feature.msp?id=2085, d/a 8-2-12, ads)

To tear apart that layer of crud and clean the vacuum chamber, manufacturers were using powerful fluorinated greenhouse gases. The usual choice, hexafluorethane, or C2F6 sounds better at first than NF3. In global warming terms, it’s only about 12,000 times worse than carbon dioxide. But C2F6 is difficult to break down, and roughly 60 percent of what goes into the vacuum chamber ends up in the atmosphere. With NF3, estimates suggested that under optimal conditions, roughly 98 percent of what goes into the vacuum chamber is destroyed there.  So when the semiconductor industry announced a voluntary partnership with the EPA to reduce greenhouse-gas emissions by 10 percent from 1995 levels between 1999 and 2010, NF3 became the replacement technology of choice. Makers of flat-screen displays soon announced a similar program. In 2002, the EPA gave a Climate Protection Award to the largest NF3 producer, Pennsylvania-based Air Products and Chemicals Inc., for its work in reducing emissions.  Then last summer, a paper calling NF3 “the greenhouse gas missing from Kyoto” attracted widespread press attention. Co-authors Michael J. Prather and Juno Hsu of the University of California at Irvine noted that NF3 is one of the most potent greenhouse gases known and persists in the atmosphere for 550 years.¶ 

Countermeasures don’t solve – company’s don’t regulate NF3 efficiently
Conniff 8 (Richard, Guggenheim Fellow, National Magazine Award-winning writer, has written for Yale e360 about carbon offsets and clean coal, November 13, “The Greenhouse Gas That Nobody Knew,” http://e360.yale.edu/content/feature.msp?id=2085, d/a 8-2-12, ads)

Moreover, even the latest equipment does not guarantee that a company will achieve the optimal emissions rates — for instance, in the solar cell industry. Amorphous silicon thin-film solar photovoltaic cells, manufactured using NF3, are slightly less efficient than crystalline silicon solar cells, the dominant technology. But they are cheaper to produce and expected to supply a rapidly increasing share of the solar market, for both large-scale and domestic applications. Because thin-film is a new technology, manufacturers generally use the latest equipment. But a knowledgeable source, who asked to remain unidentified, recently visited thin-film solar researchers in Asia. “They were unaware of the NF3 issue. They were using a remote plasma, but they were also using quite a bit of NF3. They weren’t sure they had it set up right for 98 percent destruction. It wasn’t really on their radar.” The bottom line, said UC Irvine’s Prather, is that “industry really cannot be trusted for self-regulation.” We will not know the extent of the problem “until we have honest, legally required reporting.” The other important lesson from the NF3 case, according to Scripps’s Weiss, is that the bottom-up measurements required by some global warming regulations aren’t enough. Figuring out how much methane a cow produces, then adding up the cows, may not give you ground truth when it comes to global warming. “You have to measure from the top down, and see what’s actually going into the air.”¶ 

NF3 stays in the atmosphere longer and is far more potent than C02
Scripps Institution of Oceanography 8 (Scripps Institution of Oceanography at the University of California at San Diego, The National Research Council has ranked Scripps first in faculty quality among oceanography programs nationwide, October 23, “Potent Greenhouse Gas More Prevalent in Atmosphere than Previously Assumed,” http://scrippsnews.ucsd.edu/Releases/?releaseID=933/, d/a 8-2-12, ads)

Compound used in manufacture of flat panel televisions, computer displays, microcircuits, solar panels is 17,000 times more potent greenhouse gas than carbon dioxide¶ Scripps Institution of Oceanography University of California, San Diego¶ A powerful greenhouse gas is at least four times more prevalent in the atmosphere than previously estimated, according to a team of researchers at Scripps Institution of Oceanography at UC San Diego.   Using new analytical techniques, a team led by Scripps geochemistry professor Ray Weiss made the first atmospheric measurements of nitrogen trifluoride (NF3), which is thousands of times more effective at warming the atmosphere than an equal mass of carbon dioxide.  The amount of the gas in the atmosphere, which could not be detected using previous techniques, had been estimated at less than 1,200 metric tons in 2006. The new research shows the actual amount was 4,200 metric tons. In 2008, about 5,400 metric tons of the gas was in the atmosphere, a quantity that is increasing at about 11 percent per year. "Accurately measuring small amounts of NF3 in air has proven to be a very difficult experimental problem, and we are very pleased to have succeeded in this effort," Weiss said. The research will be published Oct. 31 inGeophysical Research Letters, a journal of the American Geophysical Union (AGU).  Emissions of NF3 were thought to be so low that the gas was not considered to be a significant potential contributor to global warming. It was not covered by the Kyoto Protocol, the 1997 agreement to reduce greenhouse gas emissions signed by 182 countries. The gas is 17,000 times more potent as a global warming agent than a similar mass of carbon dioxide. It survives in the atmosphere about five times longer than carbon dioxide. Current NF3 emissions, however, contribute only about 0.04 percent of the total global warming effect contributed by current human-produced carbon dioxide emissions.  Nitrogen trifluoride is one of several gases used during the manufacture of liquid crystal flat-panel displays, thin-film photovoltaic cells and microcircuits. Many industries have used the gas in recent years as an alternative to perfluorocarbons, which are also potent greenhouse gases, because it was believed that no more than 2 percent of the NF3 used in these processes escaped into the atmosphere.

Prefer our studies – decades of research confirms NF3 is a significant threat
Scripps Institution of Oceanography 8 (Scripps Institution of Oceanography at the University of California at San Diego, The National Research Council has ranked Scripps first in faculty quality among oceanography programs nationwide, October 23, “Potent Greenhouse Gas More Prevalent in Atmosphere than Previously Assumed,” http://scrippsnews.ucsd.edu/Releases/?releaseID=933/, d/a 8-2-12, ads)

The Scripps team analyzed air samples gathered over the past 30 years, working under the auspices of the NASA-funded Advanced Global Atmospheric Gases Experiment (AGAGE) network of ground-based stations. The network was created in the 1970s in response to international concerns about chemicals depleting the ozone layer. It is supported by NASA as part of its congressional mandate to monitor ozone-depleting trace gases, many of which are also greenhouse gases. Air samples are collected at several stations around the world. The Scripps team analyzed samples from coastal clean-air stations in California and Tasmania for this research.  The researchers found concentrations of the gas rose from about 0.02 parts per trillion in 1978 to 0.454 parts per trillion in 2008. The samples also showed significantly higher concentrations of NF3 in the Northern Hemisphere than in the Southern Hemisphere, which the researchers said is consistent with its use predominantly in Northern Hemisphere countries. The current observed rate of increase of NF3 in the atmosphere corresponds to emissions of about 16 percent of the amount of the gas produced globally. In response to the growing use of the gas and concerns that its emissions are not well known, scientists have recently recommended adding it to the list of greenhouse gases regulated by Kyoto.   "As is often the case in studying atmospheric emissions, this study shows a significant disagreement between 'bottom-up' emissions estimates and the actual emissions as determined by measuring their accumulation in the atmosphere," Weiss said. "From a climate perspective, there is a need to add NF3 to the suite of greenhouse gases whose production is inventoried and whose emissions are regulated under the Kyoto Protocol, thus providing meaningful incentives for its wise use."   "This result reinforces the critical importance of basic research in determining the overall impact of the information technology industry on global climate change, which has already been estimated to be equal to that of the aviation industry," added Larry Smarr, director of the California Institute for Telecommunications at UCSD, who was not involved in the Scripps study.  Michael Prather is a UC Irvine atmospheric chemist who predicted earlier this year that based on the rapidly increasing use of NF3, larger amounts of the gas would be found in the atmosphere. Prather said the new Scripps study provides the confirmation needed to establish reporting requirements for production and use of the gas.
Plan net increases warming – reductions in C02 are minimal compared to external emissions
Weiss et al 8 (Ray, Scripps Institution of Oceanography Professor of Geochemistry, Jens Muhle, Peter K. Salameh, and Christina M. Harth, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, October 31, “Nitrogen trifluoride in the global atmosphere,” http://www.agu.org/journals/gl/gl0820/2008GL035913/2008GL035913.pdf, d/a 8-2-12, ads)

Nitrogen trifluoride (NF3) has come into increasing¶ use in the electronics industry, mainly for equipment cleaning,¶ for the etching of microcircuits, and for manufacturing¶ liquid crystal flat panel displays and thin-film photovoltaic¶ cells. As a replacement for perfluorocarbon (PFC) gases in¶ these applications, NF3 is largely destroyed during the¶ manufacturing process, resulting in reduced emissions to¶ the atmosphere Robson et al., 2006; Lee et al., 2007. On¶ the other hand, the global warming potential (GWP) of NF3¶ on a 100-year time horizon, about 17,000 times that of¶ carbon dioxide, is greater than the GWPs of the PFCs it¶ replaces and thus NF3 has a greater impact on Earth’s¶ climate per unit mass of emissions Forster et al., 2007;¶ Prather and Hsu, 2008.
Production process causes more warming
De Decker 8 (Kris, Low-tech Magazine Contributor March 03, “The ugly side of solar panels,” http://www.energybulletin.net/authors/Kris+De+Decker, d/a 8-2-12, ads)

Producing electricity from solar cells reduces air pollutants and greenhouse gases by about 90 percent in comparison to using conventional fossil fuel technologies, claims a study called "Emissions from Photovoltaic Life Cycles", to be published this month in “Environmental Science and Technology”. Good news, it seems, until one reads the report itself. The researchers come up with a solid set of figures. However, they interpret them in a rather optimistic way. Some recalculations (skip this article if you get annoyed by numbers) produce striking conclusions.¶ Solar panels don’t come falling out of the sky – they have to be manufactured. Similar to computer chips, this is a dirty and energy-intensive process. First, raw materials have to be mined: quartz sand for silicon cells, metal ore for thin film cells. Next, these materials have to be treated, following different steps (in the case of silicon cells these are purification, crystallization and wafering). Finally, these upgraded materials have to be manufactured into solar cells, and assembled into modules. All these processes produce air pollution and heavy metal emissions, and they consume energy - which brings about more air pollution, heavy metal emissions and also greenhouse gases.

Solar doesn’t reduce emissions – empirics
Marques et al. 12 (António Cardoso Marques and José Alberto Fuinhas, University of Beira Economics Department, University of Beira Interior, Management and Economics Department and NECE, "Is renewable energy effective in promoting growth?," Energy Policy, Vol. 46, July 2012, p. 434-442, Science Direct)

With regard to the connection between reducing emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2) and economic growth, the literature also reaches unexpected results. Menyah and Wolde-Rufael (2010) found no evidence about causality running from RE to CO2, whereas the authors found unidirectional causality from CO2 to RE. Likewise, Apergis et al. (2010) conclude that the consumption of RE does not contribute to reducing CO2 emissions. Their explanation is the well-known difficulty of storing energy associated with the intermittency of renewables. Moreover, the inability to store, for example wind or solar energy, implies the simultaneous use of traditional pollutant sources of energy, such as coal and natural gas. This may be at the basis of different effects. On the one hand, it implies the maintenance of productive capacity that becomes idle in most time periods. This fact generates inefficiencies in the economy to the extent that large investments become idle over long periods. On the other hand, this intermittency may not even contribute to the reduction of countries’ energy dependence goals, as suggested by Frondel et al. (2010).

Tournament:  | Round:  | Opponent:  | Judge:
1NC
A. Interpretation – mandating purchases are restrictions, NOT financial incentives.
Menz, Faculty of Economics and Finance, School of Business, Clarkson University, ‘5
Frederic, also from the Center for International Climate and Environmental Research, Oslo (CICERO), Norway, “Green electricity policies in the United States: case study,” Energy Policy, December, Science Direct
There is considerable variation among states in both their regulatory environments and the policies that have been implemented to promote green electricity. In the following discussion, state and local policy instruments are categorized as financial incentives, rules and regulations, and voluntary measures.7Financial incentives include various subsidies and/or funding in direct support of green electricity projects, tax incentives (credits, deductions, or exemptions), and provisions for zero-interest or low-interest loans. Rules and regulations include requirements that utilities distribute a minimum share of electricity from renewable or green energy sources, green power purchase requirements for government entities, and net-metering requirements for consumers with small renewable generating facilities. Voluntary measures include green power products aimed at electricity consumers, green power certificate programs, and other programs to increase market support for renewable energy technologies.
Reduce means to make smaller, Dictionary.com
http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/reduce?s=t

1. to bring down to a smaller extent, size, amount, number, etc.: to reduce one's weight by 10 pounds.
   B. Violation – They increase restrictions by mandating increased procurement contracts.

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2. The American Bar Association proves our interp is an intent to define:
Columbia Law School, 2012, Center for Climate Change Law, “State Actions on Clean Energy: A Fifty-State Survey,” http://web.law.columbia.edu/climate-change/resources/energy-law
The book, The Law of Clean Energy: Efficiency and Renewables (Michael B. Gerrard, ed.), to be published by the American Bar Association (published by the American Bar Association in May 2011), includes as its appendix a fifty-state survey of state actions on clean energy.  Specifically, the fifty-state survey provides a brief overview of the laws and policies adopted by each state to promote energy efficiency and renewable energy.  The fifty-state survey is organized into three general categories: (1) financial incentives; (2) rules and regulations; and (3) policies, plans and governmental affiliations.  Financial incentives include tax benefits, loan programs, grants, and rebates.  Rules and regulations include renewable portfolio standards, facility siting and permitting considerations, building codes, appliance and equipment standards, regulations regarding electricity transmission and storage, fuel standards, and government procurement requirements.  Policies, plans and governmental affiliations include plans for reducing statewide greenhouse gas emissions and energy consumption, the government entities tasked with the development and administration of these clean energy initiatives, and regional memberships.
4. Opening the door to increased regulations massively explodes aff ground:
Database of State Incentives for Renewables and Efficiency 12
http://www.dsireusa.org/glossary/
¶ DSIRE organizes incentives and policies that promote renewable energy and energy efficiency into two general categories -- (1) Financial Incentives and (2) Rules, Regulations and Policies -- and roughly 30 specific types of incentives and policies. This glossary provides a description of each specific incentive and policy type.¶ ¶ FINANCIAL INCENTIVES (click to collapse section)¶ ¶     Corporate Tax Incentives¶ Corporate tax incentives include tax credits, deductions and exemptions. These incentives are available in some states to corporations that purchase and install eligible renewable energy or energy efficiency equipment, or to construct green buildings. In a few cases, the incentive is based on the amount of energy produced by an eligible facility. Some states allow the tax credit only if a corporation has invested a minimum amount in an eligible project. Typically, there is a maximum limit on the dollar amount of the credit or deduction. In recent years, the federal government has offered corporate tax incentives for renewables and energy efficiency. (Note that corporate tax incentives designed to support manufacturing and the development of renewable energy systems or equipment, or energy efficiency equipment, are categorized as “Industry Recruitment/Support” in DSIRE.)¶     Grant Programs¶ States offer a variety of grant programs to encourage the use and development of renewables and energy efficiency. Most programs offer support for a broad range of technologies, while a few programs focus on promoting a single technology, such as photovoltaic (PV) systems. Grants are available primarily to the commercial, industrial, utility, education and/or government sectors. Most grant programs are designed to pay down the cost of eligible systems or equipment. Others focus on research and development, or support project commercialization. In recent years, the federal government has offered grants for renewables and energy efficiency projects for end-users. Grants are usually competitive.¶     Green Building Incentives¶ Green buildings are designed and constructed using practices and materials that minimize the impacts of the building on the environment and human health. Many cities and counties offer financial incentives to promote green building. The most common form of incentive is a reduction or waiver of a building permit fee. Several organizations issue certification for green buildings, including the U.S. Green Building Council (LEED certification), the Green Building Initiative (Green Globes certification), and the NAHB Research Center (National Green Building Certification). (Note that this category includes green building incentives that do not fall under other DSIRE incentive categories, such as tax incentives and grant programs.)¶     Industry Recruitment/Support¶ To promote economic development and the creation of jobs, some states offer financial incentives to recruit or cultivate the manufacturing and development of renewable energy systems and equipment. These incentives commonly take the form of tax credits, tax exemptions and grants. In some cases, the amount of the incentive depends on the quantity of eligible equipment that a company manufactures. Most of these incentives apply to several renewable energy technologies, but a few states target specific technologies, such as wind or solar. These incentives are usually designed as temporary measures to support industries in their early years. They commonly include a sunset provision to encourage the industries to become self-sufficient.¶     Loan Programs¶ Loan programs provide financing for the purchase of renewable energy or energy efficiency systems or equipment. Low-interest or zero-interest loans for energy efficiency projects are a common demand-side management (DSM) practice for electric utilities. State governments also offer low-interest loans for a broad range of renewable energy and energy efficiency measures. These programs are commonly available to the residential, commercial, industrial, transportation, public and/or non-profit sectors. Loan rates and terms vary by program; in some cases, they are determined on an individual project basis. Loan terms are generally 10 years or less. In recent years, the federal government has offered loans and/or loan guarantees for renewables and energy efficiency projects.¶     PACE Financing¶ Property-Assessed Clean Energy (PACE) financing effectively allows property owners to borrow money to pay for renewable energy and/or energy-efficiency improvements. The amount borrowed is typically repaid over a period of years via a special assessment on the owner's property. In general, local governments (such as cities and counties) that choose to offer PACE financing must be authorized to do so by state law.¶     Performance-Based Incentives¶ Performance-based incentives (PBIs), also known as production incentives, provide cash payments based on the number of kilowatt-hours (kWh) or BTUs generated by a renewable energy system. A "feed-in tariff" is an example of a PBI. To ensure project quality, payments based on a system’s actual performance are generally more effective than payments based on a system’s rated capacity. (Note that tax incentives based on the amount of energy produced by an eligible commercial facility are categorized as “Corporate Tax Incentives” in DSIRE.)¶     Personal Tax Incentives¶ Personal tax incentives include income tax credits and deductions. Many states offer these incentives to reduce the expense of purchasing and installing renewable energy or energy efficiency systems and equipment. The percentage of the credit or deduction varies by state, and in most cases, there is a maximum limit on the dollar amount of the credit or deduction. An allowable credit may include carryover provisions, or it may be structured so that the credit is spread out over a certain number of years. Eligible technologies vary widely by state. In recent years, the federal government has offered personal tax credits for renewables and energy efficiency.¶     Property Tax Incentives¶ Property tax incentives include exemptions, exclusions, abatements and credits. Most property tax incentives provide that the added value of a renewable energy system is excluded from the valuation of the property for taxation purposes. For example, if a new heating system that uses renewable energy costs more than a conventional heating system, the additional cost of the renewable energy system is not included in the property assessment. In a few cases, property tax incentives apply to the additional cost of a green building. Because property taxes are collected locally, some states have granted local taxing authorities the option of allowing a property tax incentive for renewables.¶     Rebate Programs¶ States, utilities and a few local governments offer rebates to promote the installation of renewables and energy efficiency projects. The majority of rebate programs that support renewables are administered by states, municipal utilities and electric cooperatives; these programs commonly provide funding for solar water heating and/or photovoltaic (PV) systems. Most rebate programs that support energy efficiency are administered by utilities. Rebate amounts vary widely by technology and program administrator.¶     Sales Tax Incentives¶ Sales tax incentives typically provide an exemption from, or refund of, the state sales tax (or sales and use tax) for the purchase of a renewable energy system, an energy-efficient appliance, or other energy efficiency measures. Several states have established an annual “sales tax holiday” for energy efficiency measures by annually allowing a temporary exemption – usually for one or two days – from the state sales tax.¶ ¶ RULES, REGULATIONS and POLICIES (click to collapse section)¶ ¶     Appliance/Equipment Efficiency Standards¶ Many states have established minimum efficiency standards for certain appliances and equipment. In these states, the retail sale of appliances and equipment that do not meet the established standards is prohibited. The federal government has also established efficiency standards for certain appliances and equipment. When both the federal government and a state have adopted efficiency standards for the same type of appliance or equipment, the federal standard overrides the state standard (even if the state standard is stricter).¶     Building Energy Codes¶ Building energy codes adopted by states (and some local governments) require commercial and/or residential construction to adhere to certain energy standards. While some government entities have developed their own building energy codes, many use existing codes (sometimes with state-specific amendments), such as the International Energy Conservation Code (IECC), developed and published by the International Code Council (ICC); or ASHRAE 90.1, developed by the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE). A few local building energy codes require certain commercial facilities to meet green building standards.¶     Energy Efficiency Resource Standards (EERS)¶ Energy efficiency resource standards (EERS) are state policies that require utilities to meet specific targets for energy savings according to a set schedule. EERS policies establish separate reduction targets for electricity sales, peak electric demand and/or natural gas consumption. In most cases, utilities must achieve energy savings by developing demand-side management (DSM) programs, which typically provide financial incentives to customers to install energy-efficient equipment. An EERS policy is sometimes coupled with a state’s renewables portfolio standard (RPS). In these cases, energy efficiency is typically included as a lower-tier resource.¶     Energy Standards for Public Buildings¶ Many states and local governments, as well as the federal government, have chosen to lead by example by requiring new government buildings to meet strict energy standards. DSIRE includes policies that have established green building standards, energy-reduction goals, equipment-procurement requirements, and/or the use of on-site renewable energy. Many of these policies require that new government buildings (and renovated buildings, in some cases) attain a certain level of certification under the U.S. Green Building Council’s Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) program. Equipment-procurement policies often mandate the use of the most efficient equipment, including equipment that meets federal Energy Star criteria. Policies designed to encourage the use of on-site renewables generally establish conditional requirements tied to life-cycle cost analysis.¶     Equipment Certification Requirements¶ Policies requiring renewable energy equipment to meet certain standards serve to protect consumers from buying inferior equipment. These requirements not only benefit consumers; they also protect the renewable energy industry by keeping substandard systems out of the market.¶     Generation Disclosure¶ Some states require electric utilities to provide their customers with specific information about the electricity that the utility supplies. This information, which generally must be shared with customers periodically, usually includes the utility's fuel mix percentages and emissions statistics. In states with restructured electricity markets, generation disclosure policies are designed to help consumers make informed decisions about the electricity and suppliers they choose. A few states that have not fully restructured their electricity markets require generation disclosure by utilities.¶     Green Power Purchasing Policies¶ Government entities, businesses, residents, schools, non-profits and others can play a significant role in supporting renewable energy by buying electricity from renewable resources, or by buying renewable energy credits (RECs). Many state and local governments, as well as the federal government, have committed to buying green power to account for a certain percentage of their electricity consumption. Green power purchases are typically executed through contracts with green power marketers or project developers, through utility green power programs, or through community aggregation.¶     Interconnection Standards¶ Interconnection standards specify the technical and procedural process by which a customer connects an electricity-generating to the grid. Such standards include the technical and contractual terms that system owners and utilities must abide by. State public utilities commissions typically establish standards for interconnection to the distribution grid, while the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) has adopted standards for interconnection to the transmission level. Many states have adopted interconnection standards, but some states’ standards apply only to investor-owned utilities -- not to municipal utilities or electric cooperatives. (Several states have adopted interconnection guidelines, which are weaker than standards and generally apply only to net-metered systems.)¶     Line Extension Analysis¶ When a prospective customer requests electric service for a home or facility that is not currently served by the electric grid, the customer usually must pay a distance-based fee for the cost of extending power lines to the home or facility. In some cases, it is cheaper to use an on-site renewable energy system to meet a prospective customer’s electricity needs. A few states require utilities to provide information regarding renewable energy options when a line extension is requested.¶     Mandatory Utility Green Power Option¶ Several states require electric utilities to offer customers the option to buy electricity generated from renewable resources, commonly known as “green power.” Typically, utilities offer green power generated using renewable resources that the utilities own (or for which they contract), or they buy renewable energy credits (RECs) from a provider certified by a state public utilities commission.¶     Net Metering¶ For electric customers who generate their own electricity, net metering allows for the flow of electricity both to and from the customer – typically through a single, bi-directional meter. When a customer’s generation exceeds the customer’s use, electricity from the customer flows back to the grid, offsetting electricity consumed by the customer at a different time during the same billing cycle. In effect, the customer uses excess generation to offset electricity that the customer otherwise would have to purchase at the utility’s full retail rate. Net metering is required by law in most U.S. states, but these policies vary widely.¶     Public Benefit Funds¶ Most public benefit funds (PBFs) were developed by states during the electric utility restructuring era, in the late 1990s, to ensure continued support for renewable energy, energy efficiency and low-income energy programs. These funds are commonly supported through a very small surcharge on electricity consumption (e.g., $0.002/kWh). This charge is sometimes referred to as a "system benefits charge" (SBC). PBFs commonly support rebate programs, loan programs, research and development, and energy education programs.¶     Renewables Portfolio Standards (RPS)¶ Renewable portfolio standards (RPSs) require utilities to use renewable energy or renewable energy credits (RECs) to account for a certain percentage of their retail electricity sales -- or a certain amount of generating capacity -- according to a specified schedule. (Renewable portfolio goals are similar to RPS policies, but renewable portfolio goals are not legally binding.) Most U.S. states have established an RPS. The term “set-aside” or “carve-out” refers to a provision within an RPS that requires utilities to use a specific renewable resource (usually solar energy) to account for a certain percentage of their retail electricity sales (or a certain amount of generating capacity) according to a set schedule.¶     Solar and Wind Access Policies¶ Solar and wind access policies are designed to establish a right to install and operate a solar or wind energy system at a home or other facility. Some solar access laws also ensure a system owner’s access to sunlight. These laws may be implemented at both the state and local levels. In some states, access rights prohibit homeowners associations, neighborhood covenants and local ordinances from restricting a homeowner’s right to use solar energy. Easements, the most common form of solar access policy, allow for the rights to existing access to a renewable resource on the part of one property owner to be secured from an owner whose property could be developed in such a way as to restrict that resource. An easement is usually transferred with the property title. At the local level, communities use several policies to protect solar access, including solar access ordinances, development guidelines requiring proper street orientation, zoning ordinances that contain building height restrictions, and solar permits.¶     Solar and Wind Contractor Licensing¶ Some states have established a licensing process for solar-energy contractors and/or wind-energy contractors. These requirements are designed to ensure that contractors have the necessary knowledge and experience to install systems properly. Solar licenses typically take the form of either a separate, specialized solar contractor’s license, or a specialty classification under a general electrical or plumbing license.¶     Solar and Wind Permitting Standards¶ Permitting standards can facilitate the installation of wind and solar energy systems by specifying the conditions and fees involved in project development. Some local governments have adopted simplified or expedited permitting standards for wind and/or solar. “Top-of-the-stack” permitting (or fast-track permitting) saves system owners and project developers time and money. Some states have capped fees that local governments may charge for a permit for a solar or wind energy system. In addition, some states have developed (or have supported the development of) model wind ordinances for use by local governments.
Precision-Prefer our evidence---DSIRE is the best source for incentive definitions
Gouchoe, 2k - North Carolina Solar Center Industrial Extension Service North Carolina State University (Susan, “Local Government and Community Programs and Incentives for Renewable Energy— National Report,” http://seg.fsu.edu/Library/casestudy%20of%20incentives.pdf
The Database of State Incentives for Renewable Energy (DSIRE) serves as the nation’s most comprehensive source of information on the status of programs and incentives for renewable energy. The database tracks these programs at the state, utility, local, and community level. Established in 1995, DSIRE is an ongoing project of the Interstate Renewable Energy Council (IREC) and is managed by the North Carolina Solar Center with funding from the U.S. Department of Energy’s Office of Power Technologies.¶ The first three phases of the DSIRE project—surveys of state financial incentives, state regulatory policies, and utility programs and incentives—have been completed. Information from these databases has been published in three previous reports: National Summary Report on State Financial Incentives for Renewable Energy (1997); National Summary Report on State Programs and Regulatory Policies for Renewable Energy (1998); and National Summary Report on Utility Programs and Incentives for Renewable Energy (1999). These reports summarize incentives, programs, and policies that promote active and passive solar, photovoltaics, wind, biomass, alternative fuels, geothermal, hydropower, and waste energy sources. Given the rapidly changing status of state activities, an updated report— National Summary Report on State Financial and Regulatory Incentives for Renewable Energy—has been produced concurrently with this report on local initiatives.¶ While reports serve as a snapshot of the status of incentives and programs, constant revisions and additions to the database maintain DSIRE’s role as the most up-to-date, national clearinghouse of information on incentives and programs for renewable energy. Through DSIRE on Line, the DSIRE database is accessible via the web at: http://www.ncsc.ncsu.edu/dsire.htm. In 2001, federal incentives will be added to the database, thereby providing a complete and comprehensive database of renewable energy incentives at all levels—national, state, and local.
Err negative on questions of limits – it’s always better to overlimit rather than underlimit because depth trumps breadth.
TPC, ‘10
Texas Panhandle P-16 Council, Texas based group of teachers and educators from across the state, 2010, “Breadth vs. Depth of High School Curriculum Content”,
http://www.panhandlep-16.net/users/0001/docs/Position%20Paper2.pdf, RSR
Less breadth and more depth in curriculum better prepares students for future careers and education. This is the position of over one hundred faculty assembled in the Texas Panhandle, and it is also the conclusion of many scholarly studies reviewed for this paper. In fact, there are far too many studies to cite in this paper, so only a few representative studies are used. In a 2008 study entitled “Depth Versus Breadth: How Content Coverage in High School Science Courses Relates to Later Success in College Science Coursework” 1 the researchers noted: “In a comparison of 46 countries, Schmidt et al. (2005) noted that in top-achieving countries, the science frameworks cover far fewer topics than in the United States, and that students from these countries perform significantly better than students in the United States. They conclude that U.S. standards are not likely to create a framework that develops a deeper understanding of the structure of the discipline. By international standards, the U.S. science framework is „unfocused, repetitive, and undemanding‟”. The study went on to say that “the baseline model reveals a direct and compelling outcome: teaching for depth is associated with improvements in later performance”
6. Specifically, this interp lets in affs that completely dodge links to government alteration of energy markets, destroys core negative ground
Singh-Renewable Energy Policy Project-98   Government Procurement to Expand PV Markets
http://www.repp.org/repp_pubs/articles/pv/pvs.html#4
A good government procurement program for renewables should take into account the needs of the private market. The creation of a government market for renewables that bears no relationship to the private market eliminates the indirect, but potentially enormous economic development and environmental benefits of commercializing renewables in the private market. Too often policy efforts to create a government market have resulted in submarkets reflective of governments’ unique needs and procedures. For many PV firms, devoting substantial staff time to government contracts may detract significantly from efforts oriented to the larger private market.

1NC
FW
Interp-must defend instrumental implementation of a plan by the USFG
Must engage with institution in order to act
Plan focus key

CAP
Racial ties ignore capitalism- Darder and Torres 99
Cap=extinction
ALT-Historical criticism of cap-Tormeno 01
Cap root cause-Kovel
Historicism must come first-Marx 1859
Cap makes nuclear power possible
System makes nuclear power and economic imperative 

Black/White Binary
Overlooks others- Latino/a, Asian, etc.- Parriah 10
Never enabled to celebrate differences- Parriah 10

1NC:
States CP
Immigration Politics
PIC Out of Restrictions in New Jersey
Cap K
Case

2NC:
Cap K
Case

1NR:
New Jersey PIC

2NR:
New Jersey PIC

1NC:
Renewables Tradeoff DA
Sunset CP
Immigration Politics
Heidegger K
Case

2NC:
Immigration Politics

1NR:
Case
Sunset CP

2NR:
Immigration Politics
Sunset CP

1NC:
T - Procurement
Microgrids CP
Immigration Politics
Heidegger
Case

2NC:
Heidegger

1NR:
T

2NR:
T

1NC
Renewables Tradeoff DA
Naval Basing CP
Immigration Politics
Heidegger K
Case

2NC
Renewables Tradeoff DA
Solvency

1NR
Naval Basing CP
LNG Exports Advantage

2NR
Renewables Tradeoff DA
Naval Basing CP
Case

1NC
SMR CP
Sunset CP
Immigration Politics
Heidegger
Case

2NC
Case

1NR
SMR CP
Solvency

2NR
Case
SMR CP
 

1NC
T
Cap K
Dialogue + Ban Nukes CP
Renewables Tradeoff DA
Case

2NC
Cap K
Case

1NR
Dialogue + Ban Nukes CP
Renewables Tradeoff DA

2NR
Cap K

1NC
T - RandD
Immigration Politics
Ban Yucca + NRC Recommendation + DoD SMR CP
Heidegger
Case

2NC
Immigration Politics
Case

1NR
China Advantage
CP

2NR
Immigration Politics
CP

1NC
T - Substantial
T - Solar Energy Production
Carbon Tax CP
Immigration Politics
Cap K
Case

2NC
Carbon Tax CP
Immigration Politics

1NR
T - Solar

2NR
Carbon Tax CP
Solvency Turns

1NC
Framework
Womyn PIC
Cap K
Case

2NC
Cap K
Case

1NR
Framework

2NR
Framework

1NC
DoD SMR CP
Immigration Politics
Offshore PIC out of the Atlantic
Heidegger K
Case

2NC
Immigration Politics
Case (Solvency and Prices)

1NR
Offshore PIC
Warming Advantage

2NR
Offshore PIC

1NC
Framework
Lat Crit K
Cap K
Case

2NC
Case
Lat Crit K

1NR
Cap K

2NR
Cap K
Case Turn

1NC
Immigration Politics
Carbon Tax
Heidegger K
Case

2NC
Carbon Tax
Case

1NR
Politics

2NR
Carbon Tax
Politics

1NC
R-SPEC
States CP
Immigration Politics
Cap K
Case

2NC
Case

1NR
Cap K

2NR
Cap K
Case

1NC
Shoot in Space + Biochar CP
Immigration Politics
Heidegger
Case

2NC
CP
Case

1NR
Politics

2NR
CP + SO2 Screw NB
Case 

1NC
T-RandD
States CP
Immigration Politics
Heidegger
Case

2NC
T-RandD
States CP
Case

1NR
Immigration Politics

2NR
T-RandD

1NC
T - Financial Incentives
States CP
Carbon Tax CP
CIR Politics
Case

2NC
Carbon Tax CP
Case

1NR
CIR Politics

2NR
CIR Politics
Carbon Tax
Case

1NC
T - Financial Incentive
DoD SMR CP
Carbon Tax CP
CIR Politics
Heidegger
Case

2NC
Carbon Tax CP
Case

1NR
CIR Politics

2NR
Carbon Tax CP
CIR Politics

1NC
T - Financial Incentives
Net Metering + Ban Subsidies CP
CIR Politics
Heidegger
Case

2NC
Net Metering + Ban Subsidies CP
Case

1NR
CIR Politics

2NR
Net Metering + Ban Subsidies CP
CIR Politics

1NC
Carbon Tax
Politics
Heidegger
Case

2NC
Carbon Tax
Solvency
Warming
Econ

1NR
Politics

1NC
T - Passive Solar
Carbon Tax CP
Immigration Politics
Cap K
Case

2NC
Cap K

1NR
T - Passive Solar

2NR
Cap K

1NC
T - Power Purchasing Agreements
NRC Remove Restrictions for SMR CP
Immigration Politics
Case

2NC
NRC Remove Restrictions for SMR CP
Picking Winners Turn
Warming

1NR
T - Power Purchasing Agreements

2NR
T - Power Purchasing Agreements 

1NC: T - incentives, CIR politics, SMR CP, Case
2NC: SMR CP, warming turns, grid turns
1NR: T - incentives
2NR: SMR CP, solar bad for warming turns, case d

1AC: Military SMRs

Advs: Grid, Radars 

1NC: T - procurement, Procurement CP, Microgrids CP, RECs DA, Politics DA, Case
2NC - T, Microgrids, Case
1NR - Politics
2NR - T